NYAKIAMBI GIRLS SECONDARY SCHOOL

FORM 4 GENETICS PRACTICAL QIUZES 2026

1. (a) Describe the following chromosomal mutations:

(i) Inversion (2mks)
(ii) Translocation (2mks)
2. In mice the allele for black fur is dominant to the allele for brown fur. What percentage of
offspring would have brown fur from a cross between 2 heterozygous black mice? Show
working. Use letter B to represent the allele for black colour. (4mks)
3. State two examples of sex-linked traits found on the Y- chromosome in human. (2mks)
4. What is gene mutation (1mk)
(b) State two disorders in human beings caused by gene mutations (2mks)

(c) What name is given to the factors in the environment that encourage or speed up mutation? (1mk)

5. Pure breed of red cows and pure breed of white bulls were crossed to give F 1 calves which had
mixture of red and white coat known as roan. The F1 were selfed. (a) Using letter R to
represent gene for red colour and W to represent gene for white colour work out the
phenotypic ratio of F2. (4mks)

(b) Work out the genotypic ratio of a cross between F1 offspring and white bull. (3mks)

(c) Comment on the gene(s) controlling the colour of coats in cattle mentioned
above. (1mk)
6 (a) What is sex linkage? (2mks)
(b) Name two sex-linked characteristics in humans. (2mks)
7. In a family with four children, the father had blood group A while the mother had blood
group B. One of the children had blood group 0.
(a) (i) What were the genotypes of the parents? (1mk)
-Mother
-Father
(ii) What was the genotype of the child with blood group 0? (1mk)
(b) Work out the genotypes of the other children.
(c) Which child can receive blood from any member of the family? (1mk)

[Link] cattle the gene for red hair (designated R) and that of white hair (designated W) are co-
dorminant. When a red haired bull was mated with a white haired heifer, a roan calf was
obtained in F1.

i) Give the genotypes of the F1 offspring. (1mk)

ii) Work out the phenotypic ration when the F1 are selfed. (3mks
[Link] one sex-linked trait in humans. (1mk)

a) What is meant by the term sex-linked genes? (1mk)

b) Give an example of a sex linked trait in humans on (2mks)

Y – chromosome

X – chromosome

[Link] a certain variety of tomato, a recessive mutant gene which is responsible for chlorophyll
synthesis causes the leaves of the plant to be white when present in homozygous condition.
This kind of plant dies soon after germination. In the heterozygous state, the mutant produces a
plant with variegated leaves which normally completes its life cycle.

i) Suggest why the homozygous recessive plant is only able to survive germination but not to
complete its life cycle thereafter. (3mks)

ii) Work out the phenotypic ratio of the offspring’s that would be produced as a result of self
pollination of the plants with variegated leaves. (5mks)

11. A man of blood group heterozygous A married a woman of heterozygous B; work

Out the blood groups of their children (3mks)

12. What type of variation is exhibited by the ability of man to roll or not roll the tongue? (1mk)

[Link] a family with two children, the mother had blood group A while the father had blood group B. One
of their children had blood group AB

a) i) What are the genotypes of the parents? (2mks)

Mother Father

ii) What was the genotype of the child with blood group AB? (1mk)

b) Determine the possible genotypes of the other children (4mks)

c) What is the advantage of having blood group AB? (1mk)

14.a) Define multiple allelism and give an example. (2mks)

b) In Drosophila melanogaster the gene for eye colour is sex linked. The gene for red
eye is dominant. A cross was made between a homozygous red eye female and a
white eyed male. Workout the phenotypic ration of the F1 generation. (Use R to
represent the gene for red eyes.) (4mks)

c)Suggest two reasons to explain why Drosophila melanogaster is the most preferred organisms
for studies in modern genetics. (2mks)

15. Explain what will happen if Rh+ blood is transfused into a recipient of Rh- blood. (2mks) a) Name
two disorders in humans caused by gene mutations (2mks)

b) What is meant by the term allele? (1mk)

 c) In a particular species of tropical beetle, the wings had either red or orange marks. A
cross between a red marked beetle with orange marked beetle produces offsprings with
yellow marks only. When F1 offsprings were selfed, they produced F2 generation in the ratio of 1 red :
2 yellow : 1 orange i) Explain the absence of red and orange marks in F1 offspring’s (1mk)

ii) Using a punnet square, show how the F2 generation was crossed. (Use letters R for red
marks and W for Orange marks) (4mks)

