<br>

ore tuoo complex

Sub Topics i numberS in a Cornple plane then the
dnalytical distance blw and Ko is 2vern by
a- Complex integration (c-z)
z-Zo|° (o) "1o-Zz|'
3. Corplec poaer series = - (Totiyo)|
|3zo| (c+y)
ypes of Singulan potrnts 1(x-Xo) + i (y-9)
GoI
b residues. (z-xo)°+ (9-9
5-
Sequence of series.
4. Gonsider, +y=
|z=7 is the equation of ciTde with
:Cornplex Numbers : Centre at origin (0,0) and
TadiUg *
are any 2 rea no's
such that Conside (y-y-)'- 2
of iis an ina ginagy unit
i-1 (or) (e then the no of the
-

fomn ti is caled a Complex number

by
. |7-Zo| =
is the equaçtion of crde
and it is denoted With centre at "' and rados '
=
|Z-Zol
where,

Q. Complex variable : The inequality |z-Zo|<T,Tepresernts that

Ie amd y are any too
c real,
the set at all ponts tie inside
the
oe the foTM
Variades then the vaiabie Circle -Zo|=o.
Conmplex Varnable
å= tiy is called
Note:
then to The inenuality l2-Zo| 7T, represents
. IP =
+f then fts conjugate is
7=%-y that the set of all
potots lie oUtsice

then fts moduus

ls the cre (z-Zolr.

4. case+i sine
= COse - tsine

then tts polas form

s
o P z=*ti

= ()

PRAKASH NOTES 1 STUDY2NIGHT

 - -
<br>

3. Complex Funtion f(2) $(2o)

Canplex vaðriabc the functon
W= F(2) Te the cdertvative of
then the functon of the fom To Li.e, Fzo) eriSts]
called a complec f(2) ezcts at Z:
is
where called a.
then the function f2) is
fumction of a complex udiade
function ct a point "zo'
diffeerentia He

and the process of

finding the
" d1fferertiatian'.
cleenvative (s called
In real
. f: A-8 by W= f(Z)
L
Lt f) lt f(C) (=)
LE
exists
Note :
Ihe general fom of a comdec functhion

in both cartesiam amd polas forn ie fec)- fa)

D? Lt
ven by
=
u(9)+ iv(3,9) Analytre functon: [A- fun ]:
w=f(o) frti4)
a function w= f(2) iS

nd If
differerntable at a pofnt Ro
and also
(reie) u(re)+ ív (s,e)
diffesentiakle at every neighbour aint in

:
4 Neighbourhood (nbd) of a point 'z6 Some meighbourhoocd of a pont Zo
.
then

points (oside the the function w= f(z) is called an

Ihe set of all
at "o but not an Analtc uncion"
Cirde having centre
a neihbourhood of At a polnt 3=Zo an d
the potnt Ko 5
the círde is called
1s denoted by Called am anatic point of f().
point Ko. It

{3:|z-Zo|
<
dy D A

5- Differertiability of a function :

Tf a funchon fC) Is defned At a Sinde Lo Not only diffey entiable

point
fo the nbd of a poínt
0
and at Ko but also differentiable
Lt 2) -f(%) exists ond iite then at the pofnt

is caled
the finite vaue of the limit
f(z) ata
the eorivative of a fumction
pont ho
and it Is denoted by p(2).

PRAKASH NOTES 2 STUDY2NIGHT

 Qingulas point i
<br>

q
Note --Uy
Ie a fumction fz) not dehned
ls
too eryaions Uz Uy nd Ve
I. The
-Riermann (CR]
or diffesentiable r not onalytc at any me called the Cauchy
point "26 then the polnt "zo is engnlions.
caled a 8ingular point of f(3). . e Sin(a*), con(a),
3inh(az), coch(a)
polynorninl ce the ferra
t 3
and cveTy
W= f(r) rre
Z-4 + ane? [neN]
diffez,erntatke
Hese (Z) is defincd fos all valles CortinucS,
everguihee defined
of except at Kc4o Hence 4
13 .

