SOLUTIONS (zÁæªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ) GG0020, HOSADURGA

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two components.( zÁæªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ JgÀqÀÄ CxÀªÁ JgÀqÀQÌAvÀ ºÉZÀÄÑ
WÀlPÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀªÀiÁAVÃAiÀÄ (¸ÀªÀÄeÁåvÀ) «Ä±ÀætUÀ¼ÁVª) Solution= Solvent+solute
Solvent (zÁæªÀPÀ): Present in the largest quantity (¥ÀæªÀiÁtzÀ°è ºÉaÑUÉ EgÀĪÀ WÀlP
Solutes(zÁæªÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ): Small quantity of One or more components (MAzÀÄ CxÀªÁ ºÉZÀÄÑ WÀlPÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß)
Home work:
[Link] is binary solution (¢éWÀlPÀ zÁæªÀt) (S-14) Ans: solution consisting of two components
Types of Solutions (zÁæªÀtUÀ¼À «zsÀUÀ¼ÀÄ)
Type of Solution Solute (zÁæªÀå) Solvent Common Examples (¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå GzÁºÁgÀuÉUÀ¼ÀÄ)
(zÁæªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ) (zÁæªÀPÀ)
Gaseous Solutions Gas (C¤®) Mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases (DªÀÄèd£ÀPÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÁgÀd£ÀPÀ
(C¤® zÁæªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ) Gas (C¤®) C¤®UÀ¼À «Ä±Àæt)
Liquid (zÀæªÀ) Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas (¸ÁgÀd£ÀPÀ C¤®zÉÆA¢UÉ
«Ä²ævÀªÁVgÀĪÀ PÉÆèÃgÉÆÃ¥sÁgÀA)
Solid (WÀ£À) Camphor in nitrogen gas (¸ÁgÀd£ÀPÀ C¤®zÀ°ègÀĪÀ PÀ¥ÀÆðg)
Liquid Solutions Gas (C¤®) Liquid Oxygen dissolved in water (¤Ãj£À°è «°Ã£ÀUÉÆArgÀĪÀ DªÀÄèd£ÀPÀ)
(zÀæªÀ zÁæªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ) (zÀæªÀ)
Liquid (zÀæªÀ) Ethanol dissolved in water (¤Ãj£À°è «°Ã£ÀUÉÆArgÀĪÀ JxÉ£ÉÆïï)
Solid (WÀ£À) Glucose dissolved in water (¤Ãj£À°è «°Ã£ÀUÉÆArgÀĪÀ UÀÄèPÉÆøï)
Solid solution Gas (C¤®) Solid (WÀ£À) Solution of hydrogen in palladium (¥É¯ÁèrAiÀÄA£À°è d®d£ÀPÀzÀ zÁæªÀt)
(WÀ£À zÁæªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ)
Liquid (zÀæªÀ) Amalgam of mercury with sodium (¸ÉÆÃrAiÀÄA£ÉÆA¢UÉ d®d£ÀPÀzÀ
zÁæªÀt
Solid (WÀ£À) Alloys, Copper dissolved in gold (¸ÉÆÃrAiÀÄA£ÉÆA¢UÉ ¥ÁzÀgÀ¸ÀzÀ
gÀ¸À«Ä±Àæt (CªÀiÁ®ÎªÀiï) a£ÀßzÀ°è «°Ã£ÀUÉÆArgÀĪÀ vÁªÀÄæ)

HOME WORK: [Link] in nitrogen gas, is an example of ______(

[Link] gold containing copper is an example for ಸಾರಜನಕ ಅನಿಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಕರ್ಪೂರವು ______ ಗೆ ಒಂದು ಉದಾಹರಣೆಯಾಗಿದೆ)
what type of solution? (A-16) a) liquid solution ( ದರ ವ ದಾರ ವಣ)
[Link] an example for liquid solution in which solute is b) solid solution (ಘನ ದಾರ ವಣ)
gas (S-2015) c) gaseous solution (ಅನಿಲ ದಾರ ವಣ)
[Link] an example of a solid solution in which the d) aqueous solution (ಜಲ್ಲೀಯ ದಾರ ವಣ)
solute is a gas(Ncert Text) [Link] water is an example for
[Link] is an example of camphor in N2 gas? a) Binary solution b) Quaternary solution
a) Solid in gas solution b) Gas in gas solution c) Tertiary soution d) Not a solution
c) Solid in liquid solution d) Liquid in gas solution 11. Type of the solution obtained when copper dissolved in
[Link] are the example for the solution gold is
a) Solid in solid solution b) Gas in gas solution
a) solid in solid b) solid in liquid c) Liquid in liquid solutiond) Liquid in solid solution
c) liquid in solid d) liquid in liquid 12. Identify solute and solvent in a binary solution of
[Link] among the following is an example of a solid ethanol.
solution? [Link] the below options, choose the correct example for
a) Copper dissolved in gold
liquid solutions.
b) Ethanol dissolved in water
a) Oxygen dissolved in water b) Camphor in nitrogen gas
(c) Oxygen dissolved in water
d) Sodium chloride dissolved in water c) Copper dissolved in gold d) Hydrogen in palladium
8. Mention the physical state of the solvent in Zinc
amalgam.
1.2. Expressing Concentration of Solutions (zÁæªÀtUÀ¼À ¸ÁgÀvÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀåPÀÛ¥r
À ¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ)

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 Formula
Mass percentage (w/w) Mass of the component(solute)in the solution
(±ÉÃPÀqÀªÁgÀÄzÀæªÀågÁ²) 𝑋100
Total mass of the solution
Volume percentage (V/V) (±ÉÃPÀqª
À ÁgÀÄ UÁvÀæ Volume of the component(solute)
𝑋 100
Total Volume of the solution
Mass by volume percentage (w/V) Mass of the component(solute)
(±ÉÃPÀqÀªÁgÀÄ UÁvÁæ£ÀĸÁgÀ gÁ²) 100ml of the solution
Parts per million(ppm) Number of parts of the component(Solute)
(¥Àæw «Ä°AiÀĤߣÀ ¨sÁUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ) 𝑋106
Total number of parts of all components of the solution
Mole fraction (𝝌) Number of moles of the component(Solute)
ªÉÆÃ¯ï ©ü£ÁßA± Total number of moles of all the components

KCET & MCQ’S POINTS:

i. WÀ¤ÃPÀgÀtgÉÆÃzsÀPÀ (Antifreeze), 35% (v/v) ethylene glycol solution C£ÀÄß PÁj£À engine C£ÀÄß cooling ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä
G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¸ÀĪÀgÀÄ. F concentration £À°è antifreeze, ¤Ãj£À freezing point C£ÀÄß 255.4 K (–17.6oC) UÉ E½¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
ii. Water or atmosphere £À°ègÀĪÀ pollutants (ªÀiÁ°£ÀåzÀ PÁgÀPÀ) UÀ¼À Concentration C£ÀÄß ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV µg mL–1 or
ppm £À°è ªÀåPÀ¥
Û Àr¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ.
iii. In a binary mixture, if the number of moles of A and B are nA and nB respectively, the mole fraction
𝑛𝐴 𝑛𝐵
of A will be χA= mole fraction of B χB =𝑛 +𝑛 χA + χB =1
𝑛 +𝑛 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

iv. Solution UÀ¼ concentration eÉÆvÉAiÀÄ°è vapour pressure UÀ¼ÀAvÀºÀ solution UÀ¼À PÉ®ªÀÅ physical properties
UÀ¼À£ÀÄß relating ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä Mole fraction unit is very useful ªÀÄvÀÄÛ gas mixtures UÀ¼À£ÀÄß M¼ÀUÉÆArgÀĪÀ calculations
UÀ¼À£ÀÄß describing ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä quite useful.
v. Mole fraction is dimensionless (does not have any unit)
Home work:
14. 10 g of glucose is dissolved in 90 g of water. What is the mass percentage of glucose in resulting
solution?
15. 10ml of ethanol is dissolved in 90 ml of water .what is volume percentage of ethanol in solution?
16. In a binary solution, mole fraction of one component(ethylene glycol) is 0.068. What is the mole
fraction of other component(Water) (S-18)
17. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of benzene
is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride (NCERT)
Ans: Mass of Benzene = 22g mass of Carbon tetrachloride =122 g
Mass of solution= mass of benzene + mass of carbon tetrachloride = 22+122=144g
Mass of benzene solution
Mass % of Benzene = Total mass of the solution 𝑋 100
22𝑔
⇒ 144g 𝑋 100 ⇒ 15.27%
Mass of carbon tetrachloride in the solution
Mass percentage of Carbo tetrachloride = 𝑋 100
Total mass of the solution
122𝑔
⇒ 144g 𝑋 100 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟕𝟐%

17.a. Calculate the mole fraction of urea (molar mass = 60g mol-1 ) in aqueous solution containing 40% of
urea by mass (NCERT)

Ans: mass of Urea= 40% ⇒ 40g, mass of water = 60g, Molar mass of Urea=60g mol-1,
Molar mass of Water=18g mol- therefore no. of moles of urea

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔/𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑼𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟒𝟎𝒈
nurea =𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 /𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓  nurea = 𝟔𝟎𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍  nurea =0.66 mol
𝒐𝒇 𝑼𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔/𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟔𝟎𝒈
no. of moles of water nwater =  nwater= nwater =3.33 mol
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 /𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟏𝟖𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎 0.66𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
mole fraction of urea= χurea=  χurea=  χurea=0.165
𝑛𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎 +𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 0.66𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒+3.33 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 3.33𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
mole fraction of water= χwater=𝑛  χwater= χwater= 0.834
𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎 +𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 0.66𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒+3.33 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

χurea +χwater= 0.165 +.834 =0.999

18. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2 ) in a solution containing 20% of C2H6O2 by
mass (NCERT).
Ans: mass of ethylene glycol= 20g mass of water=80 g
Molecular mass of ethylene glycol C2H6O2 = 12X2 +1X6 +16X2=62g mol-1
Molecular mass of H2O = 1X2+16X1= 18g mol-1
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒚𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒆 𝒈𝒍𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒍
nEthylene glycol = 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒚𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒆 𝒈𝒍𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒍
𝟐𝟎𝒈
 nEthylene glyco= 𝟔𝟐𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍  nEthylene glyco =0.322mol
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔/𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
no. of moles of water nwater =𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 /𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝟖𝟎𝒈
 nwater= 𝟏𝟖𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍  nwater =4.44 mol
𝑛𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙
mole fraction of Ethylene glycol= χethylene glycol = 𝑛𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 +𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

0.322𝑚𝑜𝑙
 χethylene glycol =  χethylene glycol = 0.0676
0.322𝑚𝑜𝑙+4.44 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 4.44𝑚𝑜𝑙
mole fraction of water= χwater=𝑛  χwater=0.322𝑚𝑜𝑙+4.44 𝑚𝑜𝑙  χwater=0.932
𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 +𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

χethylene glycol + χwater = 0.0676+0.932 =0.999

19. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
(NCERT)
20. Atmospheric pollution is generally expressed as
a) Mole fraction b) Parts per million c) Mass percentage d) Volume percentage
21. Which of the following units is useful in relating concentration of solution with its vapour pressure?
a) Mole fraction b) Parts per million c) Mass percentage d) Molality
22. The concentration term parts per million (ppm) is used when
a) Solute is present in large excess b) Amount of solute is equal to solvent
c) Solute is present in trace quantity d) At higher temperature
22.1. The most diluted solution is (molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g mol-1)
𝑤
a) 2 % ( ) NaCl in water b) 1M NaCl c) 2 ppm of NaCl d) 2 m NaCl
𝑤

22.2. In a solution containing non-volatile solute, the mole fraction of solvent is 0.9. The relative
lowering of vapour pressure is
a) 1 b) 0.1 c) 0.9 d) 1.1

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 Molarity(M) (ªÉƯÁåjn)
The number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre (or one cubic decimetre) of solution ,( MAzÀÄ °Ãlgï (CxÀªÁ
MAzÀÄ WÀ£À qɹ«ÄÃlgï) zÁæªÀtzÀ°è «°Ã£ÀªÁVgÀĪÀ zÁæªÀåzÀ ªÉÆïïUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå )
[Link] moles of solute(n) 𝑛
𝑀=  unit = mol L-1 OR mol/L
volume of solution in litre(V) 𝑣 (𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒)

Hints: 0.25 mol L–1 (or 0.25 M) NaOH solution CAzÀgÉ, 0.25 mol £ÀµÀÄÖ NaOH MAzÀÄ litre £À°è (MAzÀÄ cubic decimetre
£À°è) dissolved JAzÀxÀð.

Molality(m) (ªÉƯÁå°n) :
The number of moles of the solute per kilogram (kg) of the solvent (MAzÀÄ Q¯ÉÆÃUÁæªÀiï (kg) zÁæªÀPÀzÀ°ègÀĪÀ zÁæªÀåzÀ
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒(𝑛) 𝑛
ªÉÆïïUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå ) m=  m= unit = mol kg-1 OR mol/Kg
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔

Hints: 1.00 mol kg–1 (or 1.00 m) KCl £À solution JAzÀgÉ, 1 kg ¤Ãj£À°è 1 mol (74.5 g) KCl dissolved JAzÀxÀð.

KCET & MCQ’S POINTS:

i. Mass %, ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent of temperature,(does not depends on
temeperature )because these depends on mass , mass does not depends on temperature)
ii. Molarity is a function of temperature (depends on temperature). This is because volume depends
𝟏
on temperature and the mass does not. (Molarity α ⇒ Temperature increases Molarity
𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

decreases)
HOME WORK:
23. Define molarity (M) (A-14, 22,S-22) How does molarity varies with temperature (A-17,22, E2-25)
23.a. Molarity (M), molality (m) and mole fraction ( ) are some methods for expressing concentration of
solutions. Which of these are temperature dependent? Give reason. (E1-25)
24. Which of the following is dependent on temperature?(NEET-17)
a) Molality b) Molarity c) Mole fraction d) Weight percentage
25. Which one of the following modes of expressing concentration is independent of temperature?
a) Molarity b) Molality c) Formality d) Normality
26. Out of molality (m), molarity (M), parts per million (ppm) and mole fraction (x), those which are
independent of temperature are
(a) M, m, ppm (b) F, x (c) m, x, ppm (d) M, x, ppm
27. The main advantages of molality over the molarity as the unit of concentration
a) Molarity is independent of temperature b) Molality is independent of temperature
c)molality changes with temperature d)All of these

28. Which of the following term is dependent on temperature?(S-23)

a) Molarity b) Mole fraction c) Molality d) Mass percentage (w/w)

29. Write the SI unit of molality of a solution (S-20)

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 30. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5 g of NaOH in 450 mL solution (Ncert Text)
Ans: Given: weight=5g, V=450ml,
Molar mass of NaOH(m)=23+16+1=40g mol-1
𝑤 𝑋 1000 5𝑔 𝑋 1000
M=  M=  M= 0.278 mol L-1
𝑚𝑋𝑉 40𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑋450

31. Calculate molality of 2.5 g of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75 g of benzene (Ncert Text )
Ans: weight of solvent (Benzene)=75g=0.075Kg, weight solute ethanoic acid=2.5g,
Molar mass of CH3COOH =12+3+12+32+1=60gmol-1
2.5𝑔
n= 60𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙−1  0.0417mol ,
𝑛 0.0417𝑚𝑜𝑙
m=𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔  m =  m=0.556mol Kg-1
0.075𝐾𝑔

32. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O in 4.3 L of
solution (b) 30 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL. (Ncert Text )
Ans: a) Given: weight=30g, V=4.3L,
Molar mass of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O =291g mol-1
𝑤 𝑋 1000 30𝑔 𝑋 1000
M= M= 291𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑋 4.3𝑋1000 M= 0.024 mol L-1
𝑚𝑋𝑉

b) Given: M1= 0.5 M V1= 30 ml V2=500ml, M2=?

