Chapter 4
Calculations used in
analytical chemistry
Modified by: Dr. Mohammed
Rasheed
The SI unit of mass, the kilogram, is defined as the mass of a specific platinum-
iridium alloy cylinder (International Prototype Kilogram: IPK: K) kept at the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau International des Poids et
Mesures) at Sevres, France. This mass standard was established in 1901, and there
has been no change since that time because platinum iridium is an unusually stable
alloy. The Sevres cylinder is 3.9 centimeters in diameter and 3.9 centimeters in
height. A duplicate is kept at the National Bureau of Standards in Gaithersburg, Md.
Fig. 1. The official kilogram reference
cylinder (left) and its copy (right) at the
International Bureau of Weights and
Measures in Sevres, France.
International system of unit ( Systeme International d’Unites), 1960
Prefix of unit
Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol Factor
Yotta Y 1024 Deci d 10–1
Zetta Z 1021 Centi c 10–2
Exa E 1018 Milli m 10–3
Peta P 1015 Micro 10–6
Tera T 1012 Nano n 10–9
Giga G 109 Pico p 10–12
Mega M 106 Femto f 10–15
Kilo k 103 Atto a 10–18
Hecto h 102 Zepto z 10–21
Deca da 10 Yocto y 10–24
The Mole: The mole is the SI unit for the amount of chemical species.
The mole is associated with a chemical formula and Avogadro’s number
(6.022 x 1023) of particles. The molar mass (M) of a substance is the
mass in grams of one mole of the substance. Molar masses are
calculated by summing the atomic masses of all the elements appearing
in a chemical formula.
Atomic mass (amu) = mass of 1 atom
molar mass (g) = mass of 6.022 x 1023 atoms
Approximately 1 mole of each of several
different elements.
Clockwise from the upper left:
64 g of copper beads,
27 g of crumpled aluminum foil,
207g of lead shot,
24 g of magnesium chips,
52 g of chromium chunks, and
32 g of sulfur powder:
The beakers in the photo have a volume of 50 mL.
Ex: Molar Mass of formaldehyde CH2O
12 g C/mol + 2g H/mole + 16g O/mole = 30 g/mole
From Periodic Table
Ex: Molar Mass of glucose C6H12O6
6(12) + 12(1) + 6 (16) = 180 g/mole
Q4-1Calculate the mass of 2.4 moles of NaNO3 (85.00
g/mol)? Ans: 204 g
Mass and Weight: Mass is an invariant measure of the amount of
matter in an object. Weight is the force of attraction between an object
and earth. The weight of an object depends on the location because
gravitational attraction varies with geographic location. The mass of
an object remains constant regardless of locations. A chemical
analysis is always based on mass so that the results will not depend on
locality.
Ex. An object weighs less in Denver than in Atlantic
The mass of the Moon is only 1/81 that
City (both cities are at approximately the same
of Earth and the acceleration due to latitude) because the attractive force between the
gravity is only 1/6 that on Earth. object and the earth is smaller at the higher altitude
of Denver.
The weight of the object on the Moon is
Similarly, the object weighs more in Seattle than in
only 1/6 of their weight on Earth. Panama (both cities are at same sea level) because
the earth is somewhat flattened at the poles, and the
force of attraction increases measurably with
latitude.
The mass of the object, however, remains constant
regardless of where you measure it.
The Millimole: The millimole (mmol) is 1/1000 of a mole.
Sometimes it is more convenient to make calculations with millimoles
(mmol) rather than mole. The mass in grams of a millimole of a
substance is known as the millimolar mass which is 1/1000 of the
molar mass; 1 mmol = 10-3 mol
Q4-2: Determine the number of moles and millimoles of benzoic
acid (C6H5COOH) (122.1 g/mol) in 2.00 g of the pure acid.
Ans: 16.4 mmole
Q4-3: Determine the mass in grams of Na+ (22.99 g/mol) in
25.0 g of Na2SO4(142.0 g/mol).