and alo integrable

ingula point of F() at z4. 3- If fc) and
gcc) cn to ontiuosre
funcbon5,
oy differentiable

w'=fz)= then diffesentiacie

is aleo contntous
fr)+ g)
) diffrentiabe
- is also continuous
Hese f2) Is defoed for al values cf () Pec) g) contiruous/ffcentia ble
is aiso
Z(and the funcion f'Cz)
is also deined
() R)g()
Eny al values af z except at 3-8 c(v) f() o; Q(c) #
o] is
lso contiruas|
duffesentabe.
) does not ezist at
z=8.
inphes
a Singulas point of f(Z). Model-18
• Z8 is
differentrabilit
[Testing the
Entire Fn ction [Inteqrable Function:
Function we f(2) (t8 Siny - 4
If a function (2) (s The
+ i(y+e*cosy) is
every
differentiable on Analytic at &ol
complex plane or f(z)
Let ut iv
point in the total
Complez plane then the
funchion ue ct€"siny-4
whole
an "entire function'"
V= ytecosy
P(Z) (S called

Theorem
a funchon f() Cy+ecosy) =
-e0sy
($uffcient conditions for
: (a+e'srng-4)
= ecosy
to be dIffhentiabte]
Ux
eqpotion s
Tf the to
= -Uy gatisfy at a potnt"z
and Vz
Uu, , and Vy
ii, e the functon U,u, Uz,
continuOUS at a polnt "Zo" then

the fumcion W= f2): ut iv is

.
differenbable at a point "Z6
p'(2) Uy - (Uy
PRAKASH NOTES 3 STUDY2NIGHT
<br>

HeseUx =Vy and Note

t everY point
V

, sinh (az), csh (az)

and also U,v, Uz, Uy Ve, Vy aYe esin (az), co9(a)
oP the
continuoUS ct every potnt. amd every polyromial
is differentiable at uithenhe bp
conhovous,
everywhere defned,
every pornt
every t alO aralytc.
.¢
poin
=) W= f(Z) ut iv iS amalytic at
2 analytic furchon
(z) and gcz) ane ay
f
f( is analutic at everyhene. then ) P) tg(z) is abo
analytic funchon.
=
Q. The fumchion f) XK is
() F(2)-g(z) is
aso analytc fonchon
) is also analytic funchon
Let t iv = f(2) = X

=
) e-
fo] is also analytc
=
then tiv
=
(z) rTtiy) Tty
[:g&
y
and V= Analytre fusc.
fz) ecos(z) +
324
Uy analyt
Sum ís no cchare
Vy = Nocohee
eveyte
,
Dy =
Pz) E Not analute
Hene ony at (0,0) P() =ZSin (2),
U, Ua, Uy Vy ae COntinoOUS Note
replace z by z
analytic funchon then
and y by
0 in
fCa)to convert funcion af
at rign. 8 and to functon ofz?
W= f2)=7 rs
3 The function
= iH
let u+ íV = f(2) = Z C- heplace cby z 3 y
by zHO.
=
[z+e "sn(0) -4]
+ i[0+ecos(0)
f)
V
Qven
Q. The C-R eqyations in polas fosm Me
Uy =
by and
every point
Here Ue # Vy at he Conplet func. u(9)+ (v() 2)

a gven
i not diffesentiable at
in
4 foc) :Z P) < U9)-iv (4) ane both analytc
evesy potot. dornan.
func.
= is not analytic at every f(a) - Utiv i6 a analybc
foc) 7 fy.
potnt. the oR eqvabon cwtl satis
olso given
T() - u -ív
=

analytic Fure.
then Uy -My Vx)=-Vy

Uz -y (3

Vz = tUy
PRAKASH NOTES 4 STUDY2NIGHT
<br>

0
From Consdu
Model-IT 2- Constuchon of hamonic
=
Uy -Vy
Conjug ate Function]
Vy+ Vy =0 Vx+Vy =0

fe):o () Hamontc Functon,

Vy =0 -Uy 0
Rf Uxa and Uyy OHe contincous
Loption ()C).
-Uz Vy
=0 funchons anc Uxx t Uyy o) VU=0
0

v
Model- T
[Fincing the Unknocon in analytrc then the furctiorn u (,y)'
func-1
C. a harnonic furction.
i called
C

G. Rin the Vaues oF

-
Such that K) (+Cy'- 2y
aralyto Ux 2c
$ol 3- ven Uxx =
2 Uyy -a cse cortinouS
+i(Ca-y°+204)
The 2 GR equations Vz =-Uy
twill ati sfy te,
Ux= Vy Is a haroonic function.
'. Uy) CH.c pur):
Hanmonic onjugate Function
@)