𝑀1 𝑉1
M1V1= M2V2  M2 = 
𝑉2
0.5 𝑀 𝑋 30𝑚𝑙
M2 = M2=0..03M
500 𝑚𝑙

33. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution.
34. Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass)
aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL-1.
Ans: 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI
= 20 g KI present in 100 g of solution= 20 g of KI present in 80 g of water (Solvent)
Molar mass of KI=39 +127= 166g mol-1
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑲𝑰 𝟐𝟎 𝒈
nKI =  nKI =  nKI = 0.1208 mol
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑲𝑰 𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝒈 /𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑛 0.1208 𝑚𝑜𝑙
a) Molality(m )= = Molality(m )= 1.51 mol/Kg= 1..51m
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔 0.080 𝑘𝑔

b) density of solution(d)= 1.202 g mL- mass of solution= 100g

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 100𝑔
d= 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒  volume = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦  volume =1.202 𝑔 /𝑚𝐿volume =83.19mL  volume =0.08319L
𝑛 0.1208 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Molarity(M) = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒= Molarity(M) =1.45 M
0.8319 𝐿

c) Moles of KI =0.1208 mol

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 80 𝑔
nH2O = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 nH2O = 18 /𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙
nH2O = 4.44𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼
 χKI = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼 +𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 0.1208 𝑚𝑜𝑙
 χKI =  χKI = 0.0263
0.1208 𝑚𝑜𝑙+4.44 𝑚𝑜𝑙

35. Molarity is
a) Moles of solute/litre of solvent b) Moles of solute/litre of solution
c) Grams of solute /litre of solution d) Moles of solute/kg of solvent
35.a. Unit of molarity is; a) moles/litre b) moles/kg c) kg/moles d)millimoles/gram
36. The unitless concentration term is______
a)Mole fraction b) Mass percent c)Molarity d) Both a & b
37. Increasing the temperature of an aqueous solution will cause
a) decrease in molarity b) decrease in molality
c) decrease in mole fraction d) decrease in mass %(w/w)
38. The ratio of number of moles of the solute per kilogram of the solvent is _____

Solubility («°Ã£ÀvÉ )
Solubility of a substance is its maximum amount that can be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent at a
specified temperature. (MAzÀÄ ¤UÀ¢vÀ vÁ¥ÀªÀiÁ£ÀzÀ°è, ¤¢ðµÀ× ¥ÀæªÀiÁtzÀ zÁæªÀPÀzÀ°è, PÀgÀV¸À§ºÀÄzÁzÀ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛ«£À UÀjµÀ× ¥ÀæªÀiÁtªÀÅ,
CzÀgÀ «°Ã£ÀvÉAiÀiÁVgÀÄvÀz
Û É)

Solubility depends upon the temperature and pressure and nature of solute and solvent
Solubility of a substance depends on 1. Nature of solute 2. Nature of solvent 3. Temperature 4. All the
above
KCET & MCQ’S
I. Solubility of a solid in a liquid (zÀæªÀzÀ°è WÀ£ÀªÉÇAzÀgÀ «°Ã£ÀvÉ )
PÉÆnÖgÀĪÀ liquid ªÉÇAzÀgÀ°è, J¯Áè solid UÀ¼ÀÄ dissolve DUÀĪÀÅ¢®è. water £À°è sodium chloride ªÀÄvÀÄÛ sugar, readily
(Që¥ÀæªÁV) dissolve DUÀÄvÀª Û É. naphthalene ªÀÄvÀÄÛ anthracene dissolve DUÀĪÀÅ¢®è. ªÀÄvÉÆÛAzÉqÉ naphthalene ªÀÄvÀÄÛ
anthracene UÀ¼ÀÄ benzene £À°è readily dissolve DUÀÄvÀª Û É. DzÀgÉ sodium chloride ªÀÄvÀÄÛ sugar dissolve DUÀĪÀÅ¢®è.
polar solutes (zsÀÄæ«ÃAiÀÄ zÁæªÀå) UÀ¼ÀÄ polar solvents(zsÀÄæ«ÃAiÀÄ zÁæªÀPÀ ) £À°è and non polar solutes (zsÀÄæ«ÃAiÀĪÀ®èzÀ zÁæªÀåUÀ)
UÀ¼ÀÄ non-polar solvents(zsÀÄæ«ÃAiÀĪÀ®èzÀ zÁæªÀP) £À°è dissolve DUÀĪÀÅz£ÀÄßÀ observe ªÀiÁq®ànÖzÉ. ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁV solute ªÀÄvÀÄÛ
solvent UÀ¼ÉgÉqÀgÀ intermolecular interactions (CAvÀgÁtÂéPÀ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ QæAiÉÄUÀ¼ÀÄ) similar DVzÀÝgÉ, solute ªÉÇAzÀÄ solvent
ªÉÇAzÀgÀ°è dissolve DUÀÄvÀª
Û É. CxÀªÁ EzÀ£ÀÄß Like dissolves Like JAzÀÄ ºÉüÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ.

A)When a solid solute is added to the solvent, some solute dissolves and its concentration increases in
solution. This process is known as dissolution(«°Ã¤PÀgÀt). (solid solute ªÉÇAzÀ£ÀÄß, solvent £À°è ¸ÉÃj¹zÁUÀ, ¸Àé®à
solute dissolve DUÀÄÉvÀÛzÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ solution £À°è EzÀgÀ concentration increase DUÀÄÉvÀÛzÉ.

B) Some solute particles in solution collide with the solid solute particles and get separated out of
solution. This process is known as crystallisation (¸ÀànÃQÃPÀgÀt/ ºÀgÀ¼ÀÄUÀlÄÖ«PÉ). (solution £°ègÀĪÀ PÉ®ªÀÅ solute
particles UÀ¼ÀÄ, solid solute particles UÀ¼ÉÆA¢UÉ collide DV solution ¤AzÀ separate UÉƼÀÄîvÀª
Û É.

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 Two processes UÀ¼ÀÄ same rate £°è dgÀUÀĪÀ MAzÀÄ stage GAmÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. F conditions £°è solution ÀgÀÆ¥ÀPÉÌ ¥ÀæªÉò¸ÀĪÀ
solute particles UÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄÄ, solution ¤AzÀ separate UÉƼÀÄîªÀ solute particles UÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉåUÉ equal DVgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. ªÀÄvÀÄÛ
MAzÀÄ dynamic equilibrium) state £ÀÄß vÀ®Ä¥ÀŪÀÅzÀÄ.

Solute + Solvent ⇋Solution zÁæªÀå + zÁæªÀPÀ ⇋ zÁæªÀt

At this stage the concentration of solute in solution will remain constant under the given
conditions(Temperature and pressure)
Unsaturated solution (C¸ÀAvÀÈ¥ÀÛ zÁæªÀt) : one in which more solute can be dissolved at the same temperature

(same temperature £°è E£ÀÆß ºÉa£

Ñ À solute À£ÀÄß solution£°è dissolve ªÀiÁqÀÀ§ºÀÄzÁzÀgÉ

Saturated solution (¸ÀAvÀÈ¥ÀÛ zÁæªÀt): Solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at the same

temperature and pressure (same temperature £°è À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ pressure UÀ¼À°è, ªÀÄvÀµ Ñ À solute £ÀÄß dissolve ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä
Û ÀÄÖ ºÉa£
DUÀz)

KCET & MCQ’s:

The solubility of a solid in a liquid is significantly affected by temperature changes. if in a nearly saturated
solution(¸ÀAvÀÈ¥ÀÛ zÁæªÀtPÉÌ ¸À¤ºÀzÀ°ègÀĪÁUÀ)

Endtohermic(CAvÀgÀĵÀÚªÁVzÀÝgÉ)(∆solH> 0) Exothermic(§»gÀĵÀÚªÁVzÀÝgÉ) (∆sol H < 0)

Temperature increases Dissolution process («°Ã£ÀvÉAiÀÄÄ) OR solubility decreases(Solubility α 1)
𝑇
solubility is increases (Solubility α T)
Pressure does not have any significant on solubility of solid and liquid (MvÀÛqÀªÀÅ UÀªÀÄ£ÁºÀð
¥ÀjuÁªÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ©ÃgÀĪÀÅ¢®)
Reason: because solids and liquids are highly incompressible (KPÉAzÀgÉ solidsUÀ¼ÀÄ
ªÀÄvÀÄÛ liquids UÀ¼ÀÄ CwAiÀiÁV compressible UÉƼÀÄîªÀÅ¢®è )
Home work:
39. A solution in which the amount of solute is less than its solubility is called
a)Saturated solution b) Super saturated solution c)Un saturated solution 4. crystallisation
40. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be dissolved in a specified amount of a given liquid
solvent does not depend upon ______.
a) Temperature b) Nature of solute c) Pressure d) Nature of solvent
41. How does the solubility of a solute vary with increase in temperature if the dissolution is exothermic
Process?
42. How does the solubility of a solute vary with increase in temperature if the dissolution is endothermic
Process?
43. What is the effect of pressure on solubility of solid solute in liquid?
44. What is the effect of increase in temperature on the solubility of a solid in liquid, if the process of
dissolution is a) exothermic b) endothermic

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 45. In a nearly saturated solution with the dissolution process is endothermic, how does the
concentration of dissolved solute change with increasing then decreasing temperature?
a) Keeps increasing b) Keeps decreasing
c) Increases and decreases d) Decreases and increases

[Link] of a Gas in a Liquid(zÀæªÀzÀ°è C¤®ªÉÇAzÀgÀ «°Ã£ÀvÉ)

Pressure increases Temperature increases
Solubility of gas Increases (Solubility α P) 1
decreases(Solubility α 𝑇) bcz dissolution is exothermic
HOME WORK:
46. How solubility of gas in liquid varies with (i) temperature and (ii) pressure? (A-2017,S-2020)
47. What is the effect of increase in temperature on the solubility of gas in liquid OR What is the effect
of rise in temperature on the solubility of gas in liquid(S-2016) OR Explain the effect of
temperature on Solubility of gas in Liquid OR What happens to the solubility of a gas in a liquid with
increase in temperature? Give reason (S-2014)
48. The solubility gas in liquids____ with the increase in temperature.
49. Mention the factors on solubility of liquid solutions are depends when the solute is. a) gas b) solid
50. Solubility of gas in liquid is
a)increases with increase in temperature b) Decreases with increase in temperature
c) Unaffected on changing the temperature d) Decreases with increase in pressure
51. What is the effect of increasing the pressure and temperature on solubility of gas in liquid?
52. Why do gases nearly always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
Henry’s law
53. State Henry’s law. Write the mathematical expression of Henry’s law (A-14,18,S-16,18,20,22,E3-
24,E2-25)
Ans: At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas present above the surface of liquid or solution. (`¤¢ðµÀÖ vÁ¥ÀªÀiÁ£ÀªÉÇAzÀgÀ°è, MAzÀÄ

liquid C°è C¤®ªÉÇAzÀgÀ solubility zÀæªÀzÀ CxÀªÁ zÁæªÀtzÀ ªÉÄïÉäöÊAiÀÄ°è£À C¤®zÀ partial pressure UÉ directly
proportional DVègÀÄvÀz
Û É’.

OR
Mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution.
(``zÁæªÀtzÀ°è, C¤®zÀ Mole fraction zÁæªÀtzÀ ªÉÄïÉäöÊ£À°gÀĪÀ C¤®zÀ partial pressure UÉ proportional DVègÀÄvÀz
Û É’)

OR
The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (χ) in
the solution (D« ¥ÀæªÀ¸ÉÜAiÀÄ°è C¤®zÀ partial pressure zÁæªÀtzÀ°ègÀĪÀ C¤®zÀ mole fraction UÉ proportional DVègÀÄvÀz
Û É’)

Mathematical expression: p  χ  p = KH χ KH is the Henry’s law constant

KCET & MCQ’S

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 i. MAzÉà vÁ¥ÀªÀiÁ£ÀzÀ°è (same temperature) Different gases, different KH values ºÉÆA¢gÀÄvÀª
Û É. EzÀÄ, KH is a

function of the nature of the gas JAzÀÄ ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÀz

Û É.

ii. Higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid.(MAzÀÄ

Û ÀzÀ°è KH ¨É¯ÉAiÀÄÄ ºÉaU

¤¢ðµÀÖ MvÀq Ñ É EzÀÝgÉ, zÀæªÀzÀ°è gas solubility PÀrªÉĬÄgÀÄvÀz
Û É)
𝟏
Hints: Solubility of gas  higher the KH value lower the solubility of gas and vice versa
𝑲𝑯
iii. Ñ ÀAvÉ KH value ºÉag
KH values increase with increase of temperature (Temperature ºÉaz Ñ ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ)
𝟏
Hints: KH  T Solubility of the gas 
𝑻 𝑲𝑯
Temperature increases (ºÉaz
Ñ ÀAvÉ) KH values ºÉagÑ ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ gas À solubility PÀrªÉÄ EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ

Temperature decreases (PÀrªÉÄ) KH values PÀrªÉÄ EgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ gas solubility ºÉZÀÄgÑ ÀÄvÀÛzÉ
iv. Solubility of gases increases with decrease of temperature. It is due to this reason that aquatic
species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters.(Temperature PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁzÀAvÉ gases
Solubility ºÉZÄÀ Ñvz
ÀÛ É. F PÁgÀt¢AzÁV aquatic species ¨ÉZV
ÀÑ £À ¤ÃjVAvÀ, vÀtÚ£ÉAiÀÄ ¤Ãj£À°è ºÉZÀÄÑ DgÁªÀÄzÁAiÀÄPÀªÁV EgÀÄvÀª
Û É ).
Effect of Temperature
Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with rise in temperature (vÁ¥ÀªÀiÁ£À KjzÀAvÉ, zÀæªÀUÀ¼À°è C¤®UÀ¼À