Ans: 8.10 g Na+
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
The amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solvent or
solution
Molar concentration (Molarity M)
The number of moles of solute per liter of solution
moles solute mmoles solute
Molarity
volume of solution L volume of solution mL
A solution of 1.00 M (read as 1.00 molar) contains
1.00 mole of solute per liter of solution
Q 4-4: Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol in an
aqueous solution that contains 2.30 g of C2H5OH (46.07
g/mol) in 3.50 L of solution.
Q4-5: After dissolving 1.56 g of NaOH in a certain volume of
water, the resulting solution had a concentration of 1.60 M.
Calculate the volume of the resulting NaOH solution?
Ans: 0.038 mol NaOH; 0.0237 L
CONCENTRATION OF IONS
1.00 M NaCl: 1.00 M Na+ and 1.00 M Cl-
1.00 M ZnCl2: 1.00 M Zn2+ and 2.00 M Cl-
1.00 M Na2SO4: 2.00 Na+ and 1.00 M SO42-
Q4-6: Calculate the number of moles of Na+ and
SO42- ions in 1.50 L of 0.0150 M Na2SO4 solution
Ans: = 0.0450 mol Na+ ; 0.0225 mol SO42-
Analytical Molarity: The analytical molarity of a solution gives
the total number of moles of a solute in 1L of the solution (or total
number of millimoles in 1 mL). A 1.0 M H2SO4 can be prepared by
dissolving 1.0 mol or 98 g of H2SO4 in water and diluting to
exactly 1.0 L.
Equilibrium Molarity: The equilibrium molarity or species
molarity express the molar concentration of a particular species in a
solution at equilibrium. The equilibrium molarity of H2SO4 in a
solution with an analytical concentration of 1.0 M is 0.0 M because
H2SO4 is entirely dissociated, there are no H2SO4 molecules as
such in this solution.
Analytical concentration
Strong electrolyte : completely dissociated
Ex. NaCl MM: 58.44 g/mole
then if we dissolve 58.44 g/L, this will be equal to 1 M
2.7g NaCl /100 mL sea water = x M; x = 0.46 M
Weak electrolyte : partially dissociated
Ex. HAC 0.1 M (1.3% dissociated)
Q4-7: Calculate the analytical and equilibrium molar
concentrations of the solute species in an aqueous solution that
contains 285 mg of trichloroacetic acid Cl3CCOOH (HA) (163.4
g/mol) dissolve in 10.0 mL; Trichloroacetic acid is 73% ionized in
water.
Ans: = 1.744 x 10-3 mol HA ; 0.174 M (Analytical); 0.047 M (Equilibrium
Molarity)
Q4-8
Ans: dissolve 52.8 g in water and dilute to 2L
Ex:
DILUTION
- Consider a stock solution of concentration M1
and volume V1
- If water is added to dilute to a new concentration
M2 and volume V2
- moles before dilution = moles after dilution
- Implies that M1V1 = M2V2
Example: Calculate the volume of 3.50 M HCl needed to
prepare 500.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl
Concentration Units:
Percent concentration: Concentration can be expressed in terms of
percent (parts per hundred). Percent composition can be expressed
in three different methods:
Concentration Units:
Parts Per Million and Parts Per Billion:
For very dilute solutions, parts per million (ppm) is a convenient
way to express concentration.
Cppm = (mass of solute)/(mass of solution) x 106
ppm = (mg/kg) or mg/L for water when density is 1.00 g/ml
For even more dilute solution parts per billion (ppb) is used
Cppb =(mass of solute)/(mass of solution) x 109
ppb = (g/Kg) g/L for water when density is 1.00 g/ml
Q4-9: A sugar solution is made by dissolving 5.8 g of
sugar in 82.5 g of water. Calculate the percent by mass
concentration of sugar.
Ans: 6.6 % m/m
Q4-10: Calculate the volume percent of solute if 345 mL of
ethyl alcohol is dissolved in enough water to produce 1257
mL of solution
Ans: 27.4 % v/v
Q4-11: If 0.250 L of aqueous solution with a density of
1.00 g/mL contains 13.7 μg of pesticide, express the
concentration of pesticide in ppm
Ans: 0.0548 ppm
Q4-12: What is the molarity of K+ in a solution that
contains 63.3 ppm of K3Fe(CN)6 (329.3 g/mol)?