2x-2y = -2y +2% 202 +

24 -[2Cy -2z) &f U
and
v
ae any t0 haroon1C
1S also aralyhc
functians and Lt Ív
15
or u(, y)
then the funchon v(39)
conjugate function cf
Called haonic
Complez the func uly (or Vxy].
vaue of K that makes the
t he (sin24)]
A• Functon.
valued func. fz)- k(cos(y)- Not
A
Fure.

analy hc, hamonic Con]ugate

cos2y- isin(2y Method of ndiog
utiv f(): ke
=
Fiven,
ol3 Suncton :
2 R equations
uitt gven to tnd its
The
-Uy $tepi I V(y) i6
y $ Ve u(y)
Ux
hamonic conjugnte fenction
sinag) =(
-then consider du
(2)
(e) e(cos2y)
=
-Kcos2y $tep a 3
(Uy) dy
du (Ux) dx
=

(Vy) cd + CVx) dy

Step 38 the terms

cva) dy +ik
oithout "x' in
conStant.
Real integal

PRAKASH NOTES 5 STUDY2NIGHT

<br>

8 he reab past of anaytc funchon f(2),

is gtven by eco s(x). he imaginay
part of f(2) is

Sot: piven that, U = e cosc

=
Let ut iv f(2)

-esic =
y,
is CorTect.
By veification with opions (b)
+
Constdes du (Vo)cc (My) cdy

cu - (-Uy) da + (Ux) y
du
=
cosz] de + [-esix]dy
Sdu Jeco sz)dae S0) dy tK
V(C,y) e'sinxt Kyy

in
I0. f ue ocos (20) is a hamonic function
then the
the analytc funchron f)- utiv
haimonic conjuoate funcbion v(%,e) of
uo,e) is

o1:- Given ue 'os (20)

ConsideT, yVe
cos(28)1
-[
vailade
anaytic Function of Complec
9. An
(s defined fe)-y)+i a y,s)

where V(9) a real funotion The value

is
z= Iti is-.
of imaginay
past of f(2)t
Gven
;
that U= cy V= y(Y)
ol:

=
Uy
Considen, =
(Va) dz + (Vy) dy
du
du e
(Uy) dæ + (Ux) dy
duy
(9pda+ (22x)

PRAKASH NOTES 6 STUDY2NIGHT

<br>

Method4: 12. Let 2) functon, whre

be an analytic
Contruction of analytic unction: a=Ctíuy
•
If the real part
of f (z) (s
coshx cosy and the imagnay pat of
, (s
RC2) is goro for y0 then f(z)

Pven that
u
cosh (z). cosy

Sinh(1)- Co$4

uy e cosh
L-sin y]
Cons1cle, pl(z)
UZ -iuy
icoshe). &ny)
f'(2) Sinhe cosy t
Sin (o)
= Sinha- cos (0)
+ i coShz)
part
P(2) (: zby
ls an fmaginany
"Qt. v=y* 2y- 3ry
function f2) utiv,
analytical
Cornplez vaiable, coSh (z) +C
2=itl is a
whese Whese c Ct iC2
then
vey+2y -3r'y
Sal3 Given that

+ (uy)dy
Consider du= (ua) dx
du =(v) dz
t (-Va) dy
dz + (oy) dy
du
= (3y'+ 2-3z?)

Sdu
= (8y'+ 2-3r) dz + Jco) dy
tk

' u(z,9)
=
3e4+ 22-4k.
Consrdes f2)
= u+ iv
- r K) +
PCA) = (32+2c
i (y+2y-324)

Hence optons (a) § Cc) aie true.

PRAKASH NOTES 7 STUDY2NIGHT

<br>

Gooplez intoqratiom . The rela ion between real

line integral.(R
(ouI).
and Complex line ntegral
[a, b]
=
c
1f fz) U+ iv
+ eíStS
foc) da Fo)
ihere = Ctiy
anti-derivative E
fox f(c) eists then SCutiv) (dz +idy)

Ly"F (6) -F(a)