«°Ã£ÀvÉAiÀÄÄ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀÛzÉ). Because dissolution is an exothermic process («°ÃPÀgÀtªÀÅ §»gÀÄíµÀÚ

¥ÀæQæAiÉÄAiÀiÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ)

KCET & MCQ’S

When dissolved, the gas molecules are present in liquid phase (zÀæªÁªÀ¸ÉÜAiÀÄ°ègÀÄvÀª
Û É) and the process of

dissolution («°Ã£ÀPÀgÀt ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄAiÀÄÄ)can be considered similar to condensation(¸ÁA¢æÃPÀgÀtPÉÌ )and heat is evolved in

this process. (GµÀÚªÀÅ ©qÀÄUÀqÉAiÀiÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ). dissolution process involves dynamic equilibrium and thus must follow
Le Chatelier’s Principle. As dissolution is an exothermic process, the solubility should decrease with increase
of temperature. («°ÃPÀgÀtªÀÅ §»gÀÄíµÀÚ ¥ÀæQæAiÉÄAiÀiÁVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ vÁ¥ÀªÀiÁ£À ºÉaz
Ñ ÀAvÉ, «°Ã£ÀvÉAiÀÄÄ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀ¯ÉèÉÃPÁUÀÄvÀz
Û É)

HOME WORK:
54. According to Henry’s law at constant temperature solubility of gas in liquid is directly proportional
to
a)temperature of gas b) mass of gas c)pressure of gas d) Volume of gas
55. Value of Henry’s constant KH.
a)increases with increase in temperature. c) remains constant.
b) decreases with increase in temperature. d) first increases then decreases
56. The value of Henry’s constant KH is_________.[NCERT]
а) greater for gases with higher solubility. b) greater for gases with lower solubility.
c) constant for all gases. d) not related to the solubility of gases.
57. If, at 298 K water is the solvent, and Henry’s law constant for CO2 is 1.67 kbar and the constant of
argon is 40.3 kbar, which of the following statements is true?
a) Argon is more soluble than CO2 b) Argon is less soluble than CO2

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 c) Argon is insoluble in water d) Argon and CO2 are equally soluble
58. The value of Henry’s constant for Helium, hydrogen, Nitrogen and oxygen at 293 K are
144.97kbar,69.16kbar,76.48kbar,34.86 Kbar respectively. Which of the gas will have maximum
solubility
a) Hydrogen b) Oxygen c)Nitrogen d)Helium
59. Which expression corectly represent Henry’s law
𝐾 𝑝
a) p= 𝑥𝐻 b) 𝑥 =KH c) p KH= x d) None of these

60. At a given temperature and pressure nitrogen gas is more soluble in water than helium gas. Which one
of them has higher value of KH (A-15)
61. At a given temperature, oxygen gas is more soluble in water than nitrogen gas. Which one of them
has higher value of KH? (S-20)
61. The KH value for nitrogen gas (N2) at 293K and 303K are 76.48K bar and 88.84Kbar respectively.
Among these two given temperature, at which temperature Nitrogen gas is more soluble in water? (S-
20)
62. Gas (A) is more soluble in water than Gas (B) at the same temperature. The of KH for Gas (A)is
a) Greater than Gas (B) b) less than Gas (B) c) equal to gas (B) d) None of these
63. Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water rather than in warm water. This is due to
a) solubility of oxygen is more in warm water. b) solubility of oxygen is more in cold water.
c) solubility of gases increases with decrease of temperature. d) both (b) and (c)
64. How does Henry's constant varies with the solubility?
65. According to Henry’s law partial pressure of the gas in the vapour phase is proportional to its
a) Molarity b) Molality c)Mole fraction d) Mass percentage
66. The KH values for Ar(g), CO2 (g), HCHO (g) and CH4 (g) are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83 x 10-5 and 0..413
respectively arranged in the order of their increasing solubility.
a) HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar b) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
c) Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO d) Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO
67. The value of KH for O2, N2, and He are respectively 1.8 x 10-4 bar-1, 4.48 x 10-4 bar-1 and 6.8 x 10-4
bar-1. Hence the order of their solubility in water will be
a) He > N2 > O2 b) O2 > N2 > He c) N2 > He > O2 d) He > O2 > N2
68. Which of the following statement is not correct according to Henry’s law
1 1
a)KH ∝ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 b) KH ∝ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
1
c)KH ∝ T d) T∝ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

69. The law which indicates the relationship between solubility of a gas in liquid and pressure is
a)Raoult’s law b) Henry’s lawc) Lowering of vapour pressure d) van’t Hoff law

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 70. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude is due to _____
[NCERT]
a) low temperature b) low atmospheric pressure
c) high atmospheric pressure d) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure
71. The relationship between mole fraction of gas in solution and partial pressure over the solution is given
by___
72. The dissolution of gas in a liquid is governed by
a) Raoult’s law b) Henry’s law c) Boyle’s law d) Van’t Hoff factor
73. At a given temperature and pressure Nitrogen gas is more soluble in water than Helium gas. Which
one of them has higher value of KH.
a) Helium b) Nitrogen c) Both a and b d) Neither a nor b
68. Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 x 108 pascals at 298K. Calculate the quantity of CO2
in 500 ml soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 at 298K.
69. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, how many millimoles of N2 gas would dissolve in 1 litre
of water? Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given that Henry’s law constant for
N2 at 293 K is 76.48 kbar.(NCERT)
70. H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H2S
in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s law constant.(NCERT)
Application of Henry’s Law
i. To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure
(Soft drink ªÀÄvÀÄÛ soda ¤Ãj£À°è CO2 £À solubility ºÉaѸÀ®Ä, bottle C£ÀÄß ºÉaÑ£À MvÀÛqÀzÀ°è seal ªÀiÁqÀÄvÁÛgÉ).

ii. it is used by scuba or deep sea divers for respiration ( to avoid bends and toxic effect of nitrogen under
deep sea) ( ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÀæzÀ D¼ÀPÉÌ fVAiÀÄĪÀªÀgÀÄ)
iii. It is used by mountain climbers for respiration
KCET & MCQ’S
i. Scuba divers (¸ÀªÀÄÄzÀæzÀ D¼ÀPÉÌ fVAiÀÄĪÀªÀgÀÄ) ºÉZÀÄÑ pressure EgÀĪÀ, ¤Ãj£À vÀ¼ÀzÀ°è (underwater) UÁ½AiÀÄ£ÀÄß
breathing ªÀiÁqÀĪÁUÀ high concentrations C°è dissolved C¤®UÀ¼À£ÀÄß must cope (¸ÀªÀÄxÀðªÁV
Û É). gÀPÀÛzÀ°è atmospheric gases solubility ºÉa£
¤¨sÁ¬Ä¸À¨ÉÃPÁVgÀÄvÀz Û ÀzÉÆA¢UÉ increases É, qÉÊ«AUï ªÀiÁqÀĪÀªÀgÀÄ
Ñ À MvÀq

ªÉÄîPÉÌ §AzÀ ºÁUÉ pressure gradually PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀz

Û É. EzÀÄ dissolved gases C£ÀÄß released (©qÀÄUÀqÉUÉƽ¸ÀÄvÀz
Û É)

ªÀÄvÀÄÛ nitrogen bubbles gÀPÀÛzÀ°è gÀÆ¥ÀÅUÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀPÉÌ (formation) zÁj ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀz

Û É. EzÀÄ blocks capillaries

ÀÛ É) ªÀÄvÀÄÛ fêÀPÉÌ C¥ÁAiÀÄPÁjAiÀiÁzÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ £ÉÆêÀÅAlÄ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ bends J£ÀÄߪÀ medical

(gÀPÀÛ£Á¼ÀUÀ¼À ºÁ¢AiÀÄ£ÀÄß PÀlÄÖvz

condition ¸ÀȶָÀÄvÀz
Û É. Bends C®èzÉ, gÀPÀÛzÀ°è high concentrations nitrogen (¸ÁgÀd£ÀPÀ¢AzÀÄAmÁUÀĪÀ) toxic

effects vÀqÉUÀlÖ®Ä «µÀPÁj helium ¤AzÀ diluted air C£ÀÄß (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1%
oxygen) vÀÄA©gÀĪÀ tanks C£ÀÄß scuba divers G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¸ÀĪÀgÀÄ.

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 ii. At high altitudes (Cwà JvÀgÛ ÀzÀ°è) oxygen partial pressure £É®zÀ ªÀÄlÖQÌAvÀ (ground level) PÀrªÉĬÄgÀÄvÀz
Û É. EzÀÄ,

high altitudes or climbers blood and tissues À UÀ¼À°è (Tissues) oxygen Concentrations PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ zÁj
Û É. Low blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and unable to think clearly,
ªÀiÁrPÉÆqÀÄvÀz

symptoms of a condition known as anoxia. (gÀPÀz

Û À°è PÀrªÉÄ ¸ÁgÀvÉAiÀÄ DªÀÄèd£ÀPÀªÀÅ, DgÉÆûUÀ¼ÀÄ zÀħð®gÁUÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ
ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀàµÀÖªÁV D¯ÉÆÃZÀ£É ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä C¸ÀªÀÄxÀðgÁUÀĪÀÅzÀPÉÌ PÁgÀtªÁV, C£ÉÆQìAiÀiÁ ¥Àj¹ÜwAiÀÄ aºÉßUÀ¼ÀÄ JAzÀÄ w½¢zÉ)

69. Give reason: Scuba drivers fill their air cylinders with dilute Helium.
70. The condition caused when scuba divers went into deep sea water is_____
a)Anoxia b) Hemophilia c) Bends d) confusion
71. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude is due to ______
72. Mention any two applications of Henry's law
73. Because of low concentration of O2 in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude suffer
from a disease called ______ (A-23)
74. Name the law behind the dissolution of CO2 gas in soft drinks under high pressure(A-16)
75. Soda water bottles are sealed under high pressure. Give reason(S-16)
76. Which of the following best describes the difficulty in breathing as one climbs to higher altitudes?
a) Henry’s law b) Raoult’s law
c) Osmotic pressure d) Relative lowering of atmospheric pressure
Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions (zÀæªÀ zÁæªÀtUÀ¼À D«AiÀÄ MvÀÛq):
A) Vapour Pressure of Liquid-Liquid Solutions
77. State Raoult’s law of a binary solution for two liquid solutions/components (S-17,A-23,)
Ans: For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component of the solution
is directly proportional to its mole fraction present in solution (Volatile liquids À zÁæªÀtzÀ°è zÁæªÀtzÀ
¥ÀæwAiÉÆAzÀÄ component partial vapour pressure zÁæªÀtzÀ°è£À component ªÉÆÃ¯ï ©ü£ÁA±ÀzÉÆA¢UÉ directly

proportional £À°ègÀÄvÀz
Û É)

FOR KCET, NUMERICAL PROBLEMS & MCQ’S

For two volatile components as 1 and 2. p1 &p2 partial vapour pressure and x1 & x2 mole fraction of component
1 &2 respectively
Component 1: p1 ∝ x1  p1 = 𝒑𝟎𝟏 x1 Component 2: p2 ∝ x2 p2= 𝒑𝟎𝟐 x2
where 𝒑𝟎𝟏 &𝒑𝟎𝟐 vapour pressure of pure component 1&2
According to Dalton’s law of partial pressures, the total pressure p (Ptotal ) over the solution phase in the
container will be the sum of the partial pressures of the components of the solution and is given as:
(solution phase ªÉÄïɣÀ total pressure zÁæªÀtzÀ°è£À components partial pressures ªÉÆvÀPÛ ÉÌ ¸ÀªÀÄ)

ptotal = p1 + p2
Substituting the values of p1 and p2 , ptotal =𝒑𝟎𝟏 x1 + 𝒑𝟎𝟐 x2

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 x1 + x2 =1 ⇒ ptotal =𝒑𝟎𝟏 (1- x2 ) + 𝒑𝟎𝟐 x2
ptotal = 𝒑𝟎𝟏 + (𝒑𝟎𝟐 - 𝒑𝟎𝟏 ) x2 …..(1)
Following conclusions can be drawn from equation (1)
(i) Total vapour pressure over the solution can be related to the mole fraction of any one component.
(Solution ªÉÄð£À, MlÄÖ vapour pressure AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà MAzÀÄ component ªÉÆÃ¯ï ©ü£ÁßA±ÀzÉÆA¢UÉ
¸ÀA§AzsÀUÉƽ¸À®àqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ)

(ii) (ii) Total vapour pressure over the solution varies linearly with the mole fraction of component 2.
(Solution ªÉÄð£À, MlÄÖ vapour pressure, component 2 gÀ ªÉÆÃ¯ï ©ü£ÁßA±ÀzÉÆA¢UÉ linearly §zÀ¯ÁUÀÄvÀz
Û É)

(iii) Depending on the vapour pressures of the pure components 1 and 2, total vapour pressure over the
solution decreases or increases with the increase of the mole fraction of component 1.
(Pure components 1 and 2 UÀ¼À D« MvÀq
Û ÀUÀ½UÉ CªÀ®A©¹zÀAvÉ, Solution ªÉÄð£À, MlÄÖ vapour pressure,

component 1gÀ mole fraction ºÉaz

Ñ ÀAvÉ, ºÉZÀÄÑvÀÛzÉ CxÀªÁ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀz
Û É)

Solution p1 or p2 «gÀÄzÀÞ mole fractions x1 and x2 EgÀĪÀ plot, linear plot ¤ÃqÀÄvÀz
Û É. F lines (I and II) ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ,

x1 and x2 are equal to unity EgÀĪÀ points ªÀÄÆ®PÀ pass (ºÉÆgÀnªÉ). Similarly (EzÉà jÃwAiÀÄ°è) plot ptotal versus x2
(line III) linear DVzÉ. Component 2 QÌAvÀ component 1 less volatile (PÀrªÉÄ D«²Ã®) CAzÀgÉ, p10 < p20. JAzÀÄ
assuming ªÀiÁrzÁUÀ, ptotal £À minimum value p10 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ maximum value p20 DUÀÄvÀz
Û É.

The composition of vapour phase in equilibrium with the solution is determined by the partial pressures
of the components. If y1 and y2 are the mole fractions of the components 1 and 2 respectively in the vapour
phase then, using Dalton’s law of partial pressures:
p1 = y1 ptotal p2 = y2 ptotal ¸in general, pi = yi ptotal
HOME WORK
78. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3 ) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2 ) at 298 K are 200 mm Hg and
415 mm Hg respectively. (i) Calculate the vapour pressure of the solution prepared by mixing 25.5 g
of CHCl3 and 40 g of CH2Cl2 at 298 K and, (ii) mole fractions of each component in vapour
phase.(NCERT).

