Combinational Circuits
Overview
Multiplexer
De-Multiplexer
Decoder
Encoder
Priority Encoder
BCD to Seven Segment Display
Multiplexer
A Multiplexer or Mux is a device that has many inputs
and a single output.
It selects a single input to the output from several inputs.
The particular input chosen for output is determined by
the value of the multiplexer’s control lines.
To be able to select among n inputs, log2n control lines
are needed.
A multiplexer is also called as a data selector.
The main purpose of Mux is to perform high speed
switching.
In analog applications, these are made up of transistor
Block diagram of Multiplexer
switches and relays, whereas in digital applications,
these are made up of logic gates.
4-to-1 multiplexer
This is what a 4-to-1 multiplexer looks like on
the inside.
The 4X1 multiplexer comprises 4-input bits, 1-
output bit, and 2- control bits.
The control bit AB decides which of the i/p
data bit should transmit the output.
For example, when the control bits AB =00,
then the higher AND gate are allowed while
remaining AND gates are restricted. Thus, data
input d0 is transmitted to the output ‘q”
8-to-1 multiplexer
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
I1
A6
I0
A7
S2 S1 S0
16-to-1 multiplexer
S3 S2 S1 S0
I1
I0
Applications
A Multiplexer is used in various applications wherein multiple data can be transmitted
using a single line.
A Multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the communication system by
allowing the transmission of data, such as audio & video data from different channels
via cables and single lines.
A Multiplexer is used in computer memory to decrease the number of copper lines
necessary to connect the memory to other parts of the computer.
A multiplexer is used in telephone networks to integrate the multiple audio signals on a
single line of transmission.
A Multiplexer is used to transmit the data signals from the computer system of a
satellite to the ground system by using a GSM (Global System for Mobile
communication) communication.
MUX as Universal Logic C ircuit
Boolean function implementation using Mux
Rules:
• If two min-terms are not circled in a coloumn,
apply 0 to Mux input.
•If two min-terms are circled in a coloumn,
apply 1 to Mux input.
•If bottom one is circled and top one is not
circled in a column, apply A to Mux input.
• If bottom one is not circled and top one is
circled in a column, apply A’to Mux input.
Demultiplexer
A Demultiplexer or Demux is a circuit which can distribute or
deliver multiple outputs from a single input.
It can perform as single input many output switch.
The output lines of demultiplexer are ‘N’ in number, select line
number is ‘M’and N = 2M.
The control signal or select input code decides the output line to
which the input has to be transmitted.
It is also called as Data distributor.
There are several types of Demultiplexers
1:2 Demultiplexer or 1-to-2 Demultiplexer
1:4 Demultiplexer
1:8 Demultiplexer
1:16 Demultiplexer
1:2 Demultiplexer
1:4 Demultiplexer
•The input bit is Data D with two
select lines A and B.
•The input bit D is transmitted to four
output bits Y0, Y1, Y2, and Y3.
•When AB is 00 the upper AND
gate is enabled while the other AND
gates are disabled. Thus, the data is
transmitted to Y0.
•If D is low, then Y0 is low and if D
is high, Y0 is high. The value of Y0
depends on the value of D.
1:8 Demultiplexer
Applications of Demultiplexer (Demux)
Demux are widely used in microprocessor, computers and digital electronics.
Demultiplexer and Multiplexer both are used in communication systems to carry multiple data signals
(i.e. audio, video etc) using single line for transmission.
In Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the output of ALU can be stored in storage unit (multiple registers) by
using Demultiplexer.
It is also used
To enable the different rows of memory chips depends on the address. Also to chose different banks of
memory.
To enable different functional unit in the system
To select different IO devices for data transfer
Data acquisition systems
Automatic test equipment systems
Security monitoring systems
Decoder
Decoder is a combinational logic
circuit whose purpose is to decode the
information.
It is comprised of n number of input
lines and 2n number of output lines.
In every probable input condition,
among the various output signals, only
one output signal will produce the
logic one.
So, this is n-to-2n decoder, where n
input lines and 2n output lines.
Generally, there are 3 types of line
decoders (2-to-4, 3-to-8 and 4-to-16).
Logic Design Using Decoders
An 𝑛-to-2𝑛 line decoder is a minterm generator.
By using or-gates in conjunction with an 𝑛-to-2𝑛 line decoder, realizations
of Boolean functions are possible.
Do not correspond to minimal sum-of-products.
Are simple to produce. Particularly convenient when several functions of
the same variable have to be realized.
Implementation of a Full Adder circuit using Decoder.
S(x0, x1, x2) = ∑(1, 2, 4, 7)
C(x0, x1, x2) = ∑(3, 5, 6, 7)
x y z C S
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
S 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
C
Decoders with enable inputs
When disabled, all outputs of the decoder can either be at logic-0 or logic-1.
Enable input provides the decoder with additional flexibility.
Idea: if data is applied to the enable input.
Process is known as demultiplexing.