G•L•T RoLoT DT (line) (2rngle

intagri)
b
Q43. If f2) = y-c-3ie then the vowe

- the inteqral
Of fce)dz, when Cs
lt Fc) lt FC).
ts
1ne Seqment from oriqtn;-to 1ti
$o1 =

let
Co-ordicate space toteghal ( ine integra)
Then I lu-T-3ic?) daz
Integral
diffesental I=f(y-3c- 3iT")(dc tidy)
Line integral 1S diffesent fro C
AB
iotegrab.
Equ of
6. (1, 1) 1-0 (a-6)
Complex Line integral (ouz)
(o.0)

y= ; dhy
=
dæ n) x:0 to t.
Replace

every l: T-T-3i)(dr+idr)
fC) i defined at
IF a function a (point
A'
curve g' from
potnt on the
C

of Iotegral
evauation
to point B then along
cormplec function f)
is Line Jo +
path 'c', 3
Complec function f()
inteqral of a &uch tesms

along c and it s given by. Note: Hese Syde Can't be

tnteqrable
equakion $ replace
So, Pind the Ltne

c is path of irntegration
where

PRAKASH NOTES 8 STUDY2NIGHT

<br>

8
Note 1 Ci
analutic dunc.
fa function f(e) is (line)
Ring shaped regron.
the value of the nteqral Annuus
then B of Snula
on g end pofnts A and
depends
on prth e Theorem](o)
CuIEVe
C
but not
ath Caucjs
the Thearem 18 L
at
a functon (2) arotc
B s
i.e, S f(e)dz
=
J$e) z If
every point inside and on a Sirople
furnc
F(B) -F(A) C then
integral. cf the
closed Cive
Cuswe is albays
alonq the

Cauchy's tntagral forrnula.

dlong 2?
14 The value of inteqrab z'dz heorem
C foro p)=
y* rom (o,o) to t i 's
Pf is of the E2-Z]

So13 Let o= J f(D d (2-z6]

evey point.
Z=0 Where, P2) is analta at
curve
inside and on a simple closed
-
then
and "o' is any pofnt
-j ei-2). ani sZo)
-+3i-a) ) ) d
=
(z-z0]

8. Types of Regions.
:
i· imply
connected region
(n-1)4dzo
R

connected reqion :
if. Multipy

doobluy
Connected
hegion
PRAKASH NOTES 9 STUDY2NIGHT
<br>

Method of evaluation of cL'T along a clock oise omented

5. Let c be
plane
in the Cornplec
-
S.C-c closed wve
jz
defined by jzl =1. cutthe, et f(3)
then
=
be
a
complec functhon,
1 2
$tep Let f() dz
fz
2- Fiod the Snqulas points of f(z. Sol; Let f(3) i?
3. Draw the rcqion R' cofth the qiven hen fC3) is arnaltic ot eenyahere
on a Simple cloed Guue
eqvation of Cuive 'c'. point tnside and
G
| 1
Cauchy t f)dz e0 Cauchy theoren
theorem
le have
Cauchy
a
irtegrat formul :
Model-I given by
4 path in the 2-plane
C is a closed
inteqral
z+ cOS (2) dz along |2|=[Link] vaue of
I6. The value of (z-4) (z+2)
Z+25
Gurve c', whehe z?-z+4i
fol: Let fZ)
pven z+ cos(a)
ol3 f()= (z-4)(z42) -then fingulas point is
Z= -i
Ri (2| =3,
Sngulan points of f) aie piven that 0+C2)i|
L·HS = l2|
=
-2i|
At z=-i
= 2
o-2)2
Piven, ]z-2|
=
1 sR
]2-2| -2-R|
=
471 Cons1dcs prz) 2-z+í (2-z-]
= 1
[z-c2)]
Z= 4 y|4-2]
oi1cde and Now, by C•Top cüe hawe,
Zz-2, 4
ies outside of
nedethe =
Singula point lies f(z) dz
(2-Zo]
thone is no
CiYcle. á(2)= z2_zt9i
eveny point instde and f f(z) dz =
1i(-21) ohee
f) is anauto at

. By a Cauchy theorern,
-
n (3t 21),

PRAKASH NOTES 10 STUDY2NIGHT

<br>

The volue of J ole whese s|25

18
c is qc +4y el is
q. Let C,-J), (3,-i), (3+3) and (-1,+j) be
-the vertices of a Tectangle
c in the
Let f(Z) : c (s
Complez plane. Assumung that
Then the Snqela potnt is 3e0. traversed n Counter cock wise drrection,
dz
Gven RR c2 the value of Contoun tntegrol S z? (2-4)
(13)2 (
1
=
(or)
qx*+44: 1 Sot: Let f(Z)
z²(7-4)
Constcdes f)a -then the Stngula ponts aàe 70
1
(2-20]°
2
Formula.
By Cauchy htegral

z-zo]° (n-1)! Ldznt Jz= Zo -9

-2 dz)
Ani0
(2-4)
(7-0)(2-4) [z-oj2
Nos, by Cauchy (otegral formula,
(z
Medel-8 (9-1)!
Note I

f the Singulas pofnt -a of theor

given regon
fumction ties fnStde the
bounced by the Curve,c',
-3(2)
then (2-6) Ro. tsimple closed path
G in the Complez
f() d 3 d
(z-a)P f -dz
2092
Fateplane is hoon in Rge.
where,
in A, the vaue of is
- A
g(2)
()
(aa) Ca-b)