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 79. The vapour pressure of pure liquids ‘A’ and ‘B’ are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K.
Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg.(E1-25)

Ans: Given: 𝑃𝐴0 = 450 mmHg 𝑃𝐵0 = 700 mmHg

PTotal = 𝑃𝐵0 + (𝑃𝐴0 -𝑃𝐵0 ) 𝜒𝐴

600 mmHg = 700 + (450-700) mmHg 𝜒𝐴

100
250 𝜒𝐴 = 100 ⇒ 𝜒𝐴 = ⇒ 𝜒𝐴 = 0.40
250

𝜒𝐴 + 𝜒𝐵 =1 ⇒ 𝜒𝐵 = 1-0.40 ⇒ 𝜒𝐵 =0.60
80. Vapour pressure of compound 'A' (molar mass 120 g/mol) and compound 'B' (molar mass 85g/mol) at
298 K are 200 mm Hg and 415 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the vapour pressure of the solution
prepared by mixing 26.0 g of compound 'A' and 40 g of compound 'B' at 298 K. (E2-24)
Ans:

81. Vapour pressure of pure Chloroform(CHCl3) and pure dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 298K are 200
mmHg and 415 mmHg respectively. Total vapour pressure of the binary s0oolution prepared by mixing
CHCl3 and CH2Cl2 at 298K is 348 mmHg. Calculate partial vapour pressure of more volatile
component and its mole fraction in vapour phase of the solution.
82. At 330K, a solution of liquid A and liquid B is found to obey Raoult’s law. If the vapour pressure
of pure A liquid and pure B liquid are respectively 194 mm Hg and 70 mm Hg. Calculate the
vapour pressure of the solution containing 5 mole of liquid A and 3 mole of liquid B.
Raoult’s Law as a special case of Henry’s Law (ºÉ¤æAiÀÄ, ¤AiÀĪÀÄzÀ «±ÉõÀ ¸ÀAzÀ¨ð
sÀ ªÁV gˮ֣À ¤AiÀĪÀÄ

Raoult’s law becomes a special case of Henry’s law in which KH =P10

Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids ( zÀæªÀUÀ¼À°è – WÀ£ÀUÀ¼À zÁæªÀtUÀ¼À D« MvÀÛqÀ)

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 ¤Ãj£À°è sodium chloride, glucose, urea and cane sugar ªÀÄvÀÄÛ iodine and sulphur dissolved in carbon

disulphide. F zÁæªÀtUÀ¼À physical properties pure solvents ÀUÀ½VAvÀ, quite different. For example, liquids ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ
given temperature ÀªÉÇAzÀgÀ°è vapourise DUÀÄvÀª
Û É ªÀÄvÀÄÛ equilibrium conditions UÀ¼À°è liquid phase ªÉÄÃ¯É liquid

vapours UÀ¼ÀÄ exerted (GAlÄ) ªÀiÁqÀĪ pressure CÀ£ÀÄß vapour pressure J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ (Fig.a), In a pure liquid the entire
surface is occupied by the molecules of the liquid.
MAzÀÄ non-volatile solute (D«²Ã®ªÀ®èzÀ zÁæªÀåªÀ£ÀÄß,) solvent ªÉÇAzÀPÉÌ ¸ÉÃj¹ (Fig. b), solution PÉÆmÁÖUÀ PÉêÀ®

solvent MAzÀjAzÀ¯Éà solution vapour pressure EgÀÄvÀz

Û É. given temperature ÀªÉÇAzÀgÀ°è solution F vapour pressure,

CzÉà temperature £À°

À è, pure solvent vapour pressure VAvÀ low EgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ PÀAqÀÄ §gÀÄvÀz
Û É. Solution surface solute and

solvent ÀUÀ¼ÉgÉqÀgÀ molecules UÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀÄvÀz

Û É. . Thereby solvent molecules UÀ½AzÀ DPÀæ«Ä¸À®ànÖgÀĪÀ surface ¨sÁUÀ±ÀB

reduced (PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ). Consequently,ªÉÄïÉäöʬÄAzÀ vÀ¦à¹PÉƼÀÄîªÀ solvent molecules UÀ¼ÀÄ correspondingly reduced

(EzÀPÀÌ£ÀÄUÀÄtªÁV PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀĪÀŪÀÅ). »ÃUÁV, vapour pressure ¸ÀºÀ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ.

PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀĪÀ solvent À vapour pressure, solution £À°ègÀĪÀ non-volatile solute quantity C£ÀÄß CªÀ®A©¹gÀÄvÀÛzÉ,

EzÀgÀ nature C£ÀÄß ¯ÉQ̸ÀzÉ For example MAzÀÄ kg ¤ÃjUÉ, 1.0 mol sucrose C£ÀÄß ¸ÉÃj¹zÁUÀ, PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀĪÀ water vapour

pressure, CzÉà temperature C°è CzÉà quantity ¤ÃjUÉ 1.0 mol urea C£ÀÄß ¸ÉÃj¹zÁUÀ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀĪÀ water vapour
pressure nearly similar DVgÀÄvÀz
Û É.

In a binary solution, let us denote the solvent by 1 and solute by 2. When the solute is non-volatile,
only the solvent molecules are present in vapour phase and contribute to vapour pressure. Let p1 be the vapour
pressure of the solvent, x1 be its mole fraction, pi 0 be its vapour pressure in the pure state. Then according to
Raoult’s law

The proportionality constant is equal to the vapour pressure of pure solvent, p10 . A plot between the
vapour pressure and the mole fraction of the solvent is linear

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 If a solution obeys Raoult's law for all concentrations, its vapour pressure would vary linearly from
zero to the vapour pressure of the pure solvent.
Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions (DzÀ±Àð ªÀÄvÀÄÛ DzÀ±ÉðÃvÀgÀ zÁæªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ)
Ideal Solutions Non ideal Solutions
They Obey raoult’s law at all range of They do not Obey raoult’s law at all range of
concentration (¸ÁgÀvÉAiÀÄ, J¯Áè ªÁå¦ÛAiÀÄ°è, gˮ֣À, concentration (¸ÁgÀvÉAiÀÄ J¯Áè ªÁå¦ÛAiÀÄ°è, g˯ïÖ£À
¤AiÀĪÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ¥Á°¸ÀĪÀ zÁæªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ ¤AiÀĪÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ¥Á°¸ÀzÉà EgÀĪÀ zÁæªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ
∆mixH=0 (The change in enthalpy of mixing is zero ∆mixH≠0 (The change in enthalpy of mixing is not
) ( «Ä±Àæt ªÀiÁrzÁUÀ §zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉAiÀiÁUÀĪÀ JAxÁ°àAiÀÄÄ (Enthalpy) zero)(
±ÀÆ£ÀåªÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ
mixV=0 (change in volume of mixing is zero) ( «Ä±Àæt mixV0 (volume of mixing is not zero)
ªÀiÁrzÁUÀ
§zÀ¯ÁªÀuÉAiÀiÁUÀĪÀ UÁvÀæªÀÅ ±ÀÆ£ÀåªÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ

If the intermolecular attractive forces between Intermolecular attractive forces between A-A
the A-A and B-B are nearly equal to those and B-B are weaker or stonger than those
between A-B,(A–A ªÀÄvÀÄÛ B–B UÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄ«£À CAvÀgÁtÂéPÀ DPÀμÀðuÁ between A-B
§®UÀ¼ÀÄ, A–B £ÀqÀÄ«£À CAvÀºÀ §®UÀ½UÉ CwºÀwÛgÀªÁV ¸ÀªÀĪÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ,
Ex: ethanol + acetone, phenol +aniline ,
Ex: n-hexane+ n-heptane, bromoethane+ ethanol+water, HNO3 +water
chloroethane, benzene and toluene
HOME WORK:
83. Give any two difference between ideal and non ideal solution (S-15, A-16, E2-24)
84. How does the volume change on mixing two volatile liquids to forms ideal solution(A-19)
85. Which property is shown by an ideal solution
a) It follows Raoult's law b) ∆mixH=0, c) ∆mixV=0 d) All of these
86. Which of the following is an ideal solution
a) Water + ethanol b) Chloroform + carbon tetrachloride
c) Benzene + toluene d) Water + hydrochloric acid
87. Which of the following conditions is not satisified by an ideal Solution?
a)∆Hmixing=0 b)∆Vmixing=0 c) Raoult’s law is obeyed d) Formation of an azeotropic
Types of Non ideal solution (DzÀ±ÉðÃvÀgÀ zÁæªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ)
Non ideal solution with Positive Deviation From Non ideal solution with Negative Deviation From
Raoults law (zsÀ£ÁvÀäPÀ «ZÀ®£) Raoults law (IÄuÁvÀäPÀ «ZÀ®£)

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 i)mixH>0 (mixH= +ve) i)mixH<0 (mixH= -ve)
ii)mixV>0 (mixV= +Ve) ii)mixV<0 (mixV= -Ve)
iii)A-B interaction is weaker than A-A & B-B iii)A-B interaction is Stronger than A-A & B-B
Ex: Ethanol + acetone, Ethanol + water, Ex: phenol + aniline. chloroform + acetone,
water + methanol Acetone+CS2 Water +nitric acid

88. A solution of acetone in ethanol shows___ deviation from Raolut’s law

89. Mixture of acetone and ethanol shows positive deviation from raoult’s law. Give reason.
90. Negative deviation from Raoult’s law is observed in which of the following binary liquid mixture
a) Etahnol & acetone b) Benzene+Toluene
c) Acetone+Chloroform d)Acetone and carbon disulphide
91. What type of a azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from raoult’s law? Give an example
92. The solutions which show a larger positive deviation from Raoult;s law are called____azeotropes
93. The solutions which show a large positive deviation from Raoult’s law from
a)Minimum boiling point azeotrope b) Maximum boiling point azeotrope
c) Minimum or maximum boiling point azeotrope d) No azeotrope
94. Give any three differences between solutions showing positive and negative deviation from ideal
behaviour.
95. On mixing equal volume of acetone and ethanol, what type of deviation from Raoult’s law is expected
(A-15)
96. 10ml of liquid A is mixed with 10ml of ‘B’, the volume of the resultant solution is 19.9ml. what type
of deviation expected from Raoult’s law? (A-17,20)
97. Mixture(s) showing positive deviation from Raoult’s law at 35°C is (are) (Jee 2016 Adv.)
a) carbon tetrachloride + methanol b) carbon disulphide + acetone
c) benzene + toluene d) phenol + aniline
98. The mixture which shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law is [NEET 2020]
a) Benzene + toluene b) Acetone + chloroform
c) Chlorethane + bromoethane d) Ethanol + acetone

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 99. A non-ideal solution was prepared by mixing 30 ml chloroform and 50 ml acetone. The volume of
mixture will be
a) > 80 ml b)< 80 ml c) = 80 ml d) ≥ 80 ml
100. A solution of acetone in ethanol
a) shows a negative deviation from Raoult’s law b) shows a positive deviation from Raoult’s law
c) behaves like a near ideal solution d) obeys Raoult’s law
Azeotropes (`¹ÜgÀPÀÄ¢«Ä±Àæt’)
Azeotropes which are binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and
boil at a constant temperature. (PÉ®ªÀÅ liquids «Ä±Àæt ªÀiÁrzÁUÀ liquid and vapour phase MAzÉà jÃwAiÀÄ composition
ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¹ÜgÀ vÁ¥ÀªÀiÁ£ÀzÀ°è PÀÄ¢AiÀÄĪÀ binary mixtures) EX: 95% ethanol + 5% water, 68% HNO3 + 32%

water
Note: Azeotropes mixtures not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation.
Two types of azeotropes
Minimum boiling azeotrope (PÀ¤μÀ× PÀÄ¢AiÀÄĪÀ Maximum boiling azeotrope (UÀjμÀ× PÀÄ¢AiÀÄĪÀ)

Solutions which show a large positive The solutions that show large negative deviation
deviation from Raoult’s law from Raoult’s law

95% ethanol+5% water 68% HNO3 +32% water

Home work:
101. What is azeotrope?(A-20,S-22,)? Give an example
102. An azeotropic solution of two liquids has boiling point lower than either of them when it
a) shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law b) shows no deviation from Raoult’s law
c) shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law d) is saturated
103. The mixture which shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law is [NEET 2020]
a) Benzene + toluene b) Acetone + chloroform
c) Chlorethane + bromoethane d) Ethanol + acetone
104. The mixture that forms maximum boiling azeotrope is [NEET 2019]
a) ethanol + water b) acetone + carbon disulphide
c) heptane + octane d) water + nitric acid
105. 68% aqueous nitric acid cannot be concentrated by further fractional distillation. Give reason
106. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult’s law? Give an example OR Give
an examples for binary solution showing minimum boiling azeotropes (A-20)
107. Which type of azeotrope shows a large deviation from Raoult’s law?(S-22)
108. A binary liquid mixture that forms maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition is (A-23)
a) Ethanol + Water b) n - Hexane + n- Heptane
c) Benzene + Toluene d) Nitric acid + Water

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 109. 68% of nitric acid in water
a) Has zero enthalpy of mixing b) Follow’s Raoult’s law
c) Cannot be separated by distillation d) Has zero volume change of mixing
110. What is Azeotropic mixture? Give an example for maximum boiling mixture. Name the type of
azeotropes. Which type of azeotropes form solutions showing a large positive deviation from
Raoult’s law
111. It is not possible to separate the components of azeotropes by fractional distillation. Give reason.(E3-
24)
112. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotropes are formed by solutions with negative deviation
from Raoult’s law? Give an example for it (E1-25)

Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass (PÀuÁªÀ®A© UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÉÆïÁgï
zÀæªÀågÁ² ¤zsÀðj¸ÀÄ«P)

Volatile solvent ªÉÇAzÀPÉÌ non-volatile solute ¸ÉÃj¹zÁUÀ solution vapour pressure PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁUÀÄvÀz
Û É. F vapour

pressure E½PÉUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀAvÉ solutions UÀ½UÉ many properties UÀ½

À ªÉ. These are:

1) Relative lowering of vapour pressure Û ÀzÀ ¸Á¥ÉÃPÀë E½PÉ )

(zÁæªÀPÀzÀ D« MvÀq
2) Depression of freezing point of the solvent (zÁæªÀPÀzÀ WÀ¤ÃPÀgÀt ©AzÀÄ«£À PÀĹv)

3) Elevation of boiling point of the solvent ( zÁæªÀPÀzÀ PÀÄ¢ ©AzÀÄ«£À KjPÉ)

4) Osmotic pressure of the solution (zÁæªÀtzÀ ¥ÀgÁ¸ÀgÀt MvÀq
Û À )

Key point:

All these properties depend on the number of solute particles irrespective of their nature relative to the
total number of particles present in the solution. Such properties are called colligative properties.
(All these properties, zÁæªÀtzÀ°è EgÀĪÀ MlÄÖ solute particles ¸ÀASÉåUÉ relative DV solute particles À nature C£ÀÄß
¯ÉQ̸ÀzÉ CªÀÅUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄ£ÀÄß CªÀ®A©¹gÀÄvÀª
Û É)

HOME WORK:
113. On what factor the value of colligative property depends? (S-15)
Ans: Depends on number of solute particles
113. Which of the following is not a colligative property (S-23)
a) Optical activity b) Elevation in boiling point
c)Osmotic pressure d) Lowering of vapour pressure
1) Relative lowering of vapour pressure (zÁæªÀPÀzÀ D« MvÀq
Û z
À À ¸Á¥ÉÃPÀë E½PÉ)
𝐩𝟎𝟏 −𝐩𝟏 𝐰𝟐 𝐗𝐌𝟏
=
𝐩𝟎𝟏 𝐌𝟐 𝐗𝐰𝟏

w1 = mass/weight of solvent, w2= mass/weight of solute, M1= molar masses of solvent

M2= molar masses of solute

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 TIPS: In problem smaller weight= w2 g, larger weight= w1g, higher pressure =𝒑𝟎𝟏 smaller pressure= p1

KCET POINTS:
Solution C°è EgÀĪÀ SolventÀ vapour pressure, Pure solvent vapour pressure VAvÀ PÀrªÉÄAiÀiÁVgÀÄvÀz
Û É . Vapour

pressure E½PÉAiÀÄÄ solute particles concentration ªÉÄÃ¯É ªÀiÁvÀæ depends DVzÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CªÀÅUÀ¼À identity ªÉÄï depends
DV®è JAzÀÄ Raoult established É.

