Matrices and Determinants

1. Definition
An arrangement of information in the form of an array of row and columns
is called a matrix.
We use a capital letter to denote/name a matrix and its
elements/members by small letter.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴=
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
This matrix has 2 rows and 3 columns.
The order of a matrix is the size of the matrix determined by the number
of rows and number of columns.
The order of matrix 𝐴 is 2 × 3 (read 2 by 3).
Let
𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝐵= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛
Matrix 𝐵 has 𝑚 rows and 𝑛 columns, so the order of matrix 𝐵is 𝑚 × 𝑛

2. Types of Matrices
i. Row Matrix
A matrix with only one row.
E.g. 𝐵 = 1 2 4
Matrix 𝐵 is of order 1 × 3.
ii. Column Matrix
A matrix with only one column.
1
E.g. 𝐷 = 3 order 4 × 1
2
4
iii. Null/Zero Matrix
A matrix with all of its elements zero.
0 0 0
E.g. 𝐴 =
0 0 0
iv. Square Matrix
A matrix having the same number of rows and columns.
1 0 4
E.g. 𝐹 = 3 −1 6 is a square matrix.
2 1 8
The order of matrix 𝐹 is 3 × 3.
v. Diagonal Matrix
A matrix with all elements zero except the diagonal elements.
1 0 0
E.g. 𝐵 = 0 4 0
0 0 −3 A diagonal matrix is a square matrix.
vi. Identity Matrix
A diagonal matrix with all elements in the main/leading diagonal one.
1 0 0
1 0
E.g. 𝐴 = ,𝐵 = 0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1

4. Operation on Matrices
i. Addition and Subtraction
We can add or subtract matrices if they have the same order.
3 4 0 3
Let 𝐴 = 1 0 and 𝐵 = 2 2
0 −3 −1 0
 3 4 0 3
𝐴+𝐵 = 1 0 + 2 2
0 −3 −1 0
3 7
= 3 2
−1 −3
3 4 0 3
𝐴−𝐵 = 1 0 − 2 2
0 −3 −1 0
3 1
= −1 −2
1 −3
5. Properties of Matrices
i. The addition of matrices is commutative.
𝐴+𝐵 =𝐵+𝐴
1 3 6 −1 4 0
Let 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
0 2 3 3 0 2
1 3 6 −1 4 0 0 7 6
𝐴+𝐵 = + =
0 2 3 3 0 2 3 2 5
−1 4 0 1 3 6 0 7 6
𝐵+𝐴= + =
3 0 2 0 2 3 3 2 5
Hence,
𝐴+𝐵 =𝐵+𝐴
ii. The subtraction of matrices is not commutative.
𝐴−𝐵 ≠𝐵−𝐴
1 3 6 −1 4 0 2 −1 6
𝐴−𝐵 = − =
0 2 3 3 0 2 −3 2 1

−1 4 0 1 3 6 −2 1 −6
𝐵−𝐴= − =
3 0 2 0 2 3 3 −2 −1
Two matrices are said to be equal if the corresponding elements are the
same. 𝐴 = 𝐵 if and only if
𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑒, 𝑏 = 𝑓, 𝑐 = 𝑔 and
Let 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ 𝑑 = ℎ.
iii. The addition of matrices is associative.
(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶)
1 3 6 −1 4 0 1 3 6
Let 𝐴 = ,𝐵 = and 𝐶 =
0 2 3 3 0 2 0 2 3

1 3 6 −1 4 0 0 7 6
𝐴+𝐵 = + =
0 2 3 3 0 2 3 2 5

0 7 6 1 3 6 1 10 12
𝐴+𝐵 +𝐶 = + = ⋯ (⋆)
3 2 5 0 2 3 3 4 8

−1 4 0 1 3 6 0 7 6
𝐵+𝐶 = + =
3 0 2 0 2 3 3 2 5
1 3 6 0 7 6 1 10 12
𝐴+ 𝐵+𝐶 = + = ⋯ (⋆⋆)
0 2 3 3 2 5 3 4 8
From (⋆) and (⋆⋆) the addition of matrices is associative, that is, (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶)
iv. Subtraction of matrices is not associative
𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶 ≠ 𝐴 − (𝐵 − 𝐶)