(40)
Re()

PRAKASH NOTES 11 STUDY2NIGHT

 that 'R |z| =3
<br>

Let fz): Piven

z-1 (7-1)(z11) Z-2 dz
e(2)dz
Ihen Singula potnts e Noo, f CA
(z-0
lsin1z )
i,e, only One Singula point -4 f(o) +
(z-2]
dz
z= (1,0) líes însce te gven region
+ 21i/Sínn
f(z) (2-1)!
I(n)
(7-z6)
[z-1)] Sn(aX + 2ni
3in 2n)
coe Fave cosn? (22
Noo by cauchy întegal formula, (2-2)2
Jz=0

fe) dz Ani o1)

=

= Rni (-2rn (1) -0)

(Th (-2)2
ani(
-n,
dz
But given;
= A
-in A Note l ? R•L-I
-2

P(B) -A)·
Note- 1 8
.
to Síngulas pofnts Theorems
If the
Of the function.
9(2)
f(3)=
(z-a)°(z- b' (zd
R' bounded by
l1e tnsde the given region

the cuTve 'c then9(2)

+ ((z-a)Pe-d)
dz

C
Complex vatable.
21- Let z be a
in
Gate sin (1z) and e is a ccle
z (2-2) then fRe)dz.
Cormplex plane z| 3
the
Let fe) StnTIa
=
z(z-2)
Then the Ginguloh poîots
ahe

PRAKASH NOTES 12 STUDY2NIGHT

 powe
<br>

Complec serieg
1) an (2-zo)' Nhee an 2)
of a Complec powes 3eS TeS : ie, f)
Genetal

da infinite SerieS of the forn called a taylor

"Ihe RottS of above is
an (2-zo)" of f) about analy tic
expansion
+ag (z-Z6)'t...+ao
(2-zo)@! feries
(or) aot 1(z-z6) the region
in pornt
ls called a comnplex poveN eries
Zo) (o) about
a point z-lo
powerS of (2-

above Geries,
z
iS a (z-Zo|<s
ROC
In the const.
'ko is a fced
Comple vaTable, Seres : every
called centre of Series I: Laurent is analybc
at
Jhich is
an e real (or) Complex If a function fe) Ting shapecd region R
baving
ao, ai,a, cO-effcients in side the circles
point concentric
constants cohich are called twO
bounded by Such that
odi1 o1,
a 0wei Series. , with 2) can be
of Centre Zo fumction
then, the bot
Note 8 powes series in
erpressed as a integers p0Les
neqative
is not a A-funG positive and point z=ko
Func. a
is Analyte at Zo (&-pt). or at about
at zo
CA pt). of (Z-Zo)
by
Laurert Seres (t is iven (2-Zo)
Taylor series an (2-zo)+ bn
Multiply f2)=
Simpy Connectecd reqion
Connected regton.
Where,
feries every
"Taylor amalytic at an
1
[z-zoJ0t!
I. function f) is centre ri
Ifa having
the rcle
can be -dz.
point nside furnction f(2) on
zo then the Series, in ant
at power a lourent seneS
ecpressed S a owers 3-Ko) above is
coulled
z= Ko in
of "Ihe RHS Of
qbcoot a pcont
positive
integes ecpanson of f(z)
= Ko
potnt < lz-Zol < o1
about a
D

0Y
(zZ0)
that region
s gven by p'zo)+
t + (a- z0).
f2) fo)
=

PRAKASH NOTES 13 STUDY2NIGHT

<br>

q-23• when expanded as a poaer

l-z
=
n
Series around
#(2)= ak (z-2)
2, wauld result
with Roc |z-2|< L.
3-tog(*) -[+]
Ke0
The Co
-eficiernt a%, kzo ane gtven by

ecpression. 1+22+8x+42+-
Sol Given that f(z): 1-2
Zo
(1-)=
ang func. I1 (1+)% |-2+30-yc.-. 2