The reduction in the vapour pressure of solvent (∆p1 ) is given as:

⇒
Knowing that x2 = 1 – x1 , equation

§ºÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ non-volatile solutes ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ solution C°è vapour pressure lowering ««zsÀ solutes À mole

fraction sum CÀ£ÀÄß DªÀ®A©¹gÀÄvÀz

Û É.

The expression on the left hand side of the equation as mentioned earlier is called relative lowering
of vapour pressure and is equal to the mole fraction of the solute. The above equation can be written as:

n1 and n2 are the number of moles of solvent and solute respectively present in the solution. For dilute solutions
n2 < < n1, hence neglecting n2

PROBLEMS:
TIPS: In problem smaller weight= w2 g, larger weight= w1g, higher pressure =𝒑𝟎𝟏 smaller pressure= p1
114. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-volatile, non-
electrolyte solid weighing 0.5 g when added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar mass 78 g mol -1). Vapour
pressure of the solution,then, is 0.845 bar. What is the molar mass of the solid substance? (S-
14,Ncert text, S-17)
Ans: Given: p10 = 0.850mmHg; p1 = 0.845mm Hg,
M1 =78 g mol–1; w2 = 0.5g , w1 = 39g, M2=?
p01 −p1 w2 XM1 0.850mmHg−0.845mmHg 0.5gX78gmol−1
=  =  M2= 170 g/mol
p01 M2 Xw1 0.850mmHg M2 X39.0g

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 115. Vapour pressure of benzene is 200mmHg. When 2 gram of a non volatile solute dissolved in 78 gram
benzene. Benzene has vapour pressure of 195 mm Hg. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. [molar
mass of benzene is 78 gram mol-1(A-20)
Ans: p10 = 200mmHg; p1 = 195mm Hg;
M1 =78 g mol–1; w2 = 2g , w1 = 78g M2=?
𝑝10 −𝑝1 𝑤2 𝑋𝑀1 200𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔−195𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 2𝑔𝑋78𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
=  =  M2= 80 g/mol
𝑝10 𝑀2 𝑋𝑤1 200𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑀2 𝑋78𝑔

116. 5.8 gm of a non volatile solute was dissolved in 100g of carbon disulphide (molar mass=76). The
vapour pressure of the solution was found to be 190mm Hg. Calculate the molecular mass of the solute.
The vapour pressure of pure carbon disulphide(CS2) 195mmHg (A-16, S-18)
Ans: p10 = 195mmHg; p1 = 190mm Hg;
M1 =76 g mol–1; w2 = 5.8 g; w1 = 100g, M2= ?
𝑝10 −𝑝1 𝑤2 𝑋𝑀1 195𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔−190𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 5.8𝑔𝑋76𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
=  =  M2=171.912 g/mol
𝑝10 𝑀2 𝑋𝑤1 195𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 𝑀2 𝑋100𝑔

117. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of a
non-volatile solute in it (Ncert text)
Ans: Given: p10 = 12.3 kPa
1 molal solution= 1mole solute in 1000 g/1Kg of water
Molar mass of water= 18 g/mol
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1000 𝑔
𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶 =𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶 = 18 𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⇒55.55mol
𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 1
𝑥𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝒏 ⇒𝑥𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 =1+55.55
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 + 𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶

⇒𝑥𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 0.0176
𝑝10 −𝑝1 12.3𝑘𝑝𝑎−𝑝1
= 𝑥𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒  =0.0176𝑝1= 12.08
𝑝10 12.3𝑘𝑝𝑎

118. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of water at 293 K
when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water (Ncert text)
Ans: Given: 𝑝10 = 17.535 mm Hg 𝑝1 =? w2= 25g w1=450 g
molar mass of glucose(C6H12O6) M2=12X6 +1X12+16X6= 180 g/mol
Molar mass of water (H2O) M1= 1X2 +16X1= 18 g/mol
𝑝10 −𝑝1 𝑤2 𝑋𝑀1 17.535−𝑝1 25 𝑔 𝑋18𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
=  = 𝑝1 = 17.438 mm Hg
𝑝10 𝑀2 𝑋𝑤1 17.535 180 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑋450𝑔

2) Elevation in Boiling point

𝑲𝒃 𝑿 𝒘𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
∆Tb = 𝑴𝟐 𝐗 𝒘𝟏
Ebulliscopic constant Kb is K kg mol-1. If w2 gram of solute of molar mass

M2 is dissolved in w1 gram of solvent.

KCET POINTS:

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 Temperature increases DzÀAvÉ, liquid ÀªÉÇAzÀgÀ vapour pressure increases DUÀÄvÀz
Û É . vapour pressure,

Û ÀPÉÌ (atmospheric pressure) equal DUÀĪÀ, ` temperature £ÀÀ°è EzÀÄ boil DUÀÄvÀz
ªÁAiÀÄĪÀÄAqÀ®zÀ MvÀq Û É. For example

water 373.15 K (100° C) £À°è boil DUÀÄvÀÛz.É because É, F temperature £À°

À è ¤Ãj£À vapour pressure, 1.013 bar (1

atmosphere) DVzÉ. non-volatile solute presence C°è solvent vapour pressure decrease DUÀÄvÀz
Û É (Fig.1) depicts

the variation of vapour pressure of the pure solvent and solution as a function of temperature. Solution ªÀÄvÀÄÛ
pure solvent vapour pressure À variation as a function of temperature (Fig.1) vÉÆÃj¸ÀÄvÀz
Û É. For example, sucrose

À, aqueous solution ªÉÇAzÀgÀ vapour pressure 373.15 K temperature £À°

À è 1.013 bar VAvÀ PÀrªÉĬÄgÀÄvÀz
Û É. F solution

CÀ£ÀÄß boil DUÀĪÀAvÉ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ ¸À®ÄªÁV temperature CÀ£ÀÄß pure solvent (¤ÃgÀÄ) boiling temperature VAvÀ raising ªÀiÁr

EzÀgÀ vapour pressure CÀ£ÀÄß 1.013 bar UÉ ºÉa¸

Ñ À¨ÉÃPÀÄ. vÀAiÀiÁgÀĪÀiÁrzÀ solution ÀC°è solvent boiling point AiÀiÁªÁUÀ®Æ CzÀgÀ

pure solvent boiling point VAvÀ higher (C¢üPÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ). lowering of vapour pressure jÃwAiÀÄ°èAiÉÄÃ, boiling point £À

KjPÉAiÀÄÄ(elevation) solute molecules UÀ¼À nature VAvÀ À CªÀÅUÀ¼À number CÀ£ÀÄß CªÀ®A©¹gÀÄvÀz
Û É. 1000 g ¤Ãj£À°ègÀĪÀ 1 mol,

sucrose £À solution ªÉÇAzÀÄ, one atmospheric pressure £À°è 373.52 K £À°è boil DUÀÄvÀz
Û É.

Numerical problem point:

Let 𝑻𝟎𝒃 be the boiling point of pure solvent and Tb be the boiling point of solution. The increase in the boiling

point ( PÀÄ¢AiÀÄĪÀ ©AzÀÄ«£À°è DUÀĪÀ ºÉZÑÀ¼ÀªÀÅ ) Tb= Tb-𝑻𝟎𝒃 is known as elevation of boiling point (PÀÄ¢AiÀÄĪÀ ©AzÀÄ«£À
KjP).

For dilute solutions the elevation of boiling point (∆Tb ) is directly proportional to the molal
concentration of the solute in a solution.
Tb∝ m ⇒ Tb=Kb m, Kb  Ebullioscopic constant (PÀÄ¢AiÀÄĪÀ ©AzÀÄ KjPÉ ¹ÜgÁAPÀ) or molal elevation constant (ªÉÆïÁ¯ï
KjPÉ ¹ÜgÁAPÀ) The unit of Kb is K kg mol-1

If w2 gram of solute of molar mass M2 is dissolved in w1 gram of solvent, then molality, m of the solution is given by
the expression

Substituting the value of molality in equation

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 Tips: In problem smaller weight= w2 g, larger weight= w1g, Smaller Temperature =𝑻𝟎𝒃 Higher temperature= Tb , if one
temperature given <1k = Tb

119. On dissolving 2.34 g of solute in 40g of benzene, the boiling point of solution was higher than that of
benzene by 0.81K. kb value of benzene is 2.53K Kg mol-1. Calculate the molar mass of the solute (A-
14, S-20)
Ans: W2=2.34 gm, w1=40gm , Kb= 2.53 Kkgmol-1, Tb=0.81K
2.53𝐾𝐾𝑔
1000×𝑤2 ×𝐾𝑏 1000 𝑋2.34𝑔 ×
M2 =  M2 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
 M2=182.72g/mol
∆𝑇𝑏 ×𝑤1 0.81𝐾×40𝑔
120. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g
of benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. Kb for
benzene is 2.53 K kg mol–1 (Ncert text,S-15, A-18, E3-24)
Ans: W2=1.80gm, w1=90gm
Tb=353.23K Tob= 354.11 Tb= Tb-𝑇𝑏0  Tbo= 354.11 K – 353. 23  K = 0.88 K
1000×𝑤2 ×𝐾𝑏 1000 𝑋1.80𝑔 ×2.53𝐾𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
M2 =  M2 =  M2=57.5g/mol
∆𝑇𝑏 ×𝑤1 0.88𝐾×90𝑔

121. On dissolving 3.46g of solute in 100g of water, the boiling point of solution was raised to that of pure
water by 0.12K. Calculate the molar mass of the non–volatile solute. (Given: Kb of water is
0.51Kkgmol-1 ) (A-22)
1000×𝑤2 ×𝐾𝑏 1000 𝑋3.46𝑔 ×0.51𝐾𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Ans: M2 = M2=  M2=147.05gmol-1
∆𝑇𝑏 ×𝑤1 0.12𝐾×100𝑔

123. 24 gm of a non volatile ,non electrolyte solute is added to 600 g of water the boiling point of the
resulting solution is 373.35K. calculate the molar mass of the solute (given boiling point of pure water
=373 k and kb for water=0.52 Kkgmol-1
Ans: W2=24 gm, w1=600gm Tb=373K , Tob= 373.35, Tb= 373.35-373=0.35K, Kb= 0.52 Kkgmol-1
1000×𝑤2 ×𝐾𝑏 1000 𝑋24𝑔 ×0.52𝐾𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
M2 =  M2 =  M2=59.42g mol-1
∆𝑇𝑏 ×𝑤1 0.35𝐾×600𝑔

124. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water
such that it boils at 100°C (Ncert text)
Ans: Given: W2=?, w1=500gm
Tb=100°C, Tob= 99.63°C  Tb= Tb-𝑇𝑏0  Tb= 100°C – 99.63°C  Tb=0.37K
Molar mass of sucrose(C12 H22O11) M2= (12X 12+ 1X 22+16 X 11)= 342 g/mol
1000×𝑤2 ×𝐾𝑏 ∆𝑇𝑏 𝑋 𝑤1 ×𝑀2
M2 =  W2=
∆𝑇𝑏 ×𝑤1 𝐾𝑏 ×1000
0.37 𝐾 𝑋500 𝑔 ×342 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
W2=  W2=121.6 g
0.52𝐾 𝐾𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙×1000

125. 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6 , is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a saucepan. At what temperature will water
boil at 1.013 bar? Kb for water is 0.52 K kg mol-1
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 18 𝑔
Ans: Moles of glucose = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒
= 180 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
= 0.1 mol

Number of kilograms of solvent = 1 kg

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
molality of glucose solution = = = 0.1 mol kg-1
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 1 𝐾𝑔

For water, change in boiling point

∆Tb = Kb × m = 0.52 K kg mol–1 × 0.1 mol kg–1 = 0.052 K
Since water boils at 373.15 K at 1.013 bar pressure, therefore, the boiling point of solution will be
373.15 + 0.052 = 373.202 K.
3) Depression in Freezing point (WÀ¤ÃPÀgÀt ©AzÀÄ«£À PÀĹv)
𝑲𝒇 𝑿 𝒘𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
∆Tf = 𝑴𝟐 𝐗 𝒘𝟏
Cryscopic constant Kf is K kg mol-1.
If w2 gram of solute of molar mass M2 is dissolved in w1 gram of solvent

KCET POINTS:
Pure solvent UÀÉ compare ªÀiÁrzÀgÉ, solution ªÉÇAzÀgÀ°è DUÀĪÀ lowering of vapour pressure, freezing
point «£À lowering ÉUÉ PÁgÀtªÁUÀÄvÀz
Û É. MAzÀÄ substance £À freezing point £À°è, solid phase, liquid phase £ÉÆA¢UÉ

dynamic equilibrium £À°ègÀÄvÀz

Û .É »ÃUÁV, Substance «£À liquid phase £À°è£À vapour pressure, solid phase £À°è£À

vapour pressure UÀÉ AiÀiÁªÀ temperature £À°è equal DUÀĪÀÅzÉÆÃ, CzÀ£ÀÄß Substance «£À freezing point JAzÀÄ define
ªÀiÁq§ºÀÄzÀÄ. pure solid solvent «£À vapour pressure, solution vapour pressure UÀÉ equals DzÁUÀ solution
freeze DU§ºÀÄzÀÄ zÉA§ÄzÀÄ è clear DVzÉ. Raoult’s law, ¥ÀæPÁgÀ solvent UÀÉ non-volatile solid ÀªÉÇAzÀ£ÀÄß add ªÀiÁrzÁUÀ,
CzÀgÀ vapour pressure decrease DUÀÄvÀz
Û É ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CzÀÄ FUÀ lower temperature £À°è solid solvent £À vapour pressure