16. In guinea pig, there are two alleles for hair colour, black and white. In a breeding
experiment, all the F1 phenotypes produced from a cross between pure-breeding black-haired
and pure-breeding white-haired parent had black hair.(Use letter B to represent gene for hair
colour)

a) What is an allele (1mk)

b) Work out the phenotypic ration of the F2 generation. (4mks)

17. a) In a certain family with two children, one child is blood group B while the other one
is blood group O. Work out the genotype of the two children if the mother is blood
group A and father group B. (4mks)

b) What would be the phenotypic ration of the F1 generation? (1mk)

c) What is haemolytic disease of the new-born (Erythroblastosis foetalis) (3mks)

18. The following are short messages (sms) on cell phone communication between Mrs.
Mkenzie and her husband. They can be used as analogies of gene mutation
Intended message Actual message

1. I want a drive I want a driver

2. Yesterday was my shopping day Yesterday was my hopping day

3 My skirt was stolen My shirt was stolen

4 Tommorrow I will be visiting my team Tommorow I will be visitng my mate

a) For each of these messages identify the type of gene mutation illustrated (4mks)

b) State one example of chromosomal mutation that lead to

i) Change in chromosome structure (1mk)

ii) Change in chromosomal number (1mk)

c) Explain why genetic counseling is termed as one practical application of genetics (2mks)

19. The genetic disorder haemophilia is due to a recessive sex linked gene. A man who is haemophiliac
married a woman who is a carrier for the condition.

a) Using letter (H) to represent normal condition and (h) to represent haemophiliac condition.

i) What is the genotype of the man and the woman? (2 marks)

 Man woman

ii) Work out across between the man and the woman (3marks)

b) What is the chances that both the first and the second sons will be haemophilia (2 marks)

c) Haemophilia is most common in the males than females humans. Explain. (1 mark)

20. (a) In a plant breeding experiment red flowered plants were crossed with white flowered
plants. Both plants were pure breeding. All F1 offspring’s had pink flowers. Give a genetic
explanation for this occurrence (1mark)

b) The words given in the table below are analogous to mutations. Fill in the table the
type of mutation in each case (2 marks)

Intended Actual Mutation

(i) From Form

------------------------

(ii) super supper ……………………

21. State ONE chemical agent that causes mutation (1mark)

22. A human gene which is Y-linked controls the length of hair on male ears. One allele
produces non-hairy ears while the other produces hairy ears, (hairy pinna).
(a) What are alleles (1mark)
(b) If a man with hairy ears/pinna marries, work-out the phenotypes of his children.
(Use letter h to represent gene for hairy pinna). (4 marks)
(c) Explain why this trait is not observed in females (2marks)
(d) Give one other trait in man that is Y—linked (1mark)
(e) State three structural differences between Deoxynbonocleic acid (DNA) and
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) ?
23. A mother of blood group AB was married to a man of blood group B. What is the
probability that one of their children would be blood group A. Show your workings. (3mks)

24. The hemophilia is an X- linked recessive condition. The following pedigree shows a portion of a
family in which members have hemophilia. Use H for non-hemophilia h for hemophilia.

A B
Normal male
Haemophiliac
male
Normal female

Normal
1 2 carrier
Haemophiliac
female
 (a) Identify the genotypes of parents A and B.

(b) What is the genotype of offspring number 1 (1mk)

(c) A carrier woman marries a hemophiliac man. What is the probability that the
couple will have a son who is hemophiliac show your working. (4mks)

(d) Name one defect of non-disjunction chromosomal mutation (1mk)

25. a) Define the term mutation. (1mk)

b) A couple, George and Grace had a son who was suffering from haemophilia even
though none of them showed signs of haemophilia.

i) State the genotype of George and Grace. (2mks)

ii) Using a genetic cross work out the genotype of the couple’s son. (4mks)

c) What are linked genes? (1mk)

26. (a)Name two disorders in man that occur through gene substitution (2mks)

(b) Give two advantages of polyploidy in plants. (2mks)

27. (a) Describe the following chromosomal mutations. (2mks)

(i) Inversion

(ii) Deletion.

(b) In humans, the disease phenylketonuria is inherited through a recessive gene. A

phenotypically normal couple produced one normal child and one phenylketonuric child.

(i) Using a symbol A for normal gene and a for phenylketonuric gene, write
down the genotypes of the parents. (2mks

(ii) Work out the possible genotype of the normal child. (3mks)

(c) What is meant by genetic engineering? (1mk)