expanston of
Ihe taylor Series ecpansion
f(z) about any point
7 Ko is given by Q26 n the taylar erics
co-efficlent
(2-2 p(zo) Sin 3 aroud Z=0, the
F(zo)+
f(3) = f(zo) + (z-26)
of term and zo =0
(z-zopl(z6) + = Sin
Sol 3- Grven that f()
Nowy
P2)
P(2) p'C3) = -Sin?
1-2
f'(zo) =f'e) (4-2)
= 1 -- Cosfo) =1
p(2) = (1)-1)
z° or (2-o)° in te
(1-2) co-efficient of
o'. The
expansion of z
aboot Z-o
p'e): 21) p"Czo) = p'e) = (4-2)3
(-z Taylor Series
Wle get
ubstrtutng alsove al
fn
is gven by
1)+ 4)(2-2) (2) (z ecpansion of
= +
f) q25 The taylor Series 15 –
(1)2)-. 1n the region
|z-1| < 1
f(2) = G1) + (1)(7-2)+
in |2-4|<1
fol 3- pren that f)- log()
Ke0
(|2-Zo| <*]
k=0
K:1t k (kI<1
let zo-1 =k
; |k<2
Note; = log (2)
= log (1tk)
f(z)
2 |K|<4
5
f(e)= t-+
3! P(2) = (2-1) -
3. COS
1-+
L4. Sinh() = c+ 5

3!

=
5 cosh() 1+

PRAKASH NOTES 14 STUDY2NIGHT

<br>

CT by residue
then V
Iypes of Singular points
Piven that f) E 233 of Analyto Funcion.
: Zero
(|2)
crnalytc at a peint
If a fumction f(z) is
f(Zo)= 0 then the point
- Lo

Ze Lo and
pont, the above 8erics Is 15 callael 3e0 of flz)
Singla
z=0, the
of f(2) about a point
a Ls Erp
:
co- 4z2 is
effcient of 5! 190 funchion at =-8
Here fl2) 15 analutc
$ co-efficient of is
and k fC8)= 0.
&, opton a, b,d ae tue. Z=-8 Is a 3eO of F2),

4. ln the lausent Series ecpansion

of
m the reg1on.
. Order of
zero of Analytic
furction.
md fCzo)= 0,
f(2)= vald 1s a zero of fz)
(2-1)() F Zo
the coeffrcient of 1S
(zo) =0 but f
1< (zl<2, p(zo) =0,-
Z= Zo is called a zero F
f)=
4
in (z<2 the point
Solr Çven that (z-1)(2-2) then

in 1<|2| (Z|<3 order rn' of f(z)•

P(z)-a (z-4)2
4 qero of fZ).
Here;Z=4 is a
1 t
(2-6X\b-a)
(z-a)(z-b) (za)a-b)
a(-4)
= c0 t 34
f)
1
1 P"C3) = Q #0 at =4.
e)-(5)] 2=4 is a Jero of order 2.

(i-()]
Zeros of f(Z)
se T
nE
(9")--1-(Q[-94-1 3erOs
nea ae first orcde
'. 2en, Sinmple zerOS.
or)

os The co-effcient of

PRAKASH NOTES 15 STUDY2NIGHT

<br>

3• Tpes of Singulas points Theorerm 3

Cauchy residue
theoem (CRT)
G) Renovalole Singulan points - poir

Statement:
IF the LS- Excp Of f(z) about a Singula is analtic at
If a function 2)
point Z=Zo IS of the form inside and ona Simple
ever point
t a (2-26)´+1+ [o] eccept at finite nunber
F(2) =
aot Q1(z-z6)
clased cuTVe 'c'
z= Zo is called Zn inside
then the SnQulas pont of singular points
temovale Sngula point of fz). C, then
:
) ble (of order m') je1

If the LS- Exp of f2) about singla

a z= Zj)
uhere R; = Res( f() :
point Z=Zo is of the form
f() = Laot a1(z-26)
+
a2 (z-2)4- .]
+[b-2o + bg1(2-z.) ttbroz-to
Sinqulas point z= Zo is callec
pote
Methods of finding the esidue:
the w

of ordes m' of f2). 1- Removable singulan pont

(iri) Essential Singulan point: Z= Zo is a removabe S1ngula oint C
Tf
IPthe LS Exp of f2) about a Singulan Res ((2): z=Zo) = b =0
fz) then
pofnt z20 Is of the forn . Essential singular point
f2) [aot a4 (z-z4) t --] +b10 an essential Singulas point
If <=Zo is
called as a laurent
fz) then ecpand f(z)
z= Zo 1s
then the Singuan. point Of
z= Zo and collect
Essertial Singula point: Series about a polnt
1|z-zo in lausent
2) at z=Zo ! the co-efficient of
b+, Residue of cobch gives the
§eies ecpangtorn
hogulao point of f) tten
vestdue of E).
the coepicient of in L8 cp. Of :
3. pole
f about a pofot Z= Zo is called a pole of order ane
i. If f) =Pbas
a residue of f3), at a potit o
f
ro then Res (fCz):
z Z) lb (z-z0)f

it is denoted b Res (f): 2= Zo) ct = polynomtals.