UÀÉ equal DUÀÄvÀz

Û ,É »ÃUÁV solvent £À freezing point decrease DUÀÄvÀz
Û .É

Let 𝑻𝟎𝒇 be the freezing point of pure solvent and Tf be its freezing point when non-volatile solute
is dissolved in it. The decrease in freezing point.
Tf = 𝑻𝟎𝒇 - Tf is known as depression in freezing point
Similar to elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point (∆Tf ) for dilute solution (ideal
solution) is directly proportional to molality, m of the solution. Thus,
∆Tf ∝ m ⇒ ∆Tf = Kf m ….(1)
The proportionality constant, Kf , which depends on the nature of the solvent is known as
Freezing Point Depression Constant or Molality Depression Constant or Cryoscopic Constant (WÀ¤ÃPÀgÀt

©AzÀÄ PÀĹvÀ ¹ÜgÁAPÀ) The unit of Kf is K kg mol-1

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 If w2 gram of solute of molar mass M2 is dissolved in w1 gram of solvent, then molality, m of the solution
is given by the expression:
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒(𝑛) 𝑛 𝑤2
m= m= (n2= )
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔 𝑀2
𝑤2
𝑤2 𝑋 1000
 𝑚=
𝑀2
𝑚= 𝑤1 Substituting the value of molality in equation (1)
𝑀2 𝑤1
1000
𝑲𝒇 𝑿 𝒘𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
∆Tf = 𝑴𝟐 𝐗 𝒘𝟏
Thus for determining the molar mass of the solute we should know the
quantities w1 , w2 , ∆Tf , along with the molal freezing point depression constant.

PROBLEMS:
TIPS: In problem smaller weight= w2 g, larger weight=w1g, higher Temperature =𝑻𝟎𝒇 smaller temperature=
Tf ,
126. A solution containing 18g of non volatile ,non electrolyte solute dissolved in 200g of water freezes at
272.07K. calculate the molecular mass of solute. Given: Kf=1.86 K kg/mol, freezing point of
water=273K) (A-15)
Ans: W2=18g, w1=200g, Kf= 1.86Kkgmol-1, Tf=272.0K, 𝑇𝑓0 =273K  Tf =𝑇𝑓0 - Tf  Tf =273K-
272.07K Tf=0.93K
1000×𝑤2 ×𝐾𝑓 1000×𝑤2 ×𝐾𝑓 1000 𝑋18𝑔 ×1.86𝐾𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑀2 ×𝑤1
 M2 = ∆𝑇𝑓 ×𝑤1
 M2 = 0.93𝐾×200𝑔
 M2=180g/mol

127. 31 g of a unknown molecular material is dissolved in 500 g of water. The resulting solution freezes at
271.14K. Calculate the molar mass of the material[ Given : Kf for water=1.86KKg mol-1, 𝑇𝑓0
water=273K] (A-19,S-22)
Ans: W2=31g, w1=500g, Kf= 1.86Kkgmol-1, Tf=271.14K, 𝑇𝑓0 =273K  Tf =𝑇𝑓0 - Tf  Tf =273K-
271.14K Tf=1.86K
1000×𝑤2 ×𝐾𝑓 1000×𝑤2 ×𝐾𝑓 1000 𝑋31𝑔 ×1.86𝐾𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑀2 ×𝑤1
 M2 = ∆𝑇𝑓 ×𝑤1
 M2 = 1.86𝐾×500𝑔
 M2=62g/mol

128. 1.0g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by
0.40 K. The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1. Find the molar mass of
the solute (NCERT TEXT, A-17, S-20,23)
Ans: W2=1.00g, w1=50g, Tf= 0.40K Kf= 5.12Kkgmol-1
1000×𝑤2 ×𝐾𝑓 1000 𝑋1.0𝑔 ×5.12𝐾𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
M2 =  M2 =  M2=256g/mol
∆𝑇𝑓 ×𝑤1 0.40𝐾×50𝑔

129. 45 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2 ) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate (a) the freezing point
depression and (b) the freezing point of the solution (NCERT)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 45 𝑔
Ans: Moles of ethylene glycol = = = 0.73 mol
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 62 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1

Mass of water in Kg = 600g = 0.6 Kg

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑙 0.73 𝑚𝑜𝑙
molality of Ethylene glycol = = = 1.2 mol kg-1
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔 0.6 𝐾𝑔

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 freezing point depression,
∆Tf = Kf m ⇒ ∆Tf = 1.86 K kg mol–1 × 1.2 mol kg–1 ⇒ ∆Tf = 2.2 K
Freezing point of the aqueous solution =Tf = 𝑻𝟎𝒇 - Tf ⇒ 2.2K =273.15- Tf
= 2.2K-273.15= - Tf ⇒ 270.95 K
HINTS: Over view: In solutionsolute particle ↑  vapour pressure and freezing point ↓ & boiling
point ↑
HOME WORK:
130. Relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the
a) Mole fraction of the solute c) Molarity of the solution
b) Mole fraction of the solvent d) Molality of the solution
131. The Cryscopic Constant Kf depends on
a) Nature of solute b) Nature of solute particles
c) Nature of solvent d) all the above
132. When non volatile solute is added to volatile solvent, the boiling point of solvent
a) Increases b) decreases
c) remain same d) none of these
133. When a non-volaile solute is dissolved in a solvent the vapour pressure of the solvent is decreased.
This results in
a) An increase in the b.p. of the solution
b) A decrease in the b.p. of the solvent
c) The solution having a higher freezing point than the solvent
d) The solution having a lower osmotic pressure than the solvent
134. In the depression of freezing point experiment, it is found that the

a) vapour pressure of the solution is less than that of pure solvent

b) vapour pressure of the solution is more than that of pure solvent

c) only solute molecules solidify at the freezing point

d) only solvent molecules solidify at the freezing point

135. Draw a graph to show the depression in the freezing point of a solvent in a solution.

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure (¥ÀgÁ¸ÀgÀt ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÀgÁ¸ÀgÀt MvÀÛqÀ)

KCET & MCQ’S POINTS:

Home CxÀªÁ nature CÀ°è £ÁªÀÅ, many phenomenon observe ªÀiÁqÀÄvÉÃÛ ªÉ. For example É raw mangoes UÀ¼À£ÀÄß brine
(salt water) CÀ°è pickle ªÀiÁrzÁUÀ shrivel (PÀÄUÀÄΪÀÅzÀÄ) DUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. , wilted flowers (ªÀÄÄzÀÄrzÀ ºÀƪÀÅ)UÀ¼À£ÀÄß fresh water
CÀ°è EmÁÖUÀ revive (CgÀ¼ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ) DUÀÄvÀÛª.É saline water (G¦à£À ¤ÃgÀÄ) CÀ°è blood cells EmÁÖUÀ blood cells ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ collapse
DUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. £ÁªÀÅ these processes observe ªÀiÁrzÁUÀ J°èzg À À®Æè common DV PÁtĪÀ thing JAzÀgÉ all these substances
Membrane (¥ÉÇgÉ) EAzÀ bound DVgÀÄvÀz Û .É

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 F Membrane vegetable CxÀªÁ animal origin DzÀªÅÀ UÀ¼ÀÄ. EªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ pig’s bladder (ºÀA¢AiÀÄ ªÀÄÆvÀæaî) CxÀªÁ
parchment (vÉÆUÀ®Ä ºÁ¼É) jÃw naturally occur CxÀªÁ Cellophane CÀAvÀºÀ synthetic DzÀªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ DVgÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. F
membranes continuous DzÀ sheetsÉ CxÀªÁ films Û .É CªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ submicroscopic holes(PÀĽ) CxÀªÁ
ÉUÀ¼ÀAvÉ PÀAqÀħgÀÄvÀª
pores network C£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀÄvÀª Û .É Like water CÀAvÀºÀ small solvent molecules F holes ªÀÄÆ®PÀ pass ºÁV
ºÉÆÃUÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ, DzÀgÉ solute CAvÀºÀ bigger molecules pass ºÁV ºÉÆÃUÀ®Ä hindered DUÀÄvÀª Û É. F §UÉAiÀÄ properties
ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ Membranes C£ÀÄß semipermeable membranes (SPM)(CgÉ¥ÁgÀUÀªÀÄå ¥ÉÇgÉUÀ¼ÀÄ) J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
Solvent molecules ªÀiÁvÀæ semipermeable membranes ªÀÄÆ®PÀ pass ºÁV ºÉÆÃUÀ®Ä ¸ÁzsÀå JAzÀÄ Assume ªÀiÁqÀĪ.

The solvent molecules will flow through the membrane from pure solvent to the solution. This process of
flow of the solvent is called osmosis ( Membrane C£ÀÄß solvent ªÀÄvÉÛ solution £ÀqÀÄªÉ EmÁÖUÀ solvent molecules
membrane ªÀÄÆ®PÀ pure solvent EAzÀ solution UÀÉ flow DUÀÄvÀª
Û .É solvent flow £À F process C£ÀÄß osmosis
(¥ÀgÁ¸ÀgÀt) J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
HOME WORK:
136. Raw mangoes shrivel into pickels when placed in the concentrated solution NaCl due to
a)Osmosis b) Reverse Osmosis c) Osmotic pressure d) Pressure
137. In the phenomenon of osmosis, the membrane allow passage of
a) Solute only b) Solvent only c) both solute and solvent d) none of these
138. Raw mangoes shrivel when pickled in brine solution due to_____
139. In osmosis, solvent molecule move form ____ concentrated solution to ___ concentrated solution
a)Higher, Lower b) Lower ,Lower c) Lower , Higher d) Higher, Higher
140. Define Osmosis.
141. Give an example for synthetic semi permeable membrane.
142. The flow of solvent from dilute solution to the concentrated solution across a semipermeable
membrane is due to
a) Reverse Osmosis b)Osmotic pressure
c)Osmosis d) Lowering of vapour pressure

KCET & MCQ’S POINTS:

Equilibrium attain DUÀĪÀªÀgÉUÀÆ F flow continue DVgÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. Solvent vÀ£Àß side EAzÀ solution À PÀqÉUÉ
semipermeable membrane ªÀÄÆ®PÀ flow DUÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß, solution ªÉÄÃ¯É extra pressure C£ÀÄß apply ªÀiÁr stop
ªÀiÁqÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ.

Extra pressure is applied on the solution, that just stops the flow of solvent(osmosis) is called
osmotic pressure (Solvent flow DUÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß just stop ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ F Extra pressure C£ÀÄß)

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 Due to osmosis ¤AzÁV , solvent molecules dilute solution ¤AzÀ, concentrated solution PÀqUÉ É
semipermeable membrane ªÀÄÆ®PÀ flow DUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. ªÀÄ£À¹ì°q À ÉÃPÁzÀ important point ªÉãÉAzÀgÉ, solvent molecules
è ¨

always lower concentration EAzÀ, higher concentration solution PÀqÉUÉ flow DUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. Osmotic pressure,
solution concentration ªÉÄÃ¯É depend DVzÉ JAzÀÄ PÀAqÀħA¢zÉ,

The osmotic pressure of a solution is the excess pressure that must be applied to a solution to
prevent osmosis,(osmosis C£ÀÄß prevent ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä solution ªÉÇAzÀgÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É apply ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ excess pressure C£ÀÄß
osmotic pressure DVzÉ,). CAzÀgÉ solution UÀÉ CxÀªÁ solution PÀqÉU solvent molecules UÀ¼ÀÄ semipermeable
membrane ªÀÄÆ®PÀ pass DV ºÉÆÃUÀÄ«PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß stop ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ.

Osmotic pressure is a colligative property as it depends on the number of solute molecules and
not on their identity. (Osmotic pressure solute molecules ¸ÀASÉåAiÀÄ ªÉÄÃ¯É depend DVzÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CªÀÅUÀ¼À identity
(¸ÀégÀÆ¥À) C£ÀÄß C®è. DzÀÝjAzÀ Osmotic pressure MAzÀÄ colligative property DVzÉ) .

HOME WORK:
143. Which of the following is a colligative property?
a) Osmosis b) Osmotic pressure c) Optical activity d) Boiling point
144. What is osmotic pressure?
145. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property. Give reason
Given temperature C°è Dilute solutions UÀ½UÉ Osmotic pressure solutions molarity UÉ directly
proportional DVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ JA§ÄzÀÄ experimentally PÀAqÀÄ §A¢zÉ.
Thus: Π = C R T, Here Π is the osmotic pressure and R is the gas constant.
𝑛2
Π= RT Here V is volume of a solution in litres containing n2 moles of solute.
𝑉
𝑤2
𝑤2 𝑀2
If w2 grams of solute, of molar mass, M2 is present in the solution ⇒ n2= ⇒ Π= RT
𝑀2 𝑉
𝒘𝟐 𝑿 𝑹 𝑿 𝑻
⇒ Π=
𝑴𝟐 𝑿 𝑽

KCET & MCQ’S POINTS

Osmotic pressure measurement solutes UÀ¼À molar masses UÀ¼À£ÀÄß determining ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä another
method C£ÀÄß MzÀV¸ÀÄvÀz Û ,É F method proteins polymers other macromolecules molar masses UÀ¼À£ÀÄß
¤zsÀðj¸À®Ä widely use ªÀiÁqÀÀ¯ÁUÀÄvÀz
Û .É
Molality §zÀ¯ÁV, solution molarity ªÀÄvÀÄÛ pressure measurement around room temperature CÀ°è
ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ other methods UÀ½VAvÀ osmotic pressure «zsÁ£ÀªÀÅ advantage DVzÉ. EzÀgÀ magnitude very

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 dilute solutions UÀ½UÀÆ PÀÆqÀ large DVgÀÄvÀz
Û .É Particularly higher temperatures ÀUÀ¼À°è unstable(not stable)
DVgÀĪ, biomolecules ªÀÄvÀÄÛ poor solubility ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ polymers UÀ½UÉ molar mass determination ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä
osmotic pressure technique useful DVzÉ.
Note:
i) Molality term used in relative lowering of pressure, Elevation in boiling point, Depression in
freezing point
ii) Molarity term used in Osmotic pressure
HOME WORK:
146. Which of the following colligative property use molarity for determining molar mass of solute.
a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure b) Depression in freezing point
b) Osmotic pressure d) Elevation in Boiling point
147. At given temperature, Osmotic pressure for dilute solution is proportional to
a)Molality b)Mole fraction c) Normality d) Molarity
148. Give two reason why molar mass of polymers, proteins and biomolecule are more often determined
by measuring osmotic pressure rather than other colligative properties
KCET & MCQ’S POINTS:
Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic
solutions. (At a given temperature CÀ°è same osmotic pressure C£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ two solutions UÀ½UÉ, isotonic
solutions (¸ÀªÀÄ¥ÀgÁ¸ÀgÀt zÁæªt
À )UÀ¼ÀÄ)

Isotonic solutions UÀ¼À£ÀÄß semipermeable membrane EAzÀ separate ªÀiÁrzÀgÉ CªÀÅUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄªÉ osmosis
£ÀqÉAiÀÄĪÀÅ¢®è. For example blood cell ÀzÉƼÀV£À fluid £ÉÆÃA¢UÉ EgÀĪÀ osmotic pressure normal saline solution
JAzÀÄ PÀgÉ¢gÀĪÀ 0.9% (mass/ volume) sodium chloride solution equivalent DVgÀÄvÀz
Û É ªÀÄvÀÄÛ intravenous UÀ½UÉ inject
ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä safe DVgÀÄvÀz
Û .É

0.9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride, VAvÀ more À sodium chloride, C£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ solution
ªÉÇAzÀgÀ°è cells ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß Ej¹zÀgÉ (placed) , water cells ÀUÀ½AzÀ flow out (ºÉÆgÀUÉ ºÀjzÀÄ) DV cells UÀ¼ÀÄ shrink DUÀÄvÀª
Û É
(¸ÀÄPÀÄÌUÀlÄÖvª Û )É . Such a solution C£ÀÄß hypertonic (C¢ü¥g
ÀÛ É (ªÀÄÄzÀÄqÀÄvÀª À Á¸ÀgÀt zÁæªt
À ) J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.