1 3 6 −1 4 0 2 −1 6
𝐴−𝐵 = − =
0 2 3 3 0 2 −3 2 1

2 −1 6 1 3 6 1 −4 0
𝐴−𝐵 −𝐶 = − = ⋯ (⋆)
−3 2 1 0 2 3 −3 0 −2

−1 4 0 1 3 6 −2 1 −6
𝐵−𝐶 = − =
3 0 2 0 2 3 3 −2 −1
1 3 6 −2 1 −6 3 2 12
𝐴− 𝐵−𝐶 = − = ⋯ (⋆⋆)
0 2 3 3 −2 −1 −3 4 4
From ⋆ and (⋆⋆)it shows that subtraction of matrices is not associative.
v. The additive identity property
𝐴+𝑂 =𝑂+𝐴 =𝐴
Where, 𝑂 is a null matrix.
3 2 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 −1 3 2 −1
0 6 8 +0 0 0 = 0 0 0 + 0 6 8 = 0 6 8
12 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 2 5 12 2 5

v. The additive inverse property

𝐴 + −𝐴 = −𝐴 + 𝐴 = 𝑂
−𝐴 is an additive inverse of 𝐴.
6. Multiplication of Matrices
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two matrices.
The product 𝐴𝐵 is possible to get if

Number of columns in Number of rows in the second

=
matrix 𝐴(Pre-multiplier) matrix 𝐵 (post – multiplier).

If 𝐴is of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 and 𝐵 is of order 𝑝 × 𝑞 then 𝐴𝐵 is possible if

𝑛 = 𝑝.
The resulted matrix is of order 𝑚 × 𝑞
 1 3 3 −1 1(3) + 3(4) 1 −1 + 3(2)
=
2 0 4 2 2 3 + 0(4) 2 −1 + 0(2)

10 5
=
6 −2

𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 𝑒 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑓 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑔
=
𝑐 𝑑 𝑓 𝑔 𝑐𝑑 + 𝑑𝑓 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑔

1 0
0 1 −1 0+2−1 0+3−4
2 3 =
3 4 2 3+8+2 0 + 12 + 8
1 4

1 −1
=
13 20
 𝑎
Let 𝐴 = 𝑏 and 𝐵 = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑐
Order: 3 × 1 1×3
𝐴𝐵 is possible.

𝑎 𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑓
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑓
𝑐 𝑐𝑑 𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑓
Note: Multiplication of matrices is not commutative
𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴
Scalar multiplication of a matrix
If a matrix is multiplied by a scalar quantity 𝑘, then each element is
multiplied by 𝑘.
1 0 3 0
3 3 4 = 9 12
5 0 15 0
3 0 1 7 1 −1
Q. Given 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
4 3 2 3 0 4
1
Find 3𝐴 − 𝐵.
2
7. Determinant of a matrix
𝑎 𝑏
Let 𝐴 be , a 2 × 2matrix.
𝑐 𝑑
Determinant of matrix 𝐴 is denoted by 𝐴 .
𝐴 is defined as 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 i.e.
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
1 0
Let 𝐴 =
−3 4
1 0
𝐴 =
−3 4

= 4 1 − (−3)(0)
=4
8. Minors and Cofactors of a Matrix
A minor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is the determinant of a sub-matrix formed by
deleting 𝑖𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗𝑡ℎ column of the matrix to which 𝑎𝑖𝑗 belongs to.
𝑀𝑖𝑗 denotes a minor of the element in the 𝑖𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗𝑡ℎ column.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎11 𝑎13
𝑀11 = 𝑎 𝑎 and 𝑀 32 = 𝑎 𝑎
32 33 21 23

0 1 3
Q. Given that 𝐴 = 4 −1 0 , find all minors of 𝐴.
2 1 2
9. Cofactor of a Matrix
The cofactor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 which is denoted by 𝐶𝑖𝑗 is given by
𝑖+𝑗
𝐶𝑖𝑗 = (−1) 𝑀𝑖𝑗

Where 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is the minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 .

Q. Find the cofactors of matrix 𝐴 given by

0 1 3
𝐴 = 4 −1 0
2 1 2
 −2 −8 6
A matrix of cofactors of 𝐴 = 1 −6 2
3 12 −4
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
If 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 then,
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝐴 = 3
σ𝑗=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , for 𝑖 = 1, 2, 3

Or
𝐴 = 3 𝑖+𝑗
σ𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (−1) 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , for 𝑗 = 1, 2, 3
We can find determinant of a square matrix only.
1 0 −3
Q. Find 4 2 −1
0 1 2
Solution

1 0 −3
2 −1 4 2
4 2 −1 = −3
1 2 0 1
0 1 2
=4+1−3 4−0
= −7
 + − +
The matrix of signs of minors is − + −
+ − +