ohese P(2) § 42) ae
The coeffictent of one
has a pole of order
b

6) =
at ž-Zo then Res ((z):z
Where d), Pe)
are transcendental
functions.
PRAKASH NOTES 16 STUDY2NIGHT
<br>

=
() |has Z+ coS(2)
If F(z) a poe of ordes one 30. Æ The restdue of P)
2-20]| z-9
- p) z=zo) Sol3 Given that
at zko then Res(Pe): f(z)=
Z+COS(%)

haS a pole of ordes m at (3-9)

t. Tf f(2) 1s
then Singulan point

Res (Pe:z=Zo)
=
1_ t Z= Ti2 is a pole, of ordes 1•
(m1), .
i R e Res (f() :z-2) ()
Note 1? (z-4)'(e19)4
q31 The restdue of fC2)
=
eSin? at z=0 iS
(z+2)8 (z-1yo e
Prven that f) Sinz
ingulan pcints one.
0
Z=0 is
a poe of orde
At 3= 4, f(4) (r(z):z=o) p(0
Nouw, R = Res
0
At2= -2, (2):
ozces
Dr = Sio2)
0 at z0
.
. 3=0 iS a 1

Note 2? (Dr)'= cos(z)

Numerglor
f)- denonninclor e
the esidue of
fce) (z-9°(z+2)
(I.e, Dr = 0) of f)
93- fingula oiots at z=1 is then,
-
Nr (at Singulan points) Res [f(2):z=1]
3: pole Piven
finite
t0
L =0
C Pole
Removade spot. (2-4)! 4 (21(242)
=
: z3 t [ (z42) (2«z+0)- (art P)O|
3- The residue of f2) Lt (2+2)2
(z-1)(z2) (z3) 3»1
at ze3 is 3 (22) -(t B)
=
z3 5a-P =5
fiven that f2) (z1)(2-2)(-3) (142)
1
oTdes
2=3 is a pole of
are tcue
options (a), (b), C)
Noo R Res(f(2):2=3)
-

=
lt [(2-3) (z-1)"(z-2)(z3)]

(3-1)(32)

PRAKASH NOTES 17 STUDY2NIGHT

<br>

Line
Methods of evauation
of Complex closel
=
Sina is
86 The residue of fC)
restdues along a Smply
Integral by
Sol: L Gven that fE) =
Sn
ingula point of fC)
:
Curve R
3=0 is a

34 tep Let f(2)

Of f(2)
z4 z6 . Fod the
Srgulas portS
regionR with
given eqvation
Drau the
G) (-o)*+ (4.)(-0)" 3
Of
cuTve 'c' C

()-o%-]
* Taylor enes 0 poe, Should
+ve
be analytiaml
D potnt potnt. Go to step
Othesise Lauent - ,
Ri, R2,-- Rn
point So ptod the Resicues
Hee z=0 iS a removable ngula
potnt's Z1,Z2, -- Zo inside c'
aE Singulas
Ra =
Res PC3):3-0 b 0.
27
wJhat is residue of func. 4-e at
32- G

its pole ?
QBo. "he Contour
irtegrab fedz oith
clrcde
piven that f()
-
coumtes clock ise unut
ao the
F(3).
Singular pofnt of to.
z=0 i6 in the plane equal
locs, (ezk) -So1% Let fe) : ez
1
z4 z4
+23)4 (2)4--- ) (a) () 3

3!

1 (2)2
f(3)
Z:0 pingela point of pofat.
essentiaL Singular

L z-0 s pole of Ndes 3. Giventhat R: 1z|

=
1.
= bu
R
= Res(():z= 0) Ze0 ua inside the
qiven Tegion RR

1
Ri = (Z):
Res z=o) =by
34
= F-e" cwe have,
ptven f2) By CRT

2!
2
-]

Z-0 (S essential Sngulat polot F(R).

Ry
i. Res((): 2=)=:

PRAKASH NOTES 18 STUDY2NIGHT

<br>

eriesi IF u4,Ue, Ug,-

-- , Un --.. is fequence (1) Convergent f p1
Ps1
Hhen the qum of the
terms of the 6) dvergent if tests ?
D- alinber ts ratio
t lnt ) i5 called 3. Ratio (or)
eqvence (ie, itUg t peries of positve -terrns
ucn or Let Un be the
a feries and it 15 denoted by
n:1
Zn
Unt
n-0
then ferICs i6 convercent
A. nth partal un : (t) Ie ce1, then 2A1eS
5 cl'vergerk

If un is an inhnite Sesies then the test

(i) Ie -1, then the
the frst teng of the eries n'
root test (o) Gauchys root tst.
fum of
ernics
It
nt +e terrns
called nth pastial um of
be the Series of
Un is Let
n=4
un and it is denoted b Lt (unn
is
ConvesQent
n=1 =
tlg t---tln 1 then Series
Sn (i) I civergn
osulatory serteS then $eies iS
3 Convegent, divergent () Qe4,
sum of faile
Let Sn Žuk be the
= nth partial then the teSt

the SeTies
Kel
Radius ot Gonvergnces
Gtrce o Conuergence
senes:
power
kafAntte value then the feries of
Region of Convergence
=
() Lt Sn
Canvergert ferieb. pooet seies
aid to be an (3-) is a Cormple
ZUn is Tf Ž
Un is
infinite
Sn =
Value then sesies
(i) e Lt then, by
to be divergent series. ratus of ConverQence
T 1s ive
aid unique value (1e, Antte
or lnfnite)|) The
an
) F Lt Sn
t ascilaor Series. ant1
then the eries Un is nol
Convergence Is gtven by
Tests () The Crvcle of
Sorne tandand
divergence
Cuchy's fundamentat test
for
convergence (R-o-c) Is
0 then the Series Un (B) The Yegion of
TA Lt Un

dhvergent
gven by lz-2] <.
Notes un =0
Convergent feries than
tt
LGonver6e of this is not true|

2. p- series (or) auxlay test Series

l6 in the form
An infnite seies
ie

PRAKASH NOTES 19 STUDY2NIGHT

<br>

Q-38• The Ro.c of the Series z(3+4i)"I is d=

vd) C1,
Let Zan (a-zo)" Z (at4i)" z" NNow un n
(4)n
Then
an (z-Zo)^ Z (3+41)" (2- 0)" . The given Seies is Conveigent
an
by

) Zo 0
and an= (3+41)n p-Seriest test for p: 2>1
Q. Con94 den the followfng series.
Lt Fete
|anf n-o '25,() n!
2
ne1
Canverges ) ony (li) Corverge
t |3+4i) |3+4i] (a) ondy )
Coverge 4) AlI fhere bnvege
The ROc is |2-o|< 6) ony () (ui)
du
1
q39- Consden the follboing series en
Çate Sesies is divergentb
2022 FoY Which Conbl.
co1,de-l C) ce0.5, d=-i0 p: Q-5 < 1
z(
C, dValues of
(b Go2,deI d ce1, dz-2. (i) Let Zun Z n(ot)
1 )
eries Converge
Let un = hen n
k+1
ž n= G
then Un= K=1

Now, un =
1
Sn
=
4-1n+1
(1)n
Hene, the given eries E
is divergent by No, t Sn
t = 1-0 =1
p-series test for p=1:
Piven senies is Converent
6) c-2 d= 1

() Let Un =

2n 2) Ihen 0, =
t Uo (nt2)!
() n(2
Lt Un
l= n>o nt1
Lt no Unt! 4
20 !
t (n+1)()
>1
Pven enies is convegent
'. he given Series is convergent
(4n2)r
() C= then.
0-5 2 d= -10) n=l (nti)y
Nouo un = (a) Radius of Cow. is 4. C) Roc is (2+2 | <4
(o-syn
=
b) is d) Roc is l2+2]<4
0.- Lt Un t
(Z+2)^
jolt iven that ž
[z-(2)]"
Ihe Qiven Seris is dhergent by

Tatio test n =

PRAKASH NOTES 20 STUDY2NIGHT

 an
<br>

n>0 4+1 (n+2)

t
4 xn(it2
Ihe ROC Is (Z42| 24
e
(a), (c) Tiue
ophors

PRAKASH NOTES 21 STUDY2NIGHT