Ans: 1.922 x 10-4 M K3Fe(CN)6 ; 5.77 x 10-4 M K +
Density: The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
Density is expressed in units of kg/L or g/mL.
Specific Gravity: is the ratio of its mass to the mass of an equal
volume of water at 4oC. Specific gravity is dimensionless.
Simply specific gravity is the ratio of a material's density with
that of water at 4oC (1g/ml)
Q4-13: Calculate the molar concentration of HNO3
(63.0 g/mol) in a solution that has a specific gravity of
1.42 and is 70% HNO3 (w/w).
1.42 g/ml or 1.42 kg/L; 70g HNO3/100g (H2O + HNO3)
0.1kg soln/1.42 kg/l = 0.07 L soln,
70 g/(63 g/mole_ = 1.11 mole HNO3
1.11 mol/0.07 L = 15.86 M HNO3
(Or conc. In M = ([Link] x % (m/m) / molar mass) x 10
(1.42 x 70/ 63) x 10 = 15.8 M
Q4-14
conc. In M = ([Link] x % (m/m) / molar mass) x 10
CHEMICAL FORMULA
Consider Na2S2O3:
- Two atoms of sodium, two atoms of sulfur, and three atoms
ofoxygen are present in one molecule of Na2S2O3
- Two moles of sodium, two moles of sulfur, and three moles of
oxygen are present in one mole of Na2S2O3
Ex: How many moles of sodium atoms, sulfur atoms, and oxygen
atoms are present in 1.8 moles of a sample of Na2S2O3?
I mole of Na2S2O3 contains 2 moles of Na, 2 moles of S, and 3
moles of O
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS: (STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS)
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
- 1 molecule or mole of C3H8 reacts with 5 molecules ore mole of O2 to produce 3
molecules or mole of CO2 and 4 molecules or mole of H2O
Ex: C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
a) What mass of oxygen will react with 96.1 g of propane
(44.11 g/mol)?
Ans: 349g O2
- make sure the equation is balanced
- calculate moles of propane from given mass and molar mass
- determine moles of oxygen from mole ratio (stoichiometry)
- calculate mass of oxygen
b) What mass of CO2 will be produced from 96.1 g of
propane? Ans: 288g CO2
Stoichiometric calculation
Ex. What mass of AgNO3(mw=169.9) is needed to convert 2.33 g
of Na2CO3 (mw=106.0) to Ag2CO3 (mw= 275.7) ?
2AgNO3 + Na2CO3 Ag2CO3 + 2NaNO3
Ans = 7.47 g
Q4-15
Ans: 7.47g AgNO3; 6.06g Ag2CO3
Q4-16-a
5mmol/2 < 4mmol/1 then
Limiting Reactant is AgNO3
Ans: 0.689 g Ag2CO3
Q4-16-b
Ans: 0.0200 M Na2CO3
CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
Ex: Calculate the number of molecules present in 0.075 g of
urea, (NH2)2CO
Given mass of urea:
- convert to moles of urea using molar mass
- convert to molecules of urea using Avogadro’s number (6.022 x 1023)
Ans: 7.5 x 1020 molecules (NH2)2CO
Ex: How many grams of carbon are present in a 0.125 g of
vitamin C, C6H8O6 (176.14 g/mol)
Given mass of vitamin C:
- convert to moles of vitamin C using molar mass
- convert to moles of C (1 mole C6H8O6 contains 6 moles C)
- convert moles carbon to g carbon using atomic mass
Ans: 0.0511 g carbon
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS
Mole Fraction (χ): Fraction of moles of a component of solution
moles of component The sum of mole fractions of
total moles of all components all components = 1
EX: Given that the total moles of an aqueous solution of NaCl
and other solutes is 1.75 mol. Calculate the mole fraction of
NaCl if the solution contains 4.56 g NaCl (58.44 g/mol).
Ans: 0.0446
EX: Calculate the mole fraction of a 6.75 %(m/m) solution of ethanol
(46.08 g/mol) in water
Mass water = 100 g solution – 6.75 g ethanol = 93.25 g water
Ans: 0.0257