Salt concentration 0.9% (mass/volume),VAvÀ less EzÀÝgÉ CAvÀºÀ solution hypotonic (“CªÀ¥ÀgÁ¸ÀgÀt”)
JAzÀÄ ºÉüÀ®àqÀĪÀÅzÀÄ. F hypotonic solution £À°è cells UÀ¼À£ÀÄß Ej¹zÀgÉ, Cells £ÉÆüÀUÉ water flow DUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ cells
UÀ¼ÀÄ swell DUÀÄvÀÛªÉ (H¢PÉƼÀÄîvª
ÀÛ É).

Quick revision:

In Isotonic solution(Normal saline solution)(0.9% NaCl) Size of blood cell remain same(Unchanged),
Reason: because no osmosis
In Hypertonic solution(>0.9% NaCl) Size of blood cell shrink (decreases),
Reason: because water flow out from cell
In Hypotonic solution(< 0.9% NaCl) Size of blood cell swell (increases),
Reason: because water flow into cell
Home work:

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 149. How does size of blood cell changes when placed in an aqueous solution containing 0.9%(w/v)
sodium chloride(NaCl) OR (Normal saline solution) OR (isotonic solution)

150. How does size of blood cell changes when placed in an aqueous solution containing more than
0.9%(w/v) sodium chloride(NaCl)/hypertonic solution (A-19) OR What happens when the blood
cell dipped in a solution containing more than normal saline concentration (A-15) OR Sodium
chloride solution having concentration greater than 0.9% (mass/volume) is not safe to inject
intravenously - Give reason (S-22)
151. How does size of blood cell changes when placed in an aqueous solution containing less than
0.9%(w/v) sodium chloride(NaCl)/hypotonic solution OR what happens when the blood cell
dipped in a solution containing less than normal saline concentration
152. Isotonic solutions have same [NEET (Oct.) 2020]
a) vapour pressure b) freezing temperature
c) osmotic pressure d) boiling temperature
153. Size of Blood cells will unchanged as such in
a) Hypertonic solution b) Hypotonic solution
c) Isotonic solution d) None of these
154. If blood cell is placed in a solution containing less than 0.9%(mass/volume) sodium chloride, then
the cell will___
155. Red-blood cell shrinks, when it is placed in a
a) Hypotonic solution b) Hypertonic solution
c) Isotonic solution d) saturated solution
156. During osmosis, the solvent molecules are moving from
a) Hypertonic solution to isotonic solution b) Hypertonic solution to hypotonic solution
c) Higher concentrated solution to lower concentrated solution
d) lower concentrated solution to Higher concentrated solution.
𝑤
157. Consider a blood cell placed in NaCl solution of concentration more than 0.9% ( ). Which one
𝑉

of the following statements is true in this case?

a) Osmosis takes place from cell to NaCl solution and the cell shrinks.
b) Osmosis takes place from NaCl solution to cell and the cell swells.
c) Osmosis takes place from cell to NaCl solution and the cell swells.
d) Osmosis takes place from NaCl solution to cell and the cell shrinks.
158. What happens when isotonic solutions are separated by semipermeable membrane?
159. What should be the concentration of sodium chloride solution so that it’s osmotic pressure will be
equal to that of the fluid inside blood cell?

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 160. Give an example for artificial semipermeable membrane.
161. When fruits and vegetables that have dried are placed in water they slowly swell and return to the
original form. Give reason

162. Blood cell placed in water containing less than 0.9% (mass/ volume) salt, blood cells swell due to flow
of water in them by _____
KCET & MCQ’S POINTS:
Carrot Atmosphere UÀÉ Water ÀC£ÀÄß PÀ¼ÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÅÀ zÀjAzÀ limp (ªÀÄÈzÀÄ) DUÀÄvÀz
Û .É Limp DzÀ Carrot C£ÀÄß, firm

(UÀnÖ) DUÀĪÀAvÉ ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä Water CÀ°è EqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. Osmosis ªÀÄÆ®PÀ cells UÀ¼À M¼ÀUÉ Water move DUÀÄvÀz
Û .É 0.9% (mass/

volume) salt, VAvÀ PÀrªÉÄ salt C£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ Water CÀ°è blood cells UÀ¼À£ÀÄß Ej¹zÁUÀ osmosis EAzÁV, cells UÀ¼À M¼ÀUÉ
Water flow DUÀÄvÀÛzÉ, blood cells ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ swell (H¢PÉƼÀÄîvÀÛªÉ.) DUÀÄvÀÛªÉ. lot of salt (AiÀÄxÉÃZÀÒªÁV) CxÀªÁ salty food C£ÀÄß
vÉUÉzÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÀ Peoples tissue cells UÀ¼À°è ªÀÄvÀÄÛ intercellular spaces ÀUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄ«£À ¥ÀæzÉñÀUÀ¼À°è osmosis EAzÁV Water

retention (zsÁgÀu)É C£ÀÄß experience ªÀiÁqÀÄvÁÛgÉ. ºÁUÁV puffiness (H¢PÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀÄ) CxÀªÁ swelling (¨ÁvÀÄPÉƼÀÄîªÀÅzÀÄ)
Û . EzÀ£ÀÄß edema JAzÀÄ PÀgÉAiÀÄĪÀgÀÄ.
DUÀÄvÀz

Soil EAzÀ plant roots UÀ½UÉ, subsequently plant upper portion UÀ½UÉ, Water movement ¨sÁUÀ±ÀB osmosis EAzÁV
Û .É Meat ÀC£ÀÄß salting (®ªÀtÂÃPÀj¸ÀÄ) ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ fruits UÀ½UÉ sugar add ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ À bacterial action
DUÀÄvÀz

EAzÀ protect ªÀiÁqÀÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. salted meat À CxÀªÁ candid fruit UÀ¼À ªÉÄÃ¯É bacteria water ÀC£ÀÄß PÀ¼ÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ shrivels DV
¸ÁAiÀÄÄvÀz
Û É.

163. People taking a lot of salt or salty food experience water retention in tissue cells and intercellular
spaces because of_____
164. The preservation of meat by salting and of fruits by adding sugar protects against bacterial action.
Through the process of ______

Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification («¯ÉÆêÀÄ ¥ÀgÁ¸ÀgÀt ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¤Ãj£À ±ÀÄ¢ÞÃPÀgÀt)

The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is
applied to the solution side. the pure solvent flows out of the solution through the semi
permeable membrane. This phenomenon is called reverse osmosis
(Osmotic pressure VAvÀ larger pressure C£ÀÄß solution À PÀqÉUÉ apply ªÀiÁrzÁU, osmosis direction C£ÀÄß
reverse ªÀiÁqÀÀ§ºÀÄzÀÄ. CAzÀgÉ, FUÀ solution EAzÀ pure solvent semi permeable membrane ªÀÄÆ®PÀ flows
out DUÀÄvÀz
Û )É

It has great practical utility: Reverse osmosis is used in desalination of sea water.( ¤gﮪÀtàPÀgÀt)

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 Reverse osmosis phenomenon:

When pressure more than osmotic pressure is applied, pure water is squeezed out of the sea water
through the membrane. (Osmotic pressure VAvÀ larger pressure C£ÀÄß apply ªÀiÁrzÁU, sea water EAzÀ
pure water membrane ªÀÄÆ®PÀ squeezed out DUÀÄvÀÛz)É
KCET & MCQ’S POINTS:
In reverse osmosis, porous membrane(Semi permeable membrane) is a film of cellulose acetate
Home work:
165. What is reverse osmosis? mention one important application/use of it/practical utility? (S-17,A-
19,20,22)
166. How can the direction of osmosis be reversed? Write one use of reverse osmosis
167. What will happen if pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on the solution separated by
semipermeable membrane from the solvent?
168. Explain reverse osmosis OR Explain the desalination of water
169. De-salination of sea water can be done by
a) Dialysis b) Hypertonic solution c) Evaporation d) Reverse osmosis
170. Mention one practical utility of reverse osmosis (A-22)
171. Desalination of sea water is done by _______
172. The process fof purification of sea water is called___
173. The semi permeable membrane used in the reverse osmosis is ________
PROBLEMS:
174. 300cm3 of an aqueous solution of protein contain 2.12 g of protein, the osmotic pressure of such
solution at 300K is found to be 3.89 X10-3 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the solution of the
protein (R=0.0823 L bar mol-1 K-1) (S-16)
Ans: w2 =2.12g = 3.89 × 10–3 bar, V = 300 cm3 = 0.300 litre T = 300 K
R = 0.083 L bar mol-1 K-1
𝑤2 𝑅 𝑇 2.12𝑔𝑋0.0823𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾−1 𝑋300𝐾
M2= M2=  M2= 44852.4 g/ mol
𝜋𝑉 3.89𝑋10−3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑋0.300 L

175. 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic pressure
of such a solution at 300 K is found tobe 2.57 × 10-3 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the
protein.(Ncert Text)

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 Ans: w2=1.26 g V = 200cm3 = 0.200 litre M2=? T = 300 K R=0.0821L atm mol-1K-1
177. Calculate the osmotic pressure in Pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of
polymer of molar mass 185000 in 450 mL of water at 37 0C [R= 8.314 ×103 Pa L K-1 mol-1 ] (E1-
25)

Ans: w2=1.0 g V = 450mL= 0.450 L M2=185000 T = 37 0C=37 0 +273 = 310 K

R=8.314 × 103 𝑃𝑎 𝐿 mol-1K-1

𝑤2 𝑅 𝑇 1.26𝑔𝑋0.083𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾−1 𝑋300𝐾

M2= M2=  M2= 61.022 g/ mol
𝜋𝑉 2.57𝑋10−3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑋0.200 L

176. 450cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.0g of the protein. The osmotic pressure of
such a solution at 310K is found to be 3.1 X 10−4 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the protein. (R
= 0.083Lbar mol-1 K -1)(A-23)
𝑤2 𝑅 𝑇 1.0𝑔𝑋0.083𝐿 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝐾−1 𝑋310𝐾
M2= M2=  M2= 1,84,444 g/ mol
𝜋𝑉 3.1𝑋10−4 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑋0.450 L

𝑤2 𝑅 𝑇 1.0 𝑔 ×8.314 × 103 𝑃𝑎 𝐿 𝐾−1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ×310 𝐾

𝜋= ⇒ 𝜋= ⇒ 𝜋 = 0.03095 × 103 Pa OR 30.95Pa
𝑀2 𝑉 185000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 ×0.450 𝐿

HOME WORK:
178. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascal’s exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of
polymer of molar mass 185,000 g/mol in 450 ml of water at 370 C

179. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2 litre of
water at 250C assuming than it is completely dissociated.

180. The osmotic pressure of blood is 7.65 atom at 370 C. How much glucose should be used per liter
for an intravenous injection that is to have the same osmotic pressure as blood ? ( Molar mass of
glucose = 180 g/mol)

181. 1.46 % solution of a compound has an osmotic pressure of 783 mm of Hg at 300K. calculate the
molar mass of the component [R =62.36 L mm of Hg K-1mol-1]

Abnormal Molar Masses (C¸ÀA§zÀÞ ªÉÆïÁgï zÀæªÀågÁ²UÀ¼ÀÄ)

KCET & MCQ’S POINTS:

Ionic compounds UÀ¼ÀÄ water £À°è dissolve DzÁUÀ cations UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ anions UÀ¼ÁV dissociate («AiÉÆÃf¸ÀÄ)
Û ,É For example,
DUÀÄvÀª one mole £ÀµÀÄÖ KCl (74.5 g) C£ÀÄß water £À°è £ÁªÀÅ dissolve ªÀiÁrzÀgÉ, solution £À°è one
mole £ÀµÀÄÖ each K+ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ Cl– ions UÀ¼ÀÄ release DUÀ¨ÉÃPÉAzÀÄ expect ªÀiÁqÀÄvÉÃÛ ªÉ. If this happens solution £À°è two
moles UÀ¼ÀµÀÄÖ particles UÀ¼ÀÄ EgÀÄvÀª
Û .É

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 Interionic attractions UÀ¼À£ÀÄß ignore ªÀiÁrzÀgÉ, one kg water £À°ègÀĪÀ one mole KCl £À boiling point À£ÀÄß 2 × 0.52
K = 1.04 K £ÀµÀÄÖ increase ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀz
Û É JAzÀÄ expect ªÀiÁqÀħºÀÄzÀÄ.

FUÀ £ÁªÀÅ degree of dissociation £ÀÄß w½AiÀÄzÉ EzÀÝgÉ 2 mol particles UÀ¼À mass 74.5 g ªÀÄvÀÄÛ one mole of KCl £À

mass 37.25 g DVgÀÄvÀz

Û É JAzÀÄ conclude ªÀiÁqÀ®Ä ªÀÄÄAzÁUÀÄwÛzÝÉ ªÅÀ . Ions £ÀÄUÀ¼ÁV solute dissociation ÉUÉÆAqÁUÀ,

experimentally determine ªÀiÁrz molar mass always true value VAv lower DVgÀÄvÀz
Û É.