1 0 −3
Q. Find 4 2 −1 using the minors of elements in column two.
0 1 2
A matrix with determinant zero is called a singular matrix.
If 𝐴 is a singular matrix then 𝐴 = 0.
If 𝐴 is a non-singular matrix then 𝐴 ≠ 0.
4 𝑥
Q. Given that 𝐴 = , find the value of 𝑥 ,if 𝐴 is a singular
𝑥 16
matrix.
2
Q. Show that the matrix 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 1 is singular matrix for all
𝑥+1 1
values of 𝑥.
𝑝2 2
Q, Find the value of 𝑝 if the matrix is non-singular.
4𝑝 2
Q. Find the value of 𝑚 if the matrix 𝐵 where,
3 1 −3
𝐵 = 1 2𝑚 1
0 2 𝑚
is a singular matrix.
10. Transpose of a Matrix
The transpose of a given matrix is the matrix obtained from the original
matrix by interchanging rows and columns.
𝐴𝑇 denotes the transpose of matrix 𝐴.

1 2
1 4 5
If 𝐴 = 4 3 , then 𝐴 =
𝑇
.
2 3 1
5 1

If 𝐴 is of order 𝑚 × 𝑛, then 𝐴𝑇 is of order 𝑛 × 𝑚.

11. Adjoint of a Matrix
The adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of the co-factors matrix.
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13
Let 𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 be a matrix of co-factors of matrix 𝐴.
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33 𝑇
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13
Thus, Adj 𝐴 = 𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33

𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31

= 𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33
Q. Find the adjoint of a matrix 𝐴 given that
1 0 2
𝐴 = 1 2 −1
3 4 5

𝑎 𝑏
Q. Given 𝐴 = , find the adjoint of 𝐴.
𝑐 𝑑
11. Property of Adjoint Matrix
(a) Cofactors multiplied to a different row or column elements results in
zero value.
E.g. 𝑎11 𝐴21 + 𝑎12 𝐴22 + 𝑎13 𝐴23 = 0.
0 1 3
For example, the matrix of cofactors of matrix 𝐴 = 4 −1 0 is
−2 −8 6 2 1 2
1 −6 2 .
3 12 −4
𝑎11 𝐴21 + 𝑎12 𝐴22 + 𝑎13 𝐴23 = 0 1 + 1 −6 + 3 2 = 0
𝑎21 𝐴11 + 𝑎22 𝐴12 + 𝑎23 𝐴13 = 4 −2 + −1 −8 + 0 6
=0
(b) If 𝐴 be any given square matrix of order 𝑛 , then 𝐴 ∙ a𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =
a𝑑𝑗 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼 , where 𝐼 is the identity (or unit) matrix of
order 𝑛.
Proof
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let 𝐴 = 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31

Then a𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33
Since the sum of the products of elements of a row (or column) with
corresponding cofactors is equal to 𝐴 , otherwise is zero, we have
𝐴 0 0
𝐴 ∙ a𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 0 𝐴 0
0 0 𝐴

1 0 0
= 𝐴 0 1 0
0 0 1
= 𝐴𝐼
Similarly, we can show that a𝑑𝑗 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼
12. The Inverse of a 𝟐 × 𝟐 Matrix
The inverse of a matrix of order 2 × 2 is another matrix, 𝐴 of order
−1

2 × 2 such that
−1 −1
𝐴∙𝐴 =𝐴 ∙𝐴 =𝐼
Where,
𝐼 =identity matrix
𝑎 𝑏
Let 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑
We want to find 𝐴−1
𝑝 𝑞
Let 𝐴 =
−1
𝑟 𝑠
 −1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞
𝐴∙𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠

𝑎𝑝 + 𝑏𝑟 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑏𝑠
=
𝑐𝑝 + 𝑑𝑟 𝑐𝑞 + 𝑑𝑠

1 0
=
0 1

⟹ 𝑎𝑝 + 𝑏𝑟 = 1 … (i)
𝑎𝑞 + 𝑏𝑠 = 0 … (ii)
𝑐𝑝 + 𝑑𝑟 = 0 … (iii)
𝑐𝑞 + 𝑑𝑠 = 1 … (iv)
Equation(i)× 𝑐 − equation(iii) × 𝑎 results
𝑏𝑐𝑟 − 𝑎𝑑𝑟 = 𝑐
Or 𝑐
𝑟=
𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑

Equation(i)× 𝑑 − equation(ii) × 𝑏 results

𝑑𝑎𝑝 − 𝑏𝑐𝑝 = 𝑑
𝑑
𝑝=
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
Equation(ii)× 𝑑 − equation(iv) × 𝑏 results
𝑞𝑎𝑑 − 𝑞𝑏𝑐 = −𝑏
Or
−𝑏
𝑞=
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
Equation(ii)× 𝑐 − equation(iv) × 𝑎 results
𝑠𝑏𝑐 − 𝑠𝑎𝑑 = −𝑎
Or
−𝑎
𝑠=
𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑
Collecting the values for 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 and 𝑠 we have
𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑 −
−1
𝑐
𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
−𝑎
𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑

1 𝑑 −𝑏
=
𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎

−1
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) For 𝐴−1 to exist we
𝐴 =
𝐴 need 𝐴 ≠ 0
Q. Find 𝐴
−1
if
−4 −2
(i) A =
3 2
1 4
(ii) A =
2 3
−1 −1
(iii) A =
−2 −1

1 2 3
Q. Given B = 2 1 1 , find 𝐵 .
−1

3 1 −2
13. Simultaneous Linear Equations
1. Solving by Matrix Method
Let’s consider the system of simultaneous linear equations in two
variables 𝑥 and 𝑦.
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 … (1)
Writing (i) in matrix form we’ve
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1
=
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦 𝑐2
 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1
Let 𝐴 = , 𝑋 = 𝑦 and 𝐵 = 𝑐
𝑎2 𝑏2 2
So, we’ve
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
Pre-multiplying 𝐴
−1
both sides
−1 −1
𝐴 ∙ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵
−1
𝐼𝑋 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 ∙ 𝐵
Thus,
𝑥 −1
𝑦 = 𝐴 𝐵
Q. Solve by matrix method.
(i) 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 9 (ii) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 =5
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =7
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 =2
(iii) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 =5 (iv) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 =3
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1 𝑥+𝑦 =𝑧
4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 =5
13. Cramer’s Rule
Gabriel Cramer (1704 – 1752) was a Genevan mathematician.
Suppose we’ve a pair of simultaneous equations
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑑1 … (1)
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑑2
In matrix form (1) is written as
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑑1
=
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦 𝑑2
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
We’ve the following two matrix multiplying equations
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 0 𝑑1 𝑏1
= … (2)
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑏2

𝑎1 𝑏1 1 𝑥 𝑎1 𝑑1
= … (3)
𝑎2 𝑏2 0 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑑2
From (2)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 0 𝑑1 𝑏1
Determinant of =Determinant of
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑏2
 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 0 𝑑1 𝑏1
∙ =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑏2
△⋅△𝑥 =△1
Or
△1
△𝑥 =
Where, △
𝑥 0
△𝑥 =
𝑦 1

𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑏1
△1 = and △=
𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
From (3)
𝑎1 𝑏1 1 𝑥 𝑎1 𝑑1
Determinant of = Determinant of
𝑎2 𝑏2 0 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑑2

𝑎1 𝑏1 1 𝑥 𝑎1 𝑑1
∙ =
𝑎2 𝑏2 0 𝑦 𝑎2 𝑑2

△⋅△𝑦 =△2
Or
△2
△𝑦 =
△
Where,
1 𝑥
△𝑦 =
0 𝑦

𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑎1 𝑏1
△2 = and △=
𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑎2 𝑏2

Q. Use the Cramer’s rule to solve

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1
Let’s consider a system of three linear equations
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3

In matrix form, the above system becomes

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑦 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 0 0 𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑦 1 0 = 𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2 … (4)
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 0 1 𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 1 𝑥 0 𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 0 𝑦 0 = 𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2 … (5)
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 0 𝑧 1 𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 1 0 𝑥 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 0 1 𝑦 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2 … (6)
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 0 0 𝑧 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3
From (4)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 0 0 𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑦 1 0 = 𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 0 1 𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3

△ ⋅ △𝑥 = △1
Or
△1
△𝑥 =
△
From (5)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 1 𝑥 0 𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 0 𝑦 0 = 𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 0 𝑧 1 𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3

△ ⋅ △𝑦 = △2
Or

△2
△𝑦 =
△
From (6)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 1 0 𝑥 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 0 1 𝑦 = 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 0 0 𝑧 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3

△ ⋅ △𝑧 = △3
Or

△3
△𝑧 =
△
Q. Solve by Cramer’s rule the system of linear equations
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6
(i) ቐ 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 (ii) ቐ3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −2
(iii) ቐ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = −6