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ENGLISH

(Eng-112) TEXT BOOK, GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

For the students of first yearD.A.E. (All Technology)

Written by

[Link]-Ur-Rehman

Assistant professor G.C.T. Sahiwal.

Mr. Zia Sarwar

Assistant professor G.C.T. Lahore

Reviewed by:

[Link] Iqbal Khokhar

Associate professor G.C.T. Sargodha.

[Link] Zaho

Assistant professor G.C.T. Sahiwal.

(According to the prescribed syllabus)

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Eng.-112 ENGLISHTotal contact hours Theory Practical64 0 AIMS. At the end of the course,
the students will be equippedwith cognitive skill to enable them to present facts in asystematic
and logical manner to meet the languagedemands of dynamic field of commerce and industry
for functional day-to-day use and will inculcate skills of readings,writing and
[Link] CONTENTSENGLISH PAPER "A"1. PROSE/TEXT 16 hours1.1 First eight
essays of Intermediate English Book-II.2. CLOZE TEST 4 hours2.1 A passage comprising 50-100
words will be selected fromthe text. Every 11th word or any word for that matter will
beomitted. The number of missing words will [Link] chosen word may or may
not be the oneused in the text, but it should be an appropriate [Link] PAPER
"B"3. GRAMMAR 26 hours3.1 Parts of speech3.2 Sentence Structure3.3
Punctuation3.4 Change of Narration3.5 One word for several3.6 Words often confused4.
COMPOSITION4.1 Letters/Messages4.2 Job application letter

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4.3 Essay writingTechnical Education, Science and Our

life, Computers, Environmental Pollution, Duties of aStudent.5. TRANSLATION 4 hours5.1 Transla
tion from Urdu into English.

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Contents
Topic Page1. Intermediate English Book II (1 to 8 Lessons)7 to 52 Questions and answers-
Synonyms-Paragraphs for Cloze
testi. The Dying Sun53 ii. Using the scientific method57 iii. Why boys fail in college61 iv. End of t
erm65 v. On destroying books68 vi. The man who was a hospital72 vii. My financial career76 viii.
China's way to progress80 2.
GrammarParts of speech 84 Sentence structure 113 Punctuation 119 Change of narration 127 O
ne word for many 142 Words often confused 148 3.
CompositionBusiness letters 158 Applicarions 166 Sample letters 172 4. Essay writing 176 Techni
cal education - Science and our life - Environmentalpollution - Computer - Duties of a
student [Link] and translation (from Urdu into English) 184

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THE DYING SUNSir James Jeans

A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the
earth. but most ofthem are so large that hundreds of thousands of earthscould be packed inside
each and leave room to spare; here and therewe find an immense star large enough tocontain
millions and millionsof earths. And the total number of stars in theuniverse is,
probablysomething like the total number of grains of sand onall the seashoresofthe world. Such
is the littleness of our home in space whenmeasured up against thetotal substance of the
[Link] millions of stars are wandering about in space. A fewform 'groupswhich journey
in company, but most of them travelalone. And they travel through auniverse so immense that
it is very,very rare event indeed for one star to comeanywhere near to [Link] the most
part each star makes its voyage in completeloneliness,like a ship on an empty ocean. In a scale
model in which the stars areships. the average ship will be well over a million miles from
itsnearest [Link] this it is easy to understand why a star seldomfinds another
anywhere near [Link] believe, however, that some two thousand million yearsago this
rareevent took place, and that another star, wandering blindly through space, happenedo
come near the sun. Just as the sunand moon raise tides on the earth, so thissecond star must
have raised tides on the surface of the sun. But they would he verydifferent fromthe little tides
which the small mass of the moon raises in our oceans;an immense tidal wave must have
travelled over the surface of thesun, at lastforming a mountain so high that we can hardly
imagine [Link] the cause of thedisturbance came nearer and nearer, the mountainwould rise
higher and [Link] before the second star began to move away again, its tidal pull had
become sopowerful that this mountain was tom to pieces and
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threw off small parts of itself intospace. These small pieceshave beengoing round the sun
ever since. They are theplanets, great and small,of which our earth is [Link] sun and the other
stars we see in the sky are all extremelyhot "- far toohot for life to exist on them. So also no
doubt were
the pieces of the sun when theywere first thrown off. Gradually they became cooler, until
now they have very littleheat of their own left,their warmth coming almost entirely from the
radiation whichthe sun pours down on them. ln course of time one of these cooling piecesgave
birthto life. we don't know how, when or why this happened Itstarted
in simpleorganisms, whose living power consisted chie?y intheir being able to
reproducethemselves before dying. But from thesehumble beginnings came a stream
of lifewhich, growing ever moreand more complex, has in the end produced beings whose lives
arelargely centred in their feelings and ambitions, their sense of beauty,and the religions in
wihch lie their highest hopes and noblest [Link] we cannot speak
with any certainty, it seems mostlikely that the human race came into existence in some such
way asthis. Standing on our little gain of sand, we try to discover the natureand purpose of the
universe which surrounds our home in space and time. Our first feeling is something like fear.
We find the universefrightening because of the stretches of time so great that we
cannotimagine them, making the whole of human history so very small incomparison,
frightening because of our extreme loneliness,
and because of the littleness of our home in space - a millionth part of agrain of sand out of all
the sea-sand in the world. But above all else,we find the universe frightening because we
cannot find any sign thatlife like our own exists any where in it except on the earth. Indeed,
for the most part, empty space is so cold that all life in it would be [Link] of the matter in
space is so hot as to make life on it [Link] does not seem to have any part in the plan of
the universe which produced our planetary system. Calculation shows that there can be

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only very few such systems in space. Yet, so far as we can see, life of the kind we know on earth
can exist only on planets like the earth. Itneeds suitable physical conditions for its appearance,
the mostimportant of which is a temperature at which substances can exist in aliquid [Link]
stars themselves are far too hot for this. We may think of them as a collection of fires scattered
through space, providingwarmth in surroundings where the temperature is at most some
four degrees above absolute zero, that is, about 484 degrees of frost on theFahrenheit scale. In
the immense stretches of space beyond the MilkyWay, it is colder still. Away from the fires there
is this un-imaginablecold of hundreds of degrees of frost; close up to them there is
atemperature of thousands of degrees, at which all solids melt, allliquids [Link] can exist only
in a narrow belt surrounding each of thesefires at a certain distance where the temperature is
neither too hot nor too cold. Outside these belts life would be frozen; inside it would
be burnt up. A rough calculation shows that such temperature belts,within which life is possible,
all added together, make up less than athousand million millionth part of the whole of space.
And eveninside the life must be very rare, for it is extremely unusual for suns tothrow off
planets as our sun has done. Probably only one star in100,000 has a planet going round it at
right distance for life to be possible on it.

NOTES

Words Explained:

pack :put into box, parcel, etc.; put things into box, etc., getor become crushed into small
space. I must pack mysuitcase (fill with articles) before the taxi comes totake me to the station.

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spare :do without, let another have, give what is not [Link] told the robber to take her
money but to spare (notto take) her life. Can you spare the beggar a rupee? Wehave a spare
bed for visitors. -Have you a spare shirt tolend me?average :number got by the
addition of separate numbers and division of this by a number of such numbers; what isnormal
or representative. His work is about average, or below or above
[Link] :seldom, not [Link] :giving out rays of light or heat; coming out as rays
inall directions from middle [Link] :living body having parts dependent upon one
[Link] increasing number of one's sort by having [Link] :not simple,
hard to get clear or straight complexmachinery, complex argument, complex
sentence. planetary :of planets; planet, a star moving round the
[Link] : that in which all physical things have their being. Aspace of hundred yards. We
should have enough space between the houses. In open [Link] :something worked
out by mathematics; decision as toeffect event, by balancing reason, etc. A calculatingmachine;
a rough [Link] Way :the galaxy, the shining countless stars and nebulaestretching
across the night sky.

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

[Link] is it that a star seldom finds another star near it?

2. What happened when, according to Sir James Jeans, awandering star, wandered through
space, came near the sun.3. What happened when the wandering star came nearer and nearer?

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4. What are planets and how did they come into existence?5. Why is there no life on the stars?
6. Write a note on the beginning of life on the earth.7. Why is the universe, of which our earth is
part, so frightening?Give as many reasons as you [Link], in your opinion, should be
the coonditions necessary,for the kind of life we know to exist on other heavenly bodies?
Dosuch conditons generally exist?



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USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Darrel Barnard & Lon Edwards

All of us have benefited greatly_ from the use of scientificmethod in solving 'problems such as
those dealing with themaintenance of health, the production and preservation of foods,
theconstruction of our homes, and the improvement in communicationand transportation. Not
only have our ways of living changed, but people themselves
have also been changed. Today we are better ableto explain happenings which used to be
considered strange and mysterious. Although there is still need for improvement, we are
nowgenerally, less fearful than our fathers and grandfathers were. We arealso more critical in
our thinking than our [Link] lesson should help you understand how the use of scientific
method has improved living conditions and changed [Link] should also help you understand
how you can make better use of thescientific method in your everyday [Link] Control of
Disease. If you had been born two hundred years ago, you would have had about one chance in
eight of living to be one year old. In other words, in those days about seven out of eight babies
died before reaching their first birthday. Suppose you had beenan unusually strong little fellow
and had lived through that first [Link] likely, before you were six years old, you would have
had smallpox, and by the time you reached the age of twelve, you would undoubtedly have had
measles, whooping cough, scarlet fever, and diphtheria. Even then your battle for life was not
over. Yellow fever,malaria," typhus, cholera, typhoid fever, and even influenza, oncestarted,
spread through a community. Life was most uncertain.
A person who lived to be more than thirty years of age was indeed fortunate. lt is unbelievable
that such conditions could have existed soshort a time ago. Today babies are born in hospitals
where there islittle likelihood of their getting a disease. Young people are treated
to protect them against smallpox, diphtheria, and typhoid fever. Today a

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person can expect to live to be almost seventy years old. In other words, more than thirty years
have been added to the expected lengthof man's life. -These changes have been made possible
by use of thescientific method to solve such problems as the causes of disease and its
[Link] Sanitary Conditions. It is difficult to imagine whatsanitary conditions in some
of our larger cities were like only onehundred years ago. Into the narrow, unpaved, and poorly
drained citystreets household garbage and other refuse were thrown. Animalswandered
through the streets, feeding upon the garbage. Outdoor toilets were common, many of them
situated where human wastesdrained into wells from which people obtained drinking
[Link] our city streets are paved and .well drained, and theyare cleaned regularly. It is
against the law to throw garbage in thestreets. Sewage from all sections of a city is carried
through sealed pipes to disposal plants. Through the use of the scientific method ithas been
demonstrated that unsanitary conditions cause the spread of diseases like typhoid fever,
cholera and dysentery. Today most citygovernments have departments of sanitation which keep
the citiesclean and thereby prevent the spread of certain diseases.A century ago it was common
practice in many cities by
the bucketful for household use. Water had to be carried considerabledistance from the well to
the home. It was, therefore, used verysparingly cleaning purposes. Often it came from sources
thatcontained disease-producing [Link] and cities today have water systems that
usually provide enough for household use. One of the most important problems in growth of citi
es has been to provide sufficient water tomeet the many needs of an increasing population. Los
Angeles hassolved the problem by bringing water to the city from Colorado River,544 kilometers
away. Carried through a pipeline or aqueduct, athousand million liters of water are delivered to
the district daily. This
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is a remarkable advance from the bucket system of supplying homeswith [Link] Food and
Better Food. Changes have taken eatinghabits. Through the use of science we have learned that
it is healthfulto eat many kinds of food, and we have learned how to provideourselves with a
variety of foods throughout the year. People wholived a century ago probably enjoyed eating as
much as we do today, but they could not have as many different kinds of foods. Most of their
foods had to be produced on their own farms or in their owngardens. Since fresh vegetables
could be obtained only during thegrowing season, people living in cold climates had none
during thewinter months. Thrifty housewives preserved their home grownvegetables and fruits
by canning, pickling, or drying them for useduring the cold weather. Meats were preserved by
salting and dryingor by freezing when the weather was cold enough. Sea foods weregenerally
available only fish along the coast, fish and shell-fish could be eaten soon after they were
[Link] of where people live today, they can obtain somefresh fruits, meats and
vegetables throughout the year. By thequick-freeze method, vegetables, fruits, sea foods, and
meats of various kinds can be preserved so that they are both nutritious and enjoyable. Modern
methods of selecting, grading, and processingfoods have removed the risk or danger of
poisoning from canned foods, dehydration, or the removal of water from such foods as
milk,eggs, potatoes, and apples, has proved a practical method of [Link] eating
habits are not the only things in our lives
changed by the use of science. Because we have used science to learn moreabout the
processes and materials in our surroundings and about themethods of controlling them, we
have been able to improve our waysof building houses, our methods of communication and
transportation,and even the way we spend our leisure time.

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Better Attitudes. By an attitude we mean the way we feeltoward some idea or some event. If a
person believes that wearingsome kind of charm will prevent him from having bad luck, he
willwear the charm, and will feel uncomfortable without it. Feelingswhich involve fears such as
this are called superstitions. Superstitious people believe in signs of good or bad luck, and their
lives are greatly-influenced by such [Link] beliefs are being overcome by using
thescientific method to demonstrate that there is no sound basis for [Link] people today
believe that diseases are caused by evil [Link] astrology and fortune-telling are still
practiced, they do notinfluence the lives of as many people as they once did. It has beenlearned
that there is always a good natural reason for everything thathappens to people. As a result,
most people no longer fear black cats, broken mirrors, and the number [Link] the scientific
method it has been demonstrated that ideasare not necessarily true because they have been
believed for a longtime. Ideas must now be supported by facts in order to be acceptableto the
scientist or to people who use the scientific [Link] discoveries of scientists have helped
people develop anattitude of open mindedness. They are more willing to look for newtruths
than to assume that what has been considered true will always be true. Because people
have had to change their old ideas as a resultof new discoveries made by scientists, they are less
likely to acceptconclusions as final.

NOTES

Words Explained:

maintenance :keep going in good condition. The trainmaintained a speed of 50 miles per hour.
She hasto maintain a large family.

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communication :act of getting in touch with, act of impartingnews or

giving information. Communication between these two villages is [Link] :act
of taking persons, goods from one place toanother. prevention :prevent is to keep things
from taking place, or persons from
[Link] :clean, [Link] :waterway for taking ,off [Link] :food etc., put out a
s [Link] :waste [Link] toilet :easing oneself in
the [Link] waste:waste material sent out
by human [Link] :matter conveyed in sewersnutritious :with high food [Link]
sparingly :economically, with great care, as little as [Link] :supplied. The
postman delivers our letters at [Link] : careful in the use of money and [Link] :w
oman controlling household, woman
[Link] :getting food tinned pickling :keeping meat good by salt:
and [Link] :putting in order, in grade. processing :putting goods "through some
process, or way
of [Link] :time free from work charm : words, acts or things credited with strange powe
[Link] :omen

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astrology :observation of the stars in the belief that their motion has effect on man's [Link]-
mindedness :willingness to accept new ideas, a liberaloutlook.

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

[Link] has the scientific method helped us in our fight against diesease?
2. Write a note on the better sanitary conditions available in our cities today and compare them
with what they were like a hundred years [Link] are the sanitary conditions like in our
villages today and how would you improve them?
4. How has the scientific method helped us in the production and preservation of foods?
[Link] are now generally less fearful than our ancestors. What were our ancestors afraid of?
[Link] has the scientific method enabled us to- get over the old fears?
7. What part did astrology play in the lives of men and women inthe past? Give
[Link] some of the superstitious still current in [Link] do they affect the
lives of those who believe in them?



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WHY BOYS FAIL IIN COLLEGE

Herbert E. Hawkes.

Of the boys who do not reach their natural academic boundaryduring the course of their college
career, but who fail to get through,there are two main classes: those who try, and those who do
not [Link] boys attempt seriously to make good, and really have the nativeability to do so,
but find it almost impossible to sit at a desk and concentrate on the tasks assigned. There is the
boy who sits down tostudy, open his book but before starting on his work says to himself,"I
think that I had better sharpen my pencil; it needs it badly." And when he has sharpened it, he
observes that all his pencils need sharpening. And so on, until his time is gone and nothing has
beendone. Such nervous habits are not easy to uproot, and, so far as I cansee cannot be
eradicated by anyone but the boy himself. Others cansee the difficulty but the boy must take
himself by the collar and makehimself cultivate a poise and calm that smothers the fidgets. Until
hedoes this, he does not really try, although he thinks he's trying and often spends more time in
the presence of an open book than many a boy of equal ability who does good work.A common
cause of failure is a mistaken ambition for the boyon the part of his parents. More often than I
should wish, I find a boywho is not showing any interest in his work and who is not trying todo it
with any distinction, because he is following a direction, mapped out by his parents, that runs
counter to all of his interests and abilities.I have made a number of very warm enemies among
the parents of their son to be a physician, or a dentist, or an engineer. It may be thatthe boy has
ability enough to be anyone of these things, but the longand short of it is, he does not want to
be. He wants to be a theatricalmanager, or a businessman, or a book -illustrator. It may
beunreasonable for the boy to turn his back on a fine open in the dental profession in favour of
business. But reason cannot control all of these

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matters As well argued with a person that he ought to like onionswhen he detests them As a
general thing, the boy wins out in suchcontroversies. And he should Also, be it said, the parent
whom I haveoffended usually comes around after a term of years and tells me thathis son was
right and that he is thankful to me for taking the part of the boy in the argument. If such a boy
fails, it is because he cannot bring himself to try to do the work that is distasteful
to him, and thathe feels is leading him in the wrong direction. If the college is alive toits work of
advice, such cases are caught before the failure [Link] type of boy who does not
try is the very bright boywho has always done his school work without effort, and who hasnever
learned what real application is. He supposes that he can floatthrough college with as little
effort as he did through school. Isometimes think that the bright boy who has always depended
hisability to get things quickly, is the most pitiable object among all our students. For it is almost
a tragedy to see all of this keenness going towaste, and to feel that the entire opportunity which
the college has tooffer is passed up became of a too receptive mind. The cure for thissort of
thing is again not easy, for it involves an entire change of attitude, and the forming of a
completely new set of habits. No onecan do this but the boy himself. All that the rest of us can
do is to point out what is the [Link] question of health, both physical and mental, is
alwaysone of the reasons for failure. If an adequate health service is
availablein the college, and proper cooperation exists between the teachingstaff and the office
the college doctor, an immense number of failurescan be avoided and, what is just as important,
the reason for inabilityto do satisfactory college work can be clearly understood by the boy,his
parents and the college authorities. In the case of poor academicwork, the reason for which is
not apparent, it is my custom always toask the student to undergo a thorough physical
examination. It is

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surprising to find out in how large a percentage of such cases theuniversity physician finds an
adequate reason for the [Link], had tonsils, sleeping sickness, poor digestion,
variousforms of mental and nervous difficulty have been brought to light bythe doctor during
the past few months, to the unspeakable relief of thestudent and enlightenment of the faculty.
Occasionally, one meets anold-fashioned person like the father who told me a few months
agothat, although we had arranged to have his son`s tonsils removed without expense, he
would not consent to the operation. He asserted mat God put those tonsils in his son's throat
for some good purpose,and that he would not stand for their removal. Since the boy
wasabsorbing too much poison to permit proper application to his collegeWork, we had to ask
him to go home. Of course, such cases are [Link] it is necessary to keep constantly in mind the
simple fact thatthere is no substitute for health, and that, however such a man mayknow. It E
not of much value unless he possesses the physical vigour to bring it to bear on the world's
problems. Nowadays, when most ambitious boys want to go to college,the financial pressure is
a very serious one. A few parents take
the position that the boy should earn his Way through college for thegood of his soul. As a
matter of fact, no boy ought to be compelled tohis entire Way through college if it can in any
way be avoided. Notonly does he get a mighty poor living by the process, but a
mighty poor education as well. If the boy ought to go to college at all, heought to be trusted to
make good use of reasonable contribution fromhis parents toward expenses. Any parent
owes this much to his [Link] boy did not ask his parents to bring him into the world. They
areresponsible for his being here, and consequently they have theresponsibility for giving him
the best equipment possible to meet theWorld's
problems. Nevertheless, many boys are cast entirely on their ownresources for their college
expenses. And it is always to the detriment

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of their health, or the value of their education, or both. Any boy canearn a part of his expenses
without hurting himself, and in myexperience many boys are willing to earn more than their
share inorder to save the burden of their parents. But to see boys by the dozentake jobs lasting
from six o'clock in the evening till two in themorning, six days in week; to see boys undergoing
transfusion of -blood to get money for their food and books, is a heartrendingspectacle. Many
of our boys of finest character and excellent abilityare doing just this kind of thing. And
inevitably it is an importantreason for apparent failure. Most colleges do all they can
withscholarship funds to alleviate this situation, but even when everything possible
is done, every dean who knows his students can recall manycases of boys who have been
obliged to drop out for the lack of a littlemoney to see them [Link] are always a goodly
number of undergraduates whoseheads are turned and whose judgement is perverted by
theattractiveness of athletic sports and literary (so called) activity. All of these features of
college life have their place, and should receive thesupport of those students who are
interested in them. In myexperience, the awakening of a clear judgement as to what the
collegeis for, is not as difficult as is often supposed. Lf a boy is too muchinterested in these side
shows he ought to get out of the main tent and become professional. But most of them really
are not, and if reasoned with by a friend who knows youth and understands the importance
of the college opportunity, they will not allow themselves to be swept off their feet by athletics.
I do not think that this sort .of thing is asserious a reason for failure as do some of the critics of
our collegeswho see things from the outside and at a long range.A few lazy bluffers drift into
college and usually drift outagain. Most of them have not found any serious interest in life,
and some of them never will. It is usually wise to let them retire to thecold world for a reason
and find out by experience how much demand

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there is for a lazy bluffer. Sometimes they learn their lesson and returnto do first rate work. But
the burden of proof is always on them toshow that they mean [Link] the whole, the
problem that the college dean faces calls for about the same diagnostic ability as the
physician's. He is helping theyoung men under him to see life steadily and see it whole. If he
cansave boys from failure through foolishness, sickness and sin, he isdoing his part of the job.

NOTES

Words Explained:

do not .... boundary:do not complete their education, fail toget the required degree, etc.

get through :passnative ability :natural abilityconcentrate....massigned:give full attention to the

given [Link] :root out, put an end totake collar :deals firmly with himself poised.
fidgets :balance and self~disc1pl1ne which keep back nervous
excitementmapped out :[Link]-counter to : go [Link] and short of it : all that can or
need he said opening :position which business is offeringdetest :have great hate [Link] out :suc
[Link] :argument especially of public sort as in anewspaper offend :displeasehimself
to try :does not feel inclined to tryalive to :conscious of application : to apply

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float through college:pass, get [Link] :strong desire. passes up :not used, not
utilized receptive :able or quick to receive ideasattitude :point of view, way of looking atsomethi
ngadequate :enough, [Link] service :medical aid apparent : clearly seenenlightenm
ent :[Link] :person or thing taking the place of another to bring it to bear : apply
eam his way :earn to pay for his educationmighty :very large and strongdetriment : damage, loss
, [Link] ofblood :putting blood from
one living body into another heartrending :very [Link] :bound to happen, as a matter
of course,[Link] them through

enable them to finish their [Link] are turned :feel very vain. perverted

get turned to a wrong [Link] shows :games etc. which are not a real part of college
education professional :doing a thing for
a [Link] off their feet :allow themselves to be carried away

see things at a long range :from a distance. bluffer :one who bluffs to deceive
othersdrift :go [Link] world : hard unsympathetic world. burden of proof :obligation to
prove a given statement.

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see it whole

:see life in a balanced way and from allsides.

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

[Link] to the author there are some boys who fail becausethey do not [Link] are they?
Can we help them?[Link] does mistaken ambition on the part of boys and their parents lead to
the failure of the boys?[Link] are some boys who have done well at school but fail tomake
their mark at college. Who are they? Do you' have such boys in college in your country?[Link]
does financial pressure lead to the failure of studentsdescribed in the lesson? Do you have
similar cases in your country?[Link] what extent does the question of health lead to failure
atcollege? How far can the college authorities with theirmedical officers help students in such
cases?[Link] place would you accord to sportsmen in colleges?[Link] are some students who
join college for the fun of [Link] they be allowed to stay?



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END OF TERM

David Daiches

I believe a school teacher wrote a book some years ago withtitle "Friday Thank God". That
phrase expresses perfectly my attitudeto the arrival of the week end during term time when I
was a school boy. The daily grind of school, with its abundant homework, its fiercecompetition,
the sense of never being able to relax, pressed heavilyupon me in spite of the fact that I often
the actual classroom [Link] up in the morning with the knowledge that at had to get
outof bed, that there was no possibility of turning over for an extra doze,and seeing the hours
of school stretching ahead, was a dismalexperience on a Monday. We had a maid once who
would climb eachmorning with grim steps up to the attic floor where Lionel and I sleptin one
bedroom and my sister Sylvia in another, and announce indeep, funeral tones: "Lionel, David,
Sylvia- time!" I used to liewaiting for that ominous tread on the uncarpeted attic stairs, and
thevoice it heralded sounded in my ears like a summons to [Link] was
always worse than the reality; I don't
remember ever being especially unhappy in class; but the oppressive weight of theknowledge
of a full day's school ahead remained a characteristicsensation of my childhood and
disappeared only after I had left schooland entered the university, where the smaller number of
classes to beattended and the freedom of the student to come and go meant acompletely new
kind of academic world. To wake up on a Thursdaymorning to feel the end of the week already
lying ahead: Fridaymorning was positively rose-coloured. The last 'period' (as each of
our lessons was called) on a Friday, whatever the subject, had its happyflavour of the end of the
week, and one walked home from school ona Friday afternoon (however much homework had
been assigned for the Monday) with the tread of an escaped prisoner. Friday night, withtwo
solid days before school again, was the best night of the week;Saturday night, with still a whole
day between it and Monday, was

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pleasant in a quite different way; Sunday night was full of the threatof Monday
[Link] there were unexpected respites - a half holiday tolet us attend a football
match which some unforeseen circumstanceshad caused to be cancelled the preceding
Saturday, or the suddendismissal of school an hour or two before the usual time because
of some unexpected crisis or celebration. But these were few and
far between. Once a term we had the annual mid-term holiday, a Mondayoff, which made a
luxuriously long week-end (but it seemed to go justas fast as ordinary weekends), and
occasionally in winter if there
had been a continuous hard frost for some days We would get a wholeday's 'skating holiday'.
These were blessed breaks inroutine, but not,of course, comparable to the holidays we got at
Christmas and atEaster - three weeks each in my earlier school days, later tragicallyreduced to a
fortnight and then (if my recollection of loss is notmisleading pie) to a mere ten days. But 'the'
holidays were the summer holidays, the two months' vacation we got in the summer time, and
itwas these months towards which the whole year [Link] months seemed a long, long
time in those days; indeed, Iused to have the feeling that, `for all practical purposes, I could
look forward to a period of permanent felicity. I would walk home acrossthe Meadows in the
July sunshine, wearing my summer school clothesof grey cricket shirt, grey shorts, and red
Weston's blazer, and savour my happiness with conscious relish. I could hardly believe that
threestrenuous school terms had indeed rolled away and the longed for,dreamed of almost (it
seemed at times) mythical summer holidayswere at hand, unspoilt as yet, lying intact and
promising just ahead. Itall seemed too good to be true. Wishes didn't come true in this life -
Iknew that: all my early childhood I longed desperately for a tricycle,which my parents could
never afford, and later the wish wastransferred for a bicycle, and there, too I was
permanentlydisappointed. (I bought my first bicycle for myself when I was

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.twenty-one with prize money I had won at Edinburgh University).How often had I stood outside
sweet shops with empty pocketslonging for a penny or two to materialize somehow or hung on
theoutskirts of a crowd around an ice-cream barrow wondering whether the ice-cream man
would be miraculously inspired to offer me a'cornet' or a 'slider' free. These things never
happened. (The few pencea week pocket-money we received was to ,be put into a money
boxand saved, and during our early childhood Lionel, Sylvia and I never had anything to spend
for ourselves). Yet summer and the summer holidays did come; the school year did come to an
end; and one did find oneself at last standing by the trunks and suitcases outside No.6,Miller
field Place, waiting for the taxi (glorious vehicle) that was toconvey the family and its luggage to
the railway station.

NOTES

Words Explained:

week-end :Saturday and Sunday, sometimes

Friday and [Link] :hard [Link] :rest from [Link] :[Link] :sad, without comf
[Link] :hard, [Link] :gloomy, dismal, dark ominous :being or giving bad
[Link] :proclaim the approach [Link] :condemnation to
hellanticipation :know, realize
[Link] :being conscious of some effect on one body [Link]-
coloured :beautiful, pleasingflavour :quality of taste mixed with smell gemrespite :time of rest

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crisis :time of great [Link] :regular, fixed order of doing thingsfelicity :intense happiness
.savour :special taste or smell of something; suggestion of some
[Link] :the special taste or quality of something [Link] :using, needing
great force, hard [Link] :without existence in [Link] :take form
or [Link] :outer [Link] :in a strange unexpected
[Link] : put thought or feeling into a person.

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

1.

What was the Daiches' attitude towards the week-end as aschool boy? Why did he long for it?
[Link] was his general view of school life?[Link] liked holidays for their freedom - freedom from
[Link] did he spend his summer holidays?[Link] don`t come true in this life, writes
Daiches. What arethe things he longed for but could not have?
[Link] did he do with his pocket money?



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ON DESTROYING BOOKSJ. C. SquireIt says in the paper that over two million volumes have
been presented to the troops by the public. It would be interesting to inspectthem. Most of
them, no doubt, are quite ordinary and suitable' but itwas publicly stated the such as magazines
twenty years old, guides tothe Lake District, and back numbers of Whitaker's Almanac. In
somecases one imagines such indigestible get into the parcels by
accident; but it is likely that there are those who jump at the opportunity of getting rid of books
they don t want. Why have they kept them if theydon't want them? But most people especially
non-bookish people arevery reluctant to throw away anything that looks like a book. In themost
illiterate houses that one knows every worthless volume that
is bought finds its way to a shelf and stays there. In reality it is notmerely absurd to keep rubbish
merely because it is printed: it
is positively a public duty to destroy it. Destruction not merely makesmore room for new books
but saves one's heirs the trouble of sortingout the rubbish or storing [Link] it is not always easy
to destroy books. They may not haveas many lives as a cat but they certainly die hard: and it is
sometimesdifficult to find a scaffold for them. This difficulty once brought mealmost within, the
shadow of the Rope. l was living in a small and (asShakespeare would say) heaven-kissing flat in
Chelsea, and books of inferior, minor verse gradually accumulated there until at last I wasfaced
with alternative of either evicting the books or else leaving themin sole, undisturbed tenancy
and taking rooms elsewhere for
myself. Now no one would have bought these books. I therefore had to throwthem away or
wipe them off the map altogether. But how? There werescores of them. l had no kitchen range,
and I could not toast them onthe gas-cooker or consume them leaf by leaf in my small study fire
for it is almost as hopeless to try to bum a book without opening it as totry to burn a piece of
granite. So in the end l determined to do to them

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what so many people do to the kittens: tie them up and consign themto the river. I improvised a
sack, stuffed the books into it, put it over my shoulder, and went down the stairs into the
[Link] was nearly midnight as I stepped into the street. There was acold nip in the air, the
sky was full of stars: and the greenish-yellowlamps threw long gleams across the smooth, hard
road. Few peoplewere about, and here and there rang out the steps of solitary travelerson the
way home across the bridge to Battersea. I turned up myovercoat collar, settled my sack
comfortably across my shoulders, and strode off towards the little square glow of the coffee-
stall whichmarked the near end of the bridge, whose sweeping iron girders
were just visible against the dark sky
behind. A few doors down I passed a policeman who was flashing his lantern on the catches ofb
asementwindows. I fancied he looked suspicious, and I trembled slightly. Thethought occurred
to me: Perhaps he suspects I have swag in this sack."I was not seriously disturbed asknew
that that I could bear investigation, and that nobody would be suspected of having stolensuch
goods (though they were all first editions) as I was
carrying. Nevertheless I could not help the slight unease which comes to allwho are eyed
suspiciously by the police, and to all who are detected inany deliberately furtive act; however
harmless. He acquitted me,apparently; and with a step that, making an effort, I prevented
fromgrowing more rapid, I walked on until I reached the [Link] was then that all the
implications of my act revealed themselves. I leaned against the parapet and looked down into
thefaintly luminous swirls of the river. Suddenly I heard a step near me;quite automatically I
sprang back from the wall, and began walking onwith. I fervently hoped, an air of
rumination and unconcern. The pedestrian came by me without looking at me. It
was a tramp who had other things to think about; and,' calling myself an ass, I stopped again.
"Now for it," I thought; but just as I was preparing to "cast my books, upon the water I
heard another step - a slow and measured one.

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too the average size of farming concerns is growing 'through thesystem of communes, with
subdivisions into production brigades and teams, but the greater part of the peasant masses
stay put and carry ontheir traditional, intensive labour. Agricultural mechanization is
beingintroduced with considerable caution so as to avoid upsetting
the balance. But the essential point of the matter is that the agriculturallabourer, though
possibly deprived of farming machinery, must notand does not want to be urbanized, but is
instead kept on the spot and incorporated in local small industries. He does not flee to the
cities because the industrial road passes through a technically-oriented agriculture and a
decentralized industry. Economic decentralization,which is perhaps the most important step in
Chinese domestic policysince the Great Proletarian cultural Revolution, has freed China froma
traditionally cumbersome bureaucracy and developed localenterprise to the greatest possible
degree of independence. The 26Chinese provinces, which are as much as even 4,400 kilometres
apart,could for that matter, subsist on their own in the event of war, whileanybody invading the
country would be literally drowned in a sea of [Link] brings us to the human side of this
Chinese experimentin creation of a new world. It is simply a matter of providing thatThomas
Hobbes was wrong when he wrote in his "Leviathan" that"man's condition is a condition of war
with everyone againsteveryone." What is taking place today in the world's most
populouscountry is therefore the education and re-education of man. The heartof the matter is
the need to 'root out selfishness and bring intoexistence selfless, dedicated men whose
happiness consists of servingtheir fellow-men in the fullest sense of the human community. In
ahumanism at the service of collective welfare, China is striving toconceive modernization as
part of a process of embellishment of theland-scape, development of the people's cultural life
for the benefit /of all instead of for the benefit of the placing the needs of man before
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those of the machine." Here is what the Peking "People's Daily" has to saycommenting on
Mao's famous maxim: "Rely on your own
forces. National machines and equipment are not entirely indigenous sincethey possess a
number of foreign features. They may replace foreignmachines because they are superior to
foreign equipment, they don'trequire money or at any rate very little, and are capable of doing
greatthings. It takes much less time to use indigenous equipment which,when not available, can
be promptly prepared. Indigenous equipmentcan produce bigger, faster, better and cheaper
results. -Finally, it canstimulate the revolutionary spirit of the masses and with thisrevolutionary
spirit all difficulties can be overcome."Day in the Life of a 16-year old. How do the students live
and what do they think individually? Despite having to use an interpreter Iwas able to find out.
Here is the result of my interview with JeWen-Siu, a sixteen-years old girl who lives in the
workers' district of Peng Pu at Shanghai. She is a pupil in class 3 at the junior school. Shewill
shortly be taking her diploma. "How do you spend your day?" "Iget up at 6 o'clock in the
morning, do a few chores in the house, have breakfast and go to school
at 8. I finish .at 11 o'clock. I go "home and have lunch. At one thirty I'm back at school again
until 3 o'[Link] I go back home and work." "How much time do you spend onhomework at
home?" "Well actually I do my homework at school. Athome I go through the lessons for about
an hour. From 4 o'clock on Irelax, reading the papers and listening to the radio." "What news
areyou most interested in?" "All political news which illustrate thenational and international
situation." "What do you do when you meetwith your girl friends?" I often go out with girls and
boys of my [Link] do some sports and often play ping-pong." "Chinese Women. From a
Western angle there is a lack of femininity in the Chinese woman. No beauty products, no
mention of sex, either in films or literature. In the land of opium,'drugs are

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nonexistent. Mao says that women hold up half the sky and women,for their part, are
determined to keep their half raised at the sameheight as that held up by men. When the
Chinese woman lists thesocial benefits she enjoys - 8 hour working day, free hospitalizationand
medical care, nursery and infant schools, 56 paid days beforechild birth also without charge -
she 'always concludes by affirmingthat in the West women have not yet succeeded in obtaining
all this."However, we Chinese are working so that the women of the world can be equally happy
and enjoy the advantages we have." This radicalchange in women's conditions in china has
given women a sense of confidence hitherto unknown to them, a dignity and an
undoubted awareness of carrying out an important [Link] Security Benefits. The monthly
cost of living isofficially calculated for every region of the country. In Peking for example, it was
recently quoted at 12 - 14 yuan a month (4.80 - 5.60dollar) of which 10 go towards board and 3
- 4 for rent in Stateapartments. Many workers are also- housed within the factories. In
theagricultural communes housing is completely free. Certain smallexpenses such as cinema,
theatre, haircuts and work overalls are al osometimes [Link] medical and hospital
treatment is entirely free for everyChinese worker or peasant, while members of their family
only pay 50 percent. A sick worker receives his total pay cheque for the first sixmonths, after
which he receives only 60 per cent. If, however,
the patient has money problems, then his company steps in with directassistance. Each plant,
factory or agricultural commune has a healthcentre and a first-aid station. Only in more serious
cases are the sick sent to hospital. Workers retire at the age of 60, female workers at 50,or 55 if
they do clerical work. The factory can sometimes agree tokeep a worker on, after he has .passed
retirement age. Pensions arerelated to work seniority and vary from 50 to 70 percent of
theworker's last wage. Each factory has a cafeteria where the' workers

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can eat three meals a day for 10 - 12 Yuan (4 - 4.80 dollars) a [Link] cafeteria timetable is
tied up with company and shift workinghours. Nearly all plants, boast nurseries and
kindergartens wherechildren are looked after and fed under the control of a dietician for avery
modest sum (about one dollar a month). Female workers areentitled' to 56 days' rest on full
salary before giving birth to [Link] a low-wage category worker finds he has to maintain
a largefamily, his expenses may exceed his [Link] Chinese regime has set up an assistance
systemguaranteeing a minimum subsistence level. The company where theworker is employed
then intervenes and raises his salary to equal_ thecost of living. The commune deals with those
peasants having wagesthat are too low or who are unable to maintain their family lowing
to physical handicaps. It uses money from a specially constituted fund comprising 2 percent of
the community annual wage. These assistanceschemes in reality are rarely resorted to, because
a family nearlyalways has more than one source of [Link] working hours are 8 hours
a day, six-day a week,leaving one day's holiday a week (not necessarily Sunday). Normallythere
is one week's annual vacation, two weeks if the worker lives far from his family, as well as two
national holidays (May 1 and October 1).There are two opposite worlds just as the two ways
of considering China's future are opposite. One is the rigid World of figures and, prospects
based on economic facts as seen by the [Link] other is the world of faith, of the
development of Mao thoughtthroughout China, with the little Red Book. As for
Westernseconomic laws, the endless mass of 800 million people, who can beconvinced,
governed and directed along the paths decided by
the powers that be, might well overthrow the whole problem from allsides. Reasoning with the
dry yardstick of figures, the contribution of a dollar from each Chinese would make roughly
800 .million dollars

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and the contribution of a day's work from each person would meantwo million extra labourers
for one year without cost to the [Link], to increase by just one metre per head the
availability of clothfor even as few as 700 million Chinese, you would need 'enoughcloth` to go
round the world eighteen times ,while the purchase of amillion and a half tons of grain is only
sufficient to feed the
Chinese population for 5 days. The fact remains that when the number is notsimply a
juxtaposition of persons, but a compact whole, then it tendsto become "'Power". When Mao
says that it is the people, and notthings, that are decisive, he is trying in fact to demonstrate
that thisconcept apparently destroyed by modern technology is still ameaningful one.

NOTES

The article on China gives us some insight as to how Chinahas made phenomenal progress since
Independence in [Link] People's Republic of China is one of Pakistan's closestfriends. She has
provided both military and economic aid to our country. She has resolutely stood by us in every
cri is as in 1965 and 1971 during our wars with India. China had also firmly supported usin the
United Nations during our struggle for national integrity and independence.

Words Explained:occidentals

European; Western.

smile-:

here it means, welcome.

mounting:

increasing.

oblivion :
forgetting.

schizophrenia :

a mental disease.

bourgeois :

middle class

GNP :

Gross National Product; total production of a country in a year.

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model :

here it means, economic system.

exodus

emigration

embellishment:

beautifying,adoring, decorating.

great proletarian

a movement' launched in 1966 to denouncerevisionist

cultural revolution:

activities.

Thomas Hobbes:

(1588 - 1679) ; An English philosopher and one of the greatest political thinkers of hisnation.

Leviathan

a masterpiece of Thomas Hobbes,

juxtaposition :

placing of facts, things side by side.

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS

1.

Why has the world changed its 'attitude towards China?

[Link] Chinese agriculture [Link] does China rely on its own resources?[Link] a
day in the life of a Chinese [Link] a note on the Chinese [Link] are the
social security benefits provided to the Chineseworkers?7."It is the people and not the things
that are decisive."Discuss.8."The heart of the matter is the need to root
out selfishness."Discuss.



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(1) THE DYING SUNSir James JeansQuestions and Answers:-

Q.1:-How is it that a star seldom finds another star near it ? Ans:-

The universe is very vast and there is a distance of millions of miles among the [Link] is
why,astar seldomfinds another star near it.Q.2:- What happened when, according to Sir. James
Jeans astar wandering through space, came near the sun ? Ans:-
According to Sir James Jeans, some two thousandmillion years ago, a star happened to come
near the sun andraised huge tides on the surface ofthe [Link] a result,a highmountain of waves
was formed there.Q.3:- What happened when the wandering star came nearer and
nearer ? Ans:-When the wandering star came nearer and nearer, themountain of waves rose
higher and higher.Q.4:- What are planets ? How did they come into existence? Ans:-
Planets are heavenly bodiesrevolving round the sun infixed orbits. Once a star came near the
sun,when that starbegan to move away, the mountain of waves was torn [Link]
pieces fell off into space. They are planets andour earth is oneof them.Q.5:- Why is there no life
on stars ? Ans:- The stars lack all the physical conditions which arenecessary for the existance of
life.i.e. air, water, [Link], the stars are extremely [Link] is why, there isno life on
them.Q.6:- Write a note on beginning of life on earth?

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the end of the week,and one walked home from school on afriday -----------with the tread of an
escaped prisoner.

Key: 1. week 2. morning 3. lesson 4. flavour [Link] NO. 2

Sometimes there were ---------- respites a half holiday to let usattend a ---------- match which
some unforeseencircumstances had caused to be cancelled the precedingSaturday, or the
---------- dismissal of school an hour or twobefore the usual ---------- because of some
unexpected crisisor ---------------.But these were few and farbetween.

Key : 1. unexpected 2. football 3. sudden 4. time [Link] NO. 3

Two months seemed a long,long-------- in those days indeed, Iused to have thefeeling that, for
all ----------- purposes, I couldlook forward to a period of ------ felicity. I would
walkhomeacross the---------- in the July sunshine, wearing my summerschool---------- of grey
cricket shirt,gray shorts, and redWetson's blazer.

Key : 1. time 2. practical 3. permanent 4. meadows [Link]

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(5) ON DESTROYING BOOKS J.C. SquiresQuestion and Answers:-

Q.1 What sort of books were presented by the British public tothe soldiers? Ans:-
The British public presented the old and worthlessbooks to the soldiersuch as
old magazines.Q.2 Was it the interest of soldiers that prompted their action or was it the wish
to get rid of useless books? Ans:-No, It was not the interest of soldiers that excited thepeople
to send books, but it was their wish to get rid of thosebooks.Q.3 Why should bad books be
destroyed? Ans:-Bad books should be destroyed to make room for newbooks and save one's
heirs from storing and sorting out thesebooks.Q.4 Why is it difficult to destroy books? Ans:-
It is difficult to destroy books because we do not findsuitable place for this purpose.Q.5 Why
could not the author burn the unwanted books? Ans:-
The author could not burn the unwanted booksbecause there was no fire-place in his
apartment.Q.6 How did he decide to get rid of them? Ans:-
He decided to stuff the books into a sack and throwthem into the river.Q.7 Describe the author's
midnight venture to throw the booksin the river and the suspicions which his action were likely
toarouse? Ans:-It was nearly mid-night , when he came out in the

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street, with a sack on his shoulders. There was nobody on theroad. He saw a policeman who
saw him [Link] last,he reached the middle of the bridge. He got ready to throw thesack
into the river, but he saw some stranger on the [Link] thought something and trembled
with [Link] last, he threwhis sack into the [Link] body took notice of it.Q.8 How did he muster
up courage at last to fling them into theriver? Ans:-
He remained reluctant for a long [Link] felt ashamedof being such a [Link] he thought
that if he failed thatday he would never be able to regain his [Link] thishe threw the
books into the river.Q.9 Did he come to have a feeling for these books once hehad got rid of
them? Ans:-Yes, he felt pity for the books that would be lying at thebottom of the river. He also
felt sorry for destroying them sodisgracefully.

SYNONYMS

1. It would be interesting to inspect them. a) see b) read

c) examine

d) explore2. Some people were sending the oddest things.

a) strange

b) good c) precious d) bad3. Every worthless volume finds its way to the
shelf.a) useful b) beautifull c) great

d) useless

4. I was living in a heaven kissingflat.a) big

b) very high

c) gracefull d) large5. So in the end I determined to do to them .

a) firmly decided

b) irresolute c) wretched d) sad6. I improvised a sack and stuffed the books into it.

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a) made

b) managed

c) ecstasy d) degraded7. The lamps throw gleams across the

hard smoothroad.a) rough b) crumple

c) even

d) shiny8. Here and there rang out thesolitary steps of the

travellers .a) friendly b) bravec) retiring

d) lonely

9. It was then that all the implications of my actrevealedthemselves.

a) exposed

b) swayedc) covered d) concealed10. The pedestrian came by me without looking at

me. a) poorman b) dull

c) person on foot

d) ordinary
Cloze TestPARAGRAPH NO.1

It says in the ------ that over two million volumes have beenpresented to the ------- by the public.
It would be interesting to------ them. Most of them, no doubt, are quite ordinary andsuitable;
but it was ---------- stated the other day that somepeople were
sending the ---------- things, such as magazinestwenty years old.

Key : 1. paper 2. troops 3. inspect [Link] 5. oddestPARAGRAPH NO.2

It was nearly ---------- as I stepped into the street. There was acold nip in the air, the sky wasfull
of ------ : and thegreenish-yellow lamps threw ------ gleams across thesmooth ,hard road. Few
people were about, and here andthere rangout the ------ of solitary travellers
on theway home across the--------- to Batter sea.

Key : 1. midnight 2. stars 3. long 4. steps. 5. bridge

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PARAGRAPH NO.3

The sack dropped --------- .A vast [Link] --------- [Link] one came.I turned home;and as
I walked I thought alittle --------- of all those books falling into the cold ----------setting slowly
down to the pitchy dark,and subsiding at last onthe-------- of the water.

Key: 1. sheer 2. silence 3. sadly 4. torrent 5. ooze

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(6) THE MAN WHO WAS A HOSPITAL Jerome K. JeromeQuestions and answers:-

Q.1 How did [Link] come to suspect that his liver was outof order?What were the disease
he thought he was sufferingfrom on reading a book on the treatment of
diseases? Ans:- Jerome [Link] was reading a liver-pills circular when he came to know that
his liver was out of order. After reading the book on diseases he thought that he was
sufferingfrom all the diseases mentioned in the book except [Link] suffering from typhoid
fever, st. vitus's dance,brightsdisease, cholera, gout and many other disease at one and thesame
time.Q.2 What was the disease he discovered he did not have? Ans:-
The only disease which he discovered he did not havewas the house-maid's knee.Q.3 Was he
pleased to find he did not have it ? Ans:-No, he was not pleased;
he was sorry to find that he didnot have this disease.Q.4 What was his first reaction? Ans:-He
was horrified to know that he was suffering from somany [Link] sat frozen with horror for
some [Link] he read , the more he was shocked.Q.5- Why should he be an acquisition to
the medical class? Ans:-He thought that he could be very useful for medicalstudents. They
would have no need of going to hospitals for their practicals. They could get degrees just
bywalking aroundhim.Q.6- Describe his visit to the medical man? Ans:-The writer went to
his doctor and told him that he was

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suffering from all the diseases. He also told the doctor how hecame to know about it. The
doctor checked him thoroughlyand wrote a prescription.Q.7- He thought that he was doing the
doctor good turn bygoing to
[Link]? Ans:- The writer thought so because in his opinion the doctor was going to get more
practice out of him than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients suffering from one or
twodiseases each.Q.8- What was the prescription given to him by the doctor? Ans:-
In prescription he was advised to eat one poundbeefsteak every six hours;take ten mile walk
every morning;go to bed at 11 sharp every night and not to stuff his mind withthings he did not
understand.Q.9- Describe his visit to the chemist ? Ans:-
He went to the chemist to get the medicine. But thechemist said that he could not provide the
thingsmentionedthere. The author was surprised to hear this and then hebegan to study the
prescription.Q.10- What is the significance of the doctor's advice: don'tstuff your head with
things you don't
understand? Ans:- The doctor's advice is very important for those who arewhimsical and have a
weak will power. The doctor advisessuch persons not to fill their minds with things they have
noconcern with because that is not their field.

SYNONYMS

1. It was my liver that was out of order.

a) not working

b) functional c) retired d) relaxing2. I had just been reading apatent liver pill circular.a) unclear

b) certified
c) copyright d) bold3. I was impelled to the conclusion .

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8. Someone gave me a cheque book through awicket.a) curtain b) door c) room

d) window

9. The people in the bank had animpression that I was aninvalid

millionaire.a) imprint b) certainty

c) idea

d) vision10. He thrust it in at the clerk.a) gave

b) pushed

c) left d) catch

Close TestPARAGRAPH NO. 1

The moment I crossed the ------------ of the bank and attemtedto transact ----------- there I
become an irresponsible ----------.Iknew this beforehand,but my ---------- had been raised to
fiftydollars and I felt that the --------- was only place for it.

Key: 1. threshold 2. business 3. idiot [Link] 5. bankPARAGRAPH NO. 2

"To tell you the ---------",I went on,as if I had been promptedto lie about it,"I am not a ------------
at all.I have come to openan ----------.I intend to keep all my -------------in this bank".Themanager
looked relieved but still ----------;he concluded that Iwas a son of Baron Rothschild or a
young Gould.

key: 1. truth 2. detective 3. account 4. money 5. seriousPARAGRAPH NO. 2

Some one gave me a checque book through a -------- and

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someone else began telling how to --------- it [Link] people inthe bank had the ------------ that I
was an invalid [Link] ---------- on the checque and--------- it in at the clerk.

key: 1. wicket 2. write 3. impression 4. something [Link]

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(8) CHINA'S WAY TO PROGRESS [Link] and Answers:-

Q.1 Why has the world changed its attitude towards China? Ans:-
China won independence in 1949 and appeared as agreat socialist country. The western world
boycotted [Link] China made tremendous progress and forced the world tochange its
attitude.Q.2 Discuss Chinese agricultural system. Ans:-
The agricultural system in China is based oncommunes. The communes are further sub-divided
into smallunits. Agricultural machinery is being used. All basic facilitiesare provided to the
farmers.Q.3 How does China rely on its own resources? Ans:-
The Chinese have learned to rely on their ownresources. In every field of life theyuse local
and home [Link] is why, they are making progress.Q.4 Describe a day in the life
of a Chinese student. Ans:-A chinese student gets up at 6 [Link]/She goes toschool at 8 a.m.
and comes back for lunch at 11 o'clock. At1.30 p.m. he goes back to [Link] [Link] they
come home. At 4 o'clock, he reads newspapers and listens to the radio. Heplays some sports in
the evening, and does his home work atnight.Q.5 Write a note on the Chinese women. Ans:-
Chinese women enjoy equal rights with men. Theywork in factories, offices, schools and
hospitals side by sidewith [Link] work 8 hours a [Link] do not use beautyproducts. They
enjoy free hospitalizatin and medical facilities.

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Q.6 What are the social security benefits provided to theChinese workers? Ans:-
Chinese workers enjoy the benefits of social securityschemes. They work eight hours a day. The
wages are quitesufficient to meet their needs of life. All medical treatment isfree. Low-paid
workers get additional assistance to maintaintheir standard of living.Q.7 "It is the people and
not the things that are decisive"Discuss. Ans:-
When Mao says that it is the people, and not things,that are decisive; hemeans to say that their
huge population isa source of strength for the country.Q.8 "The heart of the matter is the need
to root outselfishness".
Discuss. Ans:- According to this statement, everyone should work for the betterment of others
[Link] secret of progress ofchina is in this [Link] work for the benefit of all.

SYNONYMS

1. China is now the fashion around the world.a) mold b) approach

c) trend

d) thing2. It was brought out of the memory attic with a loudbang.a) noise b) voice c) silence

d) explosion

3. The occidentals certainly launched the warm hug.a) eastern

b) western

c) indians d) russians4. China was forced into a kind of nationalschizophrenia.

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a) hurdle

b) mental disease

c) authority d) problem5. There are no neon signs in china.

a) gaseous

b) popular c)name d) creative6. A Chinese peasant does not flee

to cities.a) sit back b) stand c) win

d) run away
7. Indigenous machines stimulate the revolutionaryspirit.a) immitate b) make

c) motivate

d) state8. Indigenous machines stimulate the revolutionary spirit.

a) native/local

b) foreign c) purchased d) sold9. In the agricultural communes housing is absolutely

free.a) reserve b) collective farm c) separate

d) area

10. Mao said it is the people not the things that aredecisive.d) necessaryc) negative

b) important

a) certain

Cloze TestPARAGRAPH NO. 1

Just as the Vietnamese have withstood ---------- technologyso, the ascetic militant Chinese have
gone straight to the---------- of the problems that have plagued --------- countriesfor thousands of
years, the lack of ---------- and low levels of nutrition , gross inequalities of --------- and
consumption,unemployment and a sense of social uselessness

Key : 1. American 2. roots 3. Asian 4. food 5. incomePARAGRAPH NO. 2

In the year 2000 China will still be a powerfully --------- and

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peasant country, for its modernisation will have occurredwithout a flight from the ---------- ,
which is the price paid by theWest. In China too the average --------- of farming concerns
isgrowing through the system of --------- with subdivisions into------------- brigades and team.

Key : 1. agricultural 2. fields 3. size 4. [Link] NO. 3

The Chinese regime has set up an ------------ systemguaranteeing a minimum subsistence level.
The companywhere the worker is ----------- then intervenes and raises hissalary to ---------- the
cost of living. The commune dealswiththose----------- having wages that are too low or who
areunable to --------- their family owing to physical handicaps.
Key : 1. assistance 2. employed 3. equal 4. peasants5. maintain

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PARTS OF SPEECHThere are eight parts of speech.1. NOUN2. PRONOUN3. VERB4. ADJECTIVE5.
ADVERB6. PREPOSITION7. CONJUNCTION8. INTERJECTION1. NOUNA noun names a person,
place, thing or idea e.g. Asim,Quetta, Pen, Grief [Link] TO RECOGNISE NOUN:-Following
suffixes always express that a word is a noun, -acy,-age, -cy, -dom, -ee, -ence, -ency, -or, -ery, -
ess, -er, -ette, -hood,-ship, -[Link]:-
Freedom, nominee, painter, hostess, courtship,voyage, literacy, brotherhood, actor,
statistics, action, appearance,ettiquette, [Link] NounsThe name of only one thing, place or
person e,g man, lamp,chair etc. Plural Nouns. The nouns which name more than one
thing, place or person are plural nouns, for example, lamps, men, chairs, [Link] OF NOUN

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l (a) COMMON NOUNIt names a thing, person or place which is common or ordinary; for
example , pen , chair, city etc. (b) PROPER NOUNIt names a thing, place or person which is
specific or particular. The first letter of proper nouns is always capitalised. For example :
Islamabad, The River Ravi, Changez Khan etc.2(a) CONCRETE NOUNSSuch nouns which are
perceptible to our senses are called concrete nouns. For example, Chair, Pen, River [Link]
concrete nouns occupy space or can be recognized by our sensesas; star, sugar
etc. (b) ABSTRACT NOUNSThe nouns which are not perceptible to our senses, but namean
idea, quality or a characteristic,are called abstract nouns. e. g.,Happiness, Grief, Beauty, Anger
etc.3(a) COUNTABLE NOUNSThe nouns which can be counted are called countable [Link]
example, Book, Pen, Room, Horse, Bus etc. (b) NON-COUNTABLE NOUNSThese nouns cannot be
counted and are always descried intheir individual capacity. ( these are also called Material
Nouns). For example, coffee, iron, silver, gold, tea, water [Link] NOUNSThe nouns
made of more than one word are called compound nouns. e. g., House-keeper, A school -
teacher, Father - in - Law,

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Maid-servant [Link] NOUNSThese nouns name a group of things, persons or places.
Thisgroup of places, persons or things is considered as a single unit. For example, Audience,
Committee, Class, Crew [Link] FOR THE CORRECT USAGE OF
NOUNSa. Possessive Nouns1. Apostrophe and 's' is used with persons. For example,Khalid's
book, Imran's bat, Akram's pen etc.2. Instead of apostrophe 'of ' is used with the things.
For example, Roof of the house, Door
of the room etc.3. Possessive Nouns which end in 's' either singular or plural
do not need another s ' apostrophe, as boys'
match, Keats' poemetc. b. Material Nouns1. No plurals of material nouns are usedA bag of whea
ts --- incorrectA bag of wheat ---- correctc. Abstract Nouns1. Abstract nouns have no plural num
ber e. g. He did many mischiefs ---- incorrectHe did many acts of mischief ----
correct.d. Collective NounsWhen these are used for a body of persons, the verbs
and pronouns are singular. For example; ( Committee as a whole)

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The committee was unanimous in this [Link] when they mean individual persons, the
verb and pronouns take plural form. For example, ( Committee as individual members). The
committee were divided over the issue.e. Those Nouns which are singular in form and plural
insense have plural verbs as "people have", "swine are"etc. e. g. People havetheir own
[Link] are grazing in the [Link] nouns which are always singular should
be followed bythe singular verb as " This news is true".g. Non-Countable NounsIf we want to
use 'a' or an with non-countable nounswe have touse such phrases as,' a piece of ', ' an act
of'.e.g. I have an urgent pieceof work.. He made an actofmischief.

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2- PRONOUNThe words used instead of nouns are called pronouns e.g. [Link] is a good
writer. ( Noun)He writes about common things. ( Pronoun)"He' is used here instead of
[Link],so 'he' is [Link] can be used as subject or an [Link] OF
PRONOUNPOSSESSIVE PRONOUNSThese are used instead of possessive nouns. For
example:instead of Aslam's book, his book, can be [Link] PRONOUNSSuch pronouns
which are used for the speaker, subject or object, (For those we are talking , or about whom
talking). There arethree persons of personal
[Link] casecasecaseIst Person I My/Mine Me We Our/ours Us2
nd Person You Your/Yours You 3rdPerson He His Him She Her/Hers Her It Its It They Their/Theirs
Them NOTE:'It' is used for such things which are neither [Link] can not
differentiate its gender.

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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNThis shows that the work has been done by the [Link] pronoun
is formed by adding 'self' or 'selves' to the
personal pronoun. For example: Yourself, Himself, Itself etc. This is alwaysused as object of the
sentence but reflects the subject . Subject and object in this case are the same e.g. I did it
myself. (These are used after the verb.)INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNThis pronoun is used to ask
question. For example,1. Who gave this letter to you ?2. What is this ?3. Which is your book ?
The interrogative pronouns have generalising forms as follows: Whoever, Whichever; What; also
introduces exclamation. What a pretty doll is it !RULES FOR CORRECT USE OF
PRONOUNS1. The apostrophe is the signal of ownership. But whenit is used with a noun, the
possessive form of personal pronoun never takes an apostrophe. [Link] incoming item has its
own place, if itis misplaced the fault is yours. (Not your's)[Link] a noun or a pronoun precedes a
gerund, the nounor pronoun must be in the possessive case. Forexample,Can you imagine
Aslam's being late, (Agerund is a verb form ending in 'ing' used as noun, )For example:-1.
Swimming is a good [Link] is good for health.

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3. Any pronoun that is the subject of a verb is in the subjective case. e.g.I like [Link] there are
more than one subject,they too, are of subjective case as: Majid and heare fine workers.4.A
Predicate Nominative is a noun or pronoun thatcompletes the meaning of a verb (be) (is, am,
are,was, were, be and been)Any pronoun that is the predicate nominative is inthenominative
[Link] example,Yes this is he.('He'completes themeanings of is). It must have beenthey after
all. (They).5. Any pronoun that follows and completes themeaningsof the infinitive (to be)when
it has nosubject of its own is in the subjective case. Forexample:Who would ever wish to be
I(Before to bethere is no subject, so 'I' is
used.6. When there is a 'subject complement' objective caseis used as :The receptionist
mistakenly thought thevisitor to be [Link] objective case of personal pronoun is usedwhen
the pronoun is one of the following :1. The object of a verb or a preposition.2. The subject or
object of an infinitive (O. V.)e.g., Ali introduced him at the meeting. (O. V.)Whom did he
introduce ?(O. V.)Ali was introduced by her.(O. P.)Would you like to help me ?
(O. I.)[Link] after Than or As1. After 'than' subjective case of pronoun
is used.e.g., He is better than I.2. After ' as' objective case of pronoun is used.

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[Link] Suff, Tut, Pooh, Pish, [Link] call some one Ho, [Link] Hum, Hem, HumphEx
[Link]! I am sick of [Link]! I hate this kind of [Link]! I have really enjoyed that p
[Link]! I do not believe [Link]! Go on with your [Link]! We have won the final.7.
Ah! His only son is [Link]! Come [Link]! I simply don't favour it.

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SENTENCE STRUCTURE A Simple sentence

consists of two parts :[Link] subject is the principal noun or pronoun
thattells what the sentence is [Link] simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase
thattells something about the subject. For
[Link] been [Link] the price issueThe pop
singersang in a [Link] A Sentence is a group of words that expresses acomplete
thought. e.g. He always attends the class. [Link] OF SENTENCE( According to
Purpose) According to purpose, there are four kinds of a sentence.1.
Declarative2. Imperative. 3.Interrogative4. [Link] SentenceIt makes a
statement. e.g. The sun will rise at 6:15. It isalready light [Link] sentenceIt gives a
command or makes a request. e.g. Get upand go for a walk. Please fetch me a glass of water.

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[Link] SentenceIt asks a question. e.g. Is anybody there ? Do you knowhow toswim ?
[Link] SentenceIt expresses a strong emotion. e.g. What a great ideathis was!
CLAUSE A clause is a group of words that has a subject and apredicate and that is used as a part
of sentence. There are twokinds of clause.(i) Main or independent clause (ii) Subordinateor
dependent clause.i)Main Clause :A main clause has a subject and
apredicate and can stand alone as a [Link] produce,and consumers
buy, [Link])Subordinate Clause :A subordinate clause has asubject and apredicate, but it can not
stand alone as asentence.e.g. Consumers buy whenever they have a [Link] OF SENTENCE:
(According to the structure )There are four kinds of a
sentence :1. Simple Sentence,2. Compound Sentence3. Complex Sentence,4. Compound Compl
[Link] Sentence A simple sentence has only one main clause and nosubordinate
[Link] [Link] compareand buy.

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[Link] sentence may have a compound subject or acompound predicate or

both. A compound sentence has two or more main clauses.e.g. Consumers demand,
Manufacturers
[Link] Sentences A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more
subordinate clauses.e.g Consumers buy fewer goods,when prices
[Link] Complex Sentence A compound complex sentence has more than onemain
clauses and at least one subordinate clause. e.g.,Subordinate Main MainIf production
increases, prices may drop andconsumers may buy [Link] A phrase is a group
of words that acts in a sentence asa single part of speech.e.g. A walking cat, let down,
had beentalking, [Link] OF [Link] PhraseIt begins with a preposition
andusually ends with a noun or a pronoun. e.g. The door leads tothe
darkroom.2. Appositive PhraseAn appositive is a noun or pronoun that is placed next to another
noun or pronoun toidentify or to give additional information about it. "A new retailstore" is an
appositive. An appositive phrase is an appositive plus any words

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that modify the appositives. e.g. He works for super store, anew retail price
[Link]/Verb Phrase


 A verb phrase is the form of averb that works in a sentence as a noun, an adjective or
anadverb. A verb phrase contains a verb and any other complements and modifiers. e. g., Going
there was a [Link] Kinds
of Verbals/[Link]:It is the form of a verb that works in asentence as an adjective.
(a)Present participle ends in 'ing' e.g. walking, talkingetc.(b)Past participle (3rd form of
the verb) e.g. walked,talked, etc.(c)Participle Phrase. participle + modifiers andcomplements.
e.g. Taking exercise is good [Link] : A gerund is the form of a verb that ends in"ing"
and that is used in the same way as a noun is [Link] is essential for a
[Link]:It is a verb that is usually preceded by theword 'to' and is used as a noun, an
adjective or anadverb. e.g. to walk, to learn, to eat, [Link] SENTENCES ('IF'
SENTENCES)These sentences are used to show how an action or anevent depends on another.
There are two types of theconditional [Link] Condition.

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[Link] [Link] Condition(A)In an open conditional sentence if present tense

isused in the 'if' clause, present, future or past tense can beused in subordinate clause
according to the [Link]-If you are right I am wrong. (Present)ii-If you help
me I will help you. (Future)iii-If I get this right I shall have ensured all thequestion.(future
perfect)iv-If I am right, you were wrong. (Past)b) If past tense is used in if clause then present,
pastor future tense can be used in condition.i-If I said that, I apologize. (Present)ii-
If I said that, I was mistaken. (Past)iii-If I made mistake, I will try to remedy it. (Future)Note :The
sense of these sentences is of present
[Link] ConditionIf Clause Main [Link] Indefinite,Would + First formIf Khalid
were here he would know the [Link] PerfectWould have + 3rd formIf Aslam had worked
hard he would have
[Link] he comes, I shall help [Link] he came, I would help [Link] he had come,
I would have helped him. orHad he come, I would have helped [Link] he works hard, he
will [Link] he worked hard, he would [Link] he had worked hard, he would
have [Link]

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Had he worked hard, he would have [Link] he recovers, he will play [Link] he
recovered, he would play the
[Link] he had recovered, he would have played [Link] Had he recovered, he
would have playedthe match

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DASH( - )A Dash is used :[Link] separate parenthetical [Link] one person- the
president -can [Link] indicate faltering or hesitating [Link] - you see - um - we
- uch - [Link] indicate parenthetical [Link] have seen - but I must dash
[Link] a summarising word. [Link] hot weather, the long hour, the anxiety - allwere
forgotten when our branch won the [Link] a repetition. [Link]! you
havemade a fine [Link] after [Link] personnel recruitment and
selection proceduresare in need of revision-but this topic will bediscussed
[Link] contrasting [Link] and company-not Alam and company
[Link] MARKS(" "

)[Link] enclose words which are directly spoken. e.g."I never knew", my brother said, "Which
horse isgood."[Link] enclose words which are
direct quotations. e.g. Shakespeare says, "Frailty thy name is woman."[Link] enclose titles of
poem, short stories or [Link] wrote "Kubla Khan" which is a good

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 [Link] explained or [Link] word 'substantiate' means "to verify or
prove."[Link] of foreign words. [Link] French expression 'faux pas' means, "a
social blunder."[Link] a comma or colon to introduce
a [Link] mark and exclamation mark are put inside thequotation marks. "What's
the evidence for it ?"SEMI COLON(;)[Link] semi colon where the items in a list are longclauses or
in compound [Link] you train horse remember to check that theyare; saddled,
active and [Link] the semi-colon to indicate that the writer wantsthe reader to pause for a
slightly longer time thanhe would for a comma. [Link] is better to train bad horse;[Link] a semi
colon to divide a sentence whichcontains two balanced but separate statements. [Link] thinks
himself as liberal; he voted for aconservative [Link] a semi colon to show
omission of conjunction. [Link] received your order for 300 reams of paper; itarrived in our
office this [Link]( )Parentheses are used mainly to enclose words thatgive
additional [Link] enclose words, phrases, or complete sentencesthat offer a side
comment or help to clarify a point.

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[Link] enclose numerals or letters introducing theitems of a [Link] enclose

numerals clarifying or confirming aspelled out number. [Link] five
(35)[Link] enclose names, direction, [Link](')[Link] Apostrophe, if you want to
refer to someone's possession or something belonging to some body.e.g. Boy's book,
[Link] contraction, e.g. it is, it's, donot, don't [Link] omission of figures as '77 for
[Link](........) Elipsis is used [Link] signal the omission of a word or words from themiddle of
a quoted sentence. e.g. Thoreau writes"We must learn to re-awaken and keep
ourselvesawake ........ by an infinite expectation of dawn."[Link] signal hesitation or halting speech
in dialogue.e.g.'Mmm.....'EXCLAMATION MARK( ! )An exclamation mark is used after a word
phrase orsentence that expresses strong feelings. [Link] a sentence. e.g. Water is too cold!
[Link] a word or short phrase. Congratulations![Link] interjections Oh!Ah!
Ouch! etc Alongwith the punctuation means, the written textalso require the use of capital
letters at certain places.A capital letter is used :--to start a sentence.-the first letter of the
names of persons, cities, countries

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nations, roads, rivers, lakes, seas, books, days, months, etc iscapitalised.-when 'I' is used as first
person singular pronoun, it is alwayswritten in capital.-All the words used for 'God' start with a
capital [Link] EXERCISESEXERCISE NO. 1Punctuate the following passage :Is it true that
you have decided to give up studies said the head master no sir it is not true said Rafiq thank
god said the [Link] "Is it true that you have decided to give up studies ?", said
theHeadmaster."No, it is not true", said Rafiq."Thank God!", said theHead
[Link] NO. 2Punctuate the following passage :how do you feel said the doctor bad
very bad doctor I am going to diesaid the patient no you are not going to die be bold and do not
give uphope said the [Link] "How do you feel ?" said the doctor. "Bad, very bad, doctor,
I amgoing to die," said the patient."No, you are not going to die. Be bold and do not give up
hope," said the [Link] NO. 3Punctuate the [Link] first and the most important
way of making the best ofourselves isdoing the work that suits us the best as we allit was great
Shock to me when i heard the news itelephoned myfriend to check but nobody answered they
all spend their Friday in thevillage

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EXERCISE NO. 2Punctuate the [Link] you like to go to the moon my peaceful home is
the earth i liketo live here it is beautiful place with flowers and green
[Link] NO. 3Punctuate the [Link] is very difficult at every step we lose heart
people advise us not tolose heart they say even if you give up you don't escape
[Link] NO. 4Punctuate the [Link] I was going to lahore last week a strange
incident happened I metmy old friend aslam but i could not recognize him he lived for
manyyears in [Link] NO. 5Punctuate the [Link] train slowly steamed out of
Lahore station after giving out a shrillwhistle there was great rush on all sides one could hear
people talkingon and shouting

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CHANGE OF NARRATION

There are two ways of saying something.

Direct Speech

When the narrator uses the exact words of the other person itis called direct [Link]
said, "I have completed my work" Direct Speech / Quoted SpeechSaying exactly what someone
has said is called direct speech(sometimes called quoted speech)Here what a person says
appears within quotation marks ("...")and should be word for [Link] example:She said,
"Today's lesson is very difficult".

Indirect Speech

In indirect speech some body else gives the exactmeaningsof a remark or a speech without
necessarily using thespeaker's exact words. [Link] said that he had completed his [Link]
speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn'tuse quotation marks to enclose whata
person has said and itdoesn't have to be word for
word.e.g. Direct speech Indirect speechHe said"I'm going to college". He said that he was going
tocollege. Structure of a Direct SentenceHe said, "I have found a pen".There are Three parts of a
direct speech.i- Inverted commas or quotation marks: These shows that thewords between the
inverted commas are not that of speaker's

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but he quotes other's..ii- Reporting Clause :The part outside the inverted commas iscalled
the reporting clause/[Link] tells about the speaker or the person who is reporting
something..iii- Reported Clause : The part of direct speech sentenceenclosed in inverted
commas is called the reportedclause/[Link] includes the statement or thing which is saidor
reported.e.g. He says, "I have joined a technical college".(Reporting clause) (Reported clause)In
order to change the narration of a sentence you need tochange the above said parts under
some grammatical rules. A. GENERAL [Link] the Reporting Clausei)'Say' and 'Said'
is used in the Indirect speech ifthere is noperson after [Link]) If there is some pronoun or noun
after say or said then'sayto' is changed into 'tell' and 'saidto ' into 'told',He says to me,
"I am going to Lahore". (Direct)He tells me that he is going to Lahore. (Indirect)[Link] the
Inverted CommasInverted commas are changed into 'that' insimple or declartive sentences.3.
Good morning, good noon, good after noon or good eveningare omitted and"greeted" is used
instead of"said" or "told".[Link] said,"Good mornig Mr. Hammad".He greeted Mr. Hammad.4.
'Good night', 'good-bye' and 'farewel' are not [Link]