Hydrogen bonding ¤AzÁV, ethanoic acid (acetic acid) molecules UÀ¼ÀÄ, benzene CÀ°è dimerise UÀ¼ÁV
Û .É Low dielectric constant EgÀĪÀ solvents UÀ¼À°è EzÀÄ normally ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄvÀz
gÀÆ¥ÀvÁ¼ÀÄvÀª Û .É In this case dimerisation

PÁgÀt¢AzÁV particles UÀ¼À number reduce DUÀÄvÀz

Û .É Association of molecules C£ÀÄß depicted as follows

2 CH3COOH⇋(CH3COOH)2

Benzene £À°è, ethanoic acid £ all molecules UÀ¼ÀÄ associate UÉÆAqÀgÉ, DUÀ ∆Tb CxÀªÁ ∆Tf ethanoic acid
Û É. DzÀÝjAzÀ, ∆Tb CxÀªÁ ∆Tf basis ªÉÄÃ¯É calculate ªÀiÁrzÀ molar mass expected
UÀÉ normal value VAv half £ÀµÀÄÖgÀÄvÀz

value ÉVAvÀ twice CÀµÀÄÖgÀÄvÀz

Û É.

Molar mass that is either lower or higher than the expected or normal value is called as abnormal
molar mass. (Expected CxÀªÁ normal value VAv lower CxÀªÁ higher EgÀĪÀ CAvÀºÀ Molar mass C£ÀÄß )
In 1880 van’t Hoff introduced a factor i, known as the van’t Hoff factor, to account for the extent
of dissociation or association. This factor i is defined as:
𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 Observed colligative property
i= ⇒
𝑎𝑏𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 Calculated colligative property
Total number of moles of particles after association/dissociation
i=
Number of moles of particles before association/dissociation

E°è abnormal molar mass, experimentally determine ªÀiÁrz molar mass DVzÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ calculate ªÀiÁrzÀ

colligative properties UÀ¼ÀÄ, non-volatile solute, association DUÀĪÀÅ¢®è, dissociation DUÀĪÀÅ¢®è JAzÀÄ assuming
Û .É Association ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è i £À value ªÀÅ unity VAvÀ less (PÀrªÉÄ) EzÀÝgÉ, Dissociation ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è i
ªÀiÁr ¥ÀqÉAiÀįÁVgÀÄvÀz

£À value ªÀÅ unity VAvÀ À greater (C¢üPÀ ) EgÀÄvÀz

Û .É For example, aqueous KCl solution UÀÉ i £À value ªÀÅ 2 UÀÉ close

Û ,É DzÀgÉ benzene £À°ègÀĪÀ ethanoic acid UÀÉ i £À value ªÀÅ nearly 0.5CVgÀÄvÀz
DVgÀÄvÀz Û .É

Hints:
i) Solute UÀ¼ÄÀ association DzÁUÀ, JgÀqÀÄ Solute molecules UÀ¼ÀÄ MAzÀÄ Solute molecules DVgÀĪÀÅzÀjAz

i =𝟏𝟐 OR 0.5 OR < 1 DVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ

ii) Solute UÀ¼ÄÀ Dissociation DzÁUÀ MAzÀÄ solute molecule JgÀqÀÄ ions UÀ¼ÄÀ DUÀĪÀÅzÀjAzÀ i =𝟐𝟏 OR 2 OR
>1 DVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 KCET & MCQ’S POINTS:
Inclusion of van’t Hoff factor modifies the equations for colligative properties as follows:
𝒑𝟎
𝟏 – 𝒑𝟏 𝒏𝟐
Relative lowering of vapour pressure of solvent, =i
𝒑𝟎
𝟏 𝒏𝟏
Elevation of Boiling point, ∆Tb = i Kb m
Depression of Freezing point, ∆Tf = i Kf m
𝒏
Osmotic pressure of solution, Π=i 𝟐 RT
𝑽

Key point: From the table we observing -Dilution ªÀiÁrzÁUÀ ⇒ dissolution / solubility /dissociation
Û É ⇒ solution £À°è Number of ions increase DUÀÄvÀª
increase DUÀÄvÀz Û É ⇒ i £À value increase DUÀÄvÀz
Û É

i.e i value for 0.001m > 0.01>0.1m

KCl ,NaCl, MgSO4 i≈2 due to dissociation( K+ &Cl- ,Na+ &Cl-, Mg2+ &SO42-
K2SO4 i≈3 due to dissociation(Two K+ & one SO42-
Acetic acid(Ethanoic acid) i≈0.5 due to association (dimerization)
HOME WORK:
182. What is the conclusion drawn when Van’t Hoff’s Factor of a solution is less than one(Unity)?
(A-18)
183. Van’t Hoff factor for a solution is more than One(Unity). What is the conclusion drawn from it?
(S-17)
184. Define Van’t Hoff factor (i). Give the value of ‘i’ for complete dimerization of all the molecules of
ethanoic acid in benzene.
185. Give the value of ‘i’ for complete dimerization of all the molecules of ethanoic acid in benzene
(S-23)
186. The value of van’t Hoff factor (i) for ethanoic acid in benzene is nearly (A-23)
a) 2 b) 1 c) 0.5 d) 0
187. What is the value of Van’t hoff factor (i) for K2SO4 (A-20)
188. The Van’t Hoff factor calculated from association data is always__than calculated from
dissociation data
a) Less b) More c) Same d) More or less
189. The value of Van’t Hoff fator ‘i’for Ethanoic acid in benzene is nearly
a)2 b) 1 c)0.5 d)3

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 190. Acetic acid dissolved in benzene shows molecular mass of
a) 30 b) 60 c) 120 d) 180
191. What is the value of Van’t Hoff factor for Na2SO4(Assuming complete dissociation)
192. The Van’t Hoff factor ‘i’for a dilute aqueous solution of sucrose is
a)Zero b) One c) Two d) Three
193. The van’t Hoff factor for acetic acid in benzene is____
194. Van’t Hoff factor for NaCl(assuming complete dissociation) is_______
195. If the solute dissociates in solution, Van’t Hoff factor is
a)>1 b) 0 c) <1 d)=1
Problems
A) Henry’s Law
196. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, how many millimoles of N2 gas would dissolve in 1 litre
of water? Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given that Henry’s law constant for
N2 at 293 K is 76.48 kbar.(Ncert text)

Given: KH= 76.48 kbar, p=0.987 bar

𝑝 0.987 𝑏𝑎𝑟
p = KH x nitrogen ⇒ x = ⇒ x nitrogen = ⇒ x nitrogen =1.29 X10-5
𝐾𝐻 76.48 𝑘 𝑏𝑎𝑟

Molar mass of water=18 g/mol

Mass of water=1litre=1000 ml=1000 g of water
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Number of moles of water nwater=
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
1000 𝑔
nwater= ⇒ nwater= 55.55 mol
18 𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏
moles fraction of Nitrogen x nitrogen=𝒏
𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏 +𝒏𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏
x nitrogen =
𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏 +𝒏𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏
⇒ 1.29 X10-5 bar = n<<< 55.55 mol
𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏 +𝟓𝟓.𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏
1.29 X10-5 =
𝟓𝟓.𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍

⇒ 𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏 =1.29 X10-5 X 55.55mol

𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 7.16 X 10-4 mol⇒ 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 =0.716 mmol
197. H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H2S
in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s law constant
Ans: Given: p=1 atm (STP), m =0.195 m , x=? KH =?
p=KH 𝑥𝑯𝟐 𝒔
0.195 m = 0195 mol of gas in 1Kg /1000g of water

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1000 𝑔
nwater=
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
nwater= ⇒55.55mol nwater= 55.55 mol
18 𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒏 𝑯𝟐 𝑺 𝟎.𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑥𝑯𝟐 𝑺 = ⇒𝑥𝑯𝟐 𝑺 =
𝟎.𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍+ 𝟓𝟓.𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑺 + 𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶

⇒𝑥𝑯𝟐 𝑺 =0.0035
𝒑 𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
p=KH 𝑥𝑯𝟐 𝒔 ⇒ KH = ⇒ KH = 0.0035⇒ KH =285.71 atm
𝑥𝑯𝟐 𝒔

198. Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67x108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of CO2 in 500
mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K
Ans: Given: KH= 1.67 X 108 pa
𝑝𝐶𝑂2 = 2.5 atm
1 atm=101325pa ⇒1 atm =101.325 X 103 pa
𝑝𝐶𝑂2 = 2.5 X 101.325 X103 pa ⇒𝑝𝐶𝑂2 = 253.312 103 pa
𝑝𝐶𝑂2 253.312 𝑋 103 𝑃𝑎
𝑝𝐶𝑂2 =KH 𝑥𝐶𝑂2 ⇒𝑥𝐶𝑂2 = ⇒ 𝑥𝐶𝑂2 =
𝐾𝐻 1.67 𝑋 108 𝑃𝑎

𝑥𝐶𝑂2 =151.68 X10-5 ⇒𝑥𝐶𝑂2 =0.001516

Volume of water= 500ml= 500g
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 500𝑔
𝑛𝑯𝟐 𝑶 = ⇒𝑛𝑯𝟐 𝑶 = 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 18
𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑛𝑯𝟐 𝑶 =27.78 mol

𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐
𝑥𝐶𝑂2 = ⇒𝑥𝐶𝑂2 = ( 𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 ≪ 𝑛𝑯𝟐 𝑶)
𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐 + 𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟐
0.001516= ⇒𝑛𝐶𝑂2 = 0.001516 X 27.18 mol
27.78 mol

𝑛𝐶𝑂2 =0.042 mol

1 mol of CO2 = 44 g
0.042 mol of CO2 = y ?
y X 1 mol of CO2 = 44 g X 0.042 mol
𝟒𝟒 𝒈 𝑿 𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍
y= ⇒ y =1.846 g
1 mol

199. Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 × 105 mm Hg. Calculate
the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg.(P-24,Ncert text)
Ans: Given: KH=4.27 × 105 mm Hg, P= 760mmHg
𝑝
p=KH𝑥𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒆 ⇒𝑥𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒆 =
𝐾𝐻
760mmHg
𝑥𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒆 = 𝑥𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒆 = 1.78 X 10-3
4.27 𝑋 105 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 Home work:
200. Henry’s law constant for N2 in water is 82.35 kbar at 298 K. N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.0840 bar.
If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K, Calculate the number of millimoles of N2 that will dissolve
in 1 L of water is
B) Relative lowering of vapour pressure of solvent
201. A solution containing 30 g of a nonvolatile solute in 90 g water has vapour pressure 2.8 kpa at 298 K.
At the same temperature vapour pressure of pure water is 3.64 kpa. Calculate the molar mass of solute
Ans: Given: : p10 = 3.64kpa ; p1 = 2.8kpa;
M1 =18g g mol–1; w2 = 30g , w1 = 90g M2=?
𝑝10 −𝑝1 𝑤2 𝑋𝑀1
= 
𝑝10 𝑀2 𝑋𝑤1

3.64𝑘𝑝𝑎−2.8𝑘𝑝𝑎 30𝑔𝑋18𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
=  M2=11.56 g/mol
3.64𝑘𝑝𝑎 𝑀2 𝑋90𝑔

202. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of a
non-volatile solute in it (Ncert text)
Ans: Given: p10 = 12.3 kPa
1 molal solution= 1mole solute in 1000 g/1Kg of water
Molar mass of water= 18 g/mol
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1000 𝑔
𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶 =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶= ⇒55.55mol
18 𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 1
𝑥𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = ⇒𝑥𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 + 𝒏𝑯𝟐 𝑶 1+55.55

⇒𝑥𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 0.0176
𝑝10 −𝑝1 12.3𝑘𝑝𝑎−𝑝1
= 𝑥𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒  =0.0176𝑝1 = 12.08
𝑝10 12.3𝑘𝑝𝑎
203. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol–1) which should be dissolved in 114
g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.

Ans: Given: reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.=

𝑝1 =0.8𝑝10
M2= 40 g/mol w2 = ? w1=114 g
Molar mass of Octane (C8H18)= 12X8+1X18= 114g/mol
M1= 114 g/mol
𝑝10 −𝑝1 𝑤2 𝑋𝑀1 𝑝10 −0.8𝑝10 𝑤2 𝑋114𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
=  =
𝑝10 𝑀2 𝑋𝑤1 𝑝10 40 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑋114𝑔
𝑤2
1- 0.8 =  𝑤2 = 8 g
40 𝑔

204. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of water at
293 K when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water (Ncert text)
Ans: Given: 𝑝10 = 17.535 mm Hg 𝑝1 =? w2= 25g w1=450 g

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA

 molar mass of glucose(C6H12O6)
M2=12X6 +1X12+16X6= 180 g/mol
Molar mass of water(H2O) M1= 1X2 +16X1= 18 g/mol
𝑝10 −𝑝1 𝑤2 𝑋𝑀1 17.535−𝑝1 25 𝑔 𝑋18𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
=  =
𝑝10 𝑀2 𝑋𝑤1 17.535 180 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 𝑋450𝑔

𝑝1 = 17.438 mm Hg
Home work:
205. Vapour pressure of benzene is 200mmHg. When 2 gram of a non volatile solute dissolved in 78
gram benzene. Benzene has vapour pressure of 195 mm Hg
c) Elevation in Boiling point
Home work:
206. 42 gm of a non volatile ,non electrolyte solute is added to 500 g of water the boiling point of the
resulting solution is 373.35K. calculate the molar mass of the solute (given boiling point of pure
water =373 k and kb for water=0.52 Kkgmol-1
207. 15 g of unknown , non-volatile compound raises the boiling point of 75 g benzene(C6H6) by
0.2750c. Calculate the molecular mass of the unknown compound( Kb for benzene = 5.1 K kg mol-
1

d) Depression in Freezing point

208. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271K. Calculate the freezing
point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
209. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C, C6H8O6 ) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid to lower
its melting point by 1.5°C. Kf = 3.9 K kg mol-1

210. Calculate the depression in freezing point of a solution containing 1.00g g of Glucose (C6H12O6)
dissolved in 100 g of water (Given :Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1

211. Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 1.8 g of glucose (C6H12O6) dissolved in 1000
g of water( Freezing pont of water (Tf0)= 273.15 K, Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)

Osmotic pressure

[Link] the osmotic pressure of 5 %(𝑀/ 𝑉 ) solution of urea at 300K(Molar mass of urea is 60g/mol)

Vasanth kumar G, GG0020

VASANTH KUMAR G, GG0020 HOSADURGA