Now Decoder works as Demultiplexer. 𝑥0𝑥1𝐸
If 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑥1 = 0 then
data appears on
line 𝑧0 .
Data
Enable inputs are useful when constructing larger decoders from smaller decoders.
Larger Decoders from smaller Decoder
Applications
In digital electronic decoder play an important role. It is used to convert the data from
one form to another form.
Generally, these are frequently used in the communication systems like
telecommunication, networking, and transfer the data from one end to the other end.
In the same way it is also used in the digital domain for easy transmission of data.
It is also used as
Binary to Octal converter
BCD to Decimal converter
BCD to Seven Segment Display
Boolean functions can be implemented using decoder.
BCD to Seven segment display
The Seven segment display is most frequently used the digital display in
calculators, digital counters, digital clocks, measuring instruments, etc.
Usually, the displays like LED’s as well as LCD’s are used to display the
characters as well as numerical numbers.
These displays are frequently driven by the output phases of
digital integrated circuits like decade counters as well as latches.
However, the outputs of these are in the type of 4-bit BCD (Binary Coded
Decimal), so not appropriate for directly operating the seven segment
display.
For that, a display decoder can be employed for converting BCD code to
seven segment code.
Generally, it has four input lines as well as seven output lines.
The Decoder is an essential component in BCD to seven segment display.
The circuit design, as well as operation, mainly depends on the concepts of Boolean
Algebra as well as logic gates.
The common terminals are either anode or cathode. So, it may be common cathode type
or common anode type.
Truth Table
a = F1 (A, B, C, D) = ∑m (0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
b = F2 (A, B, C, D) = ∑m (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9)
c = F3 (A, B, C, D) = ∑m (0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
d = F4 (A, B, C, D) = ∑m (0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9)
e = F5 (A, B, C, D) = ∑m (0, 2, 6, 8)
f = F6 (A, B, C, D) = ∑m (0, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)
g = F7 (A, B, C, D) = ∑m (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)
K-Map
Logic C ircuit
IC and Connection Diagram
Encoder
An Encoder is a combinational circuit that performs
the reverse operation of Decoder.
It has maximum of 2N input lines and ‘N’ output
lines, hence it encodes the information from 2N
inputs into an N-bit code.
It will produce a binary code equivalent to the
input.
The 4 to 2 Encoder consists of four inputs Y3,
Y2, Y1, Y0 and two outputs A1 and A0.
At any time, only one of these 4 inputs can be ‘1’
in order to get the respective binary code at the
output. 4 to 2 Encoder
The 8 to 3 Encoder or octal to Binary encoder
consists of 8 inputs : Y7 to Y0 and 3 outputs :
A2, A1 & A0.
Each input line corresponds to each octal digit and
three outputs generate corresponding binary code.
8 to 3 Encoder
4-to-2 Binary Encoder
w 3 w 2 w1 w0 y1 y0
w0
0 0 0 1 0 0
w1
0 0 1 0 0 1 y0
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 w2
y1
w3
8-to-3 Binary Encoder
At any one time, only
one input line has a value of 1.
Inputs Outputs
D 0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A B C
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Priority Encoder
One of the main disadvantages of standard digital encoder is that they can generate
the wrong output code when there is more than one input present at logic level “1”.
One simple way to overcome this problem is to “Prioritize” the level of each input
pin.
If there is more than one input at logic level “1” at the same time, the actual output code
would only correspond to the input with the highest designated priority.
This type of digital encoder is known as Priority Encoder or P-Encoder for short.
The Priority Encoder solves the problems by allocating a priority level to each input.
The priority encoders output corresponds to the currently active input which has the highest
priority.
So, when an input with a higher priority is present, all other inputs with a lower priority will
be ignored.
4-to-2 Priority Encoder
Truth Table
0 0 0 0 x x
0 0 0 1
w3 w2 w1 w0 y1 y0 w3 w2 w1 w0 y1 y0 0 0 1 x
0 0 0 0 x x 0 0 0 0 x x
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 x x
0 0 1 x 0 1 0 0 1 x 0 1
0 1 x x 1 0 0 1 x x 1 0
1 x x x 1 1 1 x x x 1 1
1 xx x
K-Map
x x w1 w0
w3 w2 00 01 11 10
00 x 0 0 0
01 1 1 1 1
11 1 1 1 1
10 1 1 1 1
y1 =w3 +w2
x x w1 w0
w3 w2 00 01 11 10
00 x 0 1 1
01 0 0 0 0
11 1 1 1 1
10 1 1 1 1
y0 =w3 +w1 w2
Circuit for the 4-to-2 priority encoder
y0 =w3 +w1 w2
y1 =w3 +w2
8-to-3 Priority Encoder
From the truth table of the Priority
Encoder, the Boolean expression
with data inputs D0 to D7 and
outputs Q0, Q1, Q2 is given as:
Applications
Keyboard Encoder
Interrupt Requests
Octal to Binary Encoder
Decimal to Binary Encoder
Decimal to BCD Encoder