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sentences are changed into indirect by placing good night,good- bye or farewel immediately
after 'said' and 'to' is usedinstead of 'that'.[Link] said,"Good night Mr. Salman."He said good
night to Mr. Salman.5. 'Sir' and 'Madam' are changed into 'Respectfully' and'respectfully is
written before 'that' in the [Link] said to me,"Sir,I shall attend the class regulrly".He
told me respectfully that he will attend the class [Link]; In other sentences Inverted
commas are changedaccording to the kind of the [Link] CHANGESThree types of
changes are introduced in order tochange a direct speech into Indirect
[Link] asunder.1. Change in the person of pronouns.2. Change in the tense of the
verb.3. Change in certain [Link] IN THE PERSON OF PRONOUNa) If first person (I, we,
my, our, me, us) is used in thereported speech, these are changed according to the subjectof the
reporting speech. e.g. He says, " I am doing my home work". He says that he is doing his
home work.b)If second person (you, your) is used in the reportedclause, this is changed
according to the object of thereporting clause. e.g. You say to him, "You are ill".
(Direct) You tell him that he is ill.(Indirect)c)If third person comes in the reported clause, this
isnot

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changed. e.g. He says, "They are going to Murree". He says that they are going to
[Link] IN THE TENSE OF THE VERBa) If Present Indefinite or Future Indefinite Tense
isused in the reporting clause, no change of tense isneeded in the reported clause. e.g.i- He
says, "You were going to school". He says that I was going to [Link]-You will say, "
I ama student of technical college". You will say that you area student of technical college.b) If
past tense is used in the reporting clause, thechange of tense inthe reported clause takes place
asunder.i) First form of the verb is changed into secondform of verb [Link] Indefinitetense is
changed into Past Indefinitetensee.g. He said, "He eats an apple daily" He said that he ate
an apple dailyii) The second form of the verb is changed into 'had +3rd form'. i.e.(Past Indefinite
-------------- Past Perfect Tense.) She said, "I slept late at night". She said that she had slept late
at [Link]) If 'had' and "3rd form' is used in Direct speech, no
changetakes place in the tense of reported clause. e.g. I said to him, "You had written a
letter". I told him that he had written a [Link]) If some helping verb is used with the verb in the
reported

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clause, only the helping verb is changed and no changein the verb form takes place. Change of
Helping verbIs, am ...................................... was Are ........................................were Was /
Were........................................Had been Has, Have .........................................Had Will, Shall .......
.................................. Would Can ..........................................Could May .........................................
..Might e.g. He said, "I was discussing an important matter. He said that he had been discussing
an important matter.v) With the use of 'Had, Should, Would, Must, Could,Might', as helping verb
in reported speech, nochange is made in the [Link] pronouns
arechanged.e.g. He said, "I must go there". He said that he must go [Link]) The verb used in
the reported clause in case of auniversal truth does not change. It may remain inthe simple
present. e.g. She said, "Honesty is the best policy". She said that honesty is the best
[Link] OF CERTAIN WORDSThe list of the change-able words is given as
underThis............................ThatThese............................ThoseHere............................ThereNow....
........................ThenThus............................So

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Ago............................BeforeHither............................Thither Hence............................ThenceToda
y.............................That dayTonight............................That nightTomorrow............................The n
ext dayYesterday............................The previous dayThe next day............................The following
day Last night............................The previous nightNote :Yes, no, well, hallo, all right, etc are
omitted. EXERCISE1. He said, "This book is very interesting". He told that that book was very
interesting.2. He says, "We shall be here tomorrow". He says that they will be here tomorrow.3.
I said to Salman, "I completed my work
yesterday". I told Salman that I had completed my work thepreviousday.4. I said to him, "Well,
you may go now". I told him that he might go then.5. You say, "It is very hot
today". You say that it is very hot today.6. He said, "Yes, I was here last night". He said that
he had been there the previous night.7. I said to him, "No, it will not rain to-day". I told him that
it would not rain that day.

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[Link] SENTENCES1. For interrogative sentences in the indirect speech,'asked' is

used instead of 'said' or 'said to '.2. 'That' is not used in these sentences.3. If the answer of a
question sentence needs 'yes or'no' then 'if or whether' is used.4. Question form of the
sentence is changed into astatement and no sign of interrogation is used in theindirect
speech.5. The change of tense, person and words is as usualfor other sentences.6. If reported
speech of a sentence begins with, who,what,where,when,how,
(the interrogativepronouns) if or weather is not used. This interrogativepronoun
remains in the indirect speech. e.g.i) He said to me, "Can you teach me". He asked me if I could
teach [Link])He said to me, "What are you doing now. He asked me what I was doing [Link])She
said to me, "Do you know my name". She asked me if I knew her name. EXERCISEi. He said to
me,''Where do you live.''II. Teacher said to me,''Why were you late yesterdy?''iii. They said to
him,'' Did you see Ali?''iv. The stranger said,'' Can you tell me the way to the market?''v. The
couch saidto him,''Why have you not worn uniform?''[Link] SENTENCES(COMMANDS /
REQUESTS / ADVICE)

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1. 'Ordered', 'requested', 'advised' or ' forbade' is usedinstead of 'said' in an imperative

sentence.2. 'That' is not used.3. 'To' replaces the inverted commas.4. After 'to' always first form
of the verb is used. e.g.i) He said to his servant, "Polish the
shoes". He ordered his servant to polish the [Link]) He said to them, "Please do not deceive
me". He requested them not to deceive [Link]) He said to me, "Sit here and do not go to
them". He ordered me to sit there and not to go to [Link]) I said to my brother, "If you go to
the market, buy apen for me". I requested my brother to buy a pen for me if hewent to the
market.v) He said to me, " Do not sit
here ?". He forbade me to sit there.E. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES1. "Exclaimed with joy" ,
"Exclaimed with sorrow" or'exclaimed with wonder' is used instead of ' said'.2. 'That' is used
instead of commas.3. Interjection is omitted in the Indirect speech.4. The reported clause is
changed into a statement.5. Mark of exclamation is omitted in the Indirectspeech. Examples1.
She said, "Hurrah! I have stood first in the class". She exclaimed with joy that she had stood first
inthe class.2. He said, "Alas! I have failed". He exclaimed with sorrow that he had failed.

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3. She said, "what a lovely scene it is!". She exclaimed with wonder that it was
a very lovely scene.4. He said, "How sensible she has been!". He exclaimed with wonder
that she had been verysensible.5. She said, "Oh! I have lost my wrist watch".. She exclaimed
with sorrow that she had lost
her wristwatch.F. OPTATIVE SENTENCES These express wish or prayer and are changedaccording
to the following rules.1. 'Said' is changed into " wished" or "prayed" or'cursed'.2. Mark of
exclamation is omitted in the Indirectspeech.3. 'That' is used instead of commas.4. May is
changed into might and is placed after thesubject.5. Form of the verb is not
changed. Examples1. She said, "May I succeed in the
business". She prayed that she might succeed in the business.2. He said, " Would that I had not
committed a crime". He wished that he had not committed a crime.3. Her mother said, "May
you live long". Her mother prayed that she might live long.4. The old man said, "Would that I
were a rich man". The old man wished that he had been a rich man.5. The woman said to the
naughty boy, "May you goto Hell". The woman cursed for the naughty boy that hemight
go toHell.

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G. THE USE OF 'LET' Let is used in two different meanings.1) In the meanings of permission or
command. e.g.

i)

Let me do my duty. ii)Let the people go [Link].2) In the meanings of proposal. e.g. Let us take
[Link]. In order to change such sentences following rulesarefollowed.1. 'Said' or 'said to'
is changed into 'requested', 'ordered', for the sentences in which let is used for permission
or command.2. Instead of 'that', 'to' is used in these sentences. [Link] said, "Let me do my
duty". He requested to let him do his duty.3. In those sentences where let is used in
themeanings of proposal, 'said' is changed into'proposed' or 'suggested' or'suggested to',
'proposed to', if object is there in the reportingclause.4. 'That' is used in these sentences.5. 'Let'
is used before the subject with the first form ofthe verb.6. 'Should' is used after the subject with
the first formof theverb.Examples1. She said, "let us go to cinema". She proposed
that they should go to cinema.2. They said, "let us play a match". They suggested
that they should play a match.3. I said to my friend, "Let me do my work". I requested my friend
to let me do my work.

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4. He said, "Let me pass". He requested to let him pass.5. He said to the peon, "Let the people
pass". He ordered the peon to let the people pass.6. The Prime Minister said to the police
officer, "Donot let the robbers rob the
people". The Prime Minister ordered the police officer notto let the robbers rob the people.7.
She said, "Let us go to cinema". She proposed that they should go to cinema.8. They said, "Let
us play a match". They suggested that they should play a match.9. Ali said to his friends, "Let us
make merry". Ali suggested to his friends that they shouldmake merry.10.I said to the people,
"Let us take pity on animals". I proposed to the people that we should take pityon
animals. Exercises for practiceEXERCISE NO. 11. He says, "I can speak English".2. He will say, "My
father will buy a new house".3. He said to me, "Yes, Sir, I have solved all thesums".4. She said,
"No, I am not going to my mother's housetoday".5. Hammad said, "Do you work till late
at night?"6. Salman said to me,"when did you buy this goldenwatch?".7. The students said,
"Aha! we are going on a tour".8. She said, "Alas! I lost my ear ring yesterday".9. He said to the
peon, "Get out of the room at once".[Link] said, "Let us work hard to get through
theexamination".
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EXERCISE NO. 21. He says,"I shall not tell a lie".2. The teacher said,"Honesty is the best
policy".3. She said to me,"I have decided to go abroad for higherstudies".4. He said, "I have
been suffering from fever sinceyesterday".5. His brother said to him, "where were you going
yesterday?"6. I said to my friends, "Let us go for a walk".7. She said,"Is there any water in the
jug?"8. I said to my father, "Kindly, give me some moneyto buy new books".9. She said, "What a
beautiful flower it is!"10 I said to him, "Let me have a cup of tea."EXERCISE NO. 31. The students
say, "English is very difficult."2. The teacher said, "Many students are absent today."3. He said to
me, "Salman did not come here."4. She said, "All that glitters is not gold."5. Father said to me,
"Do not keep bad company."6. He said to the servant, "Wait here till I come back."7. She said,
"Alas! My sister has failed in theexamination."8. I said to him, "Why do you waste your time?"9.
He said, "Let us reform ourselves."10.I said to him, "Let me do my work."EXERCISE NO. 41. She
says, "I shall not attend the meetingtomorrow."2. He will say to me, "Are you going to appear
inexamination?"3. I said to him, "Yes, you deserve this honour."4. The mother said, "Look
after your youngerbrother."

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5. Hammad said, "Were you here yesterday ?"6. I said to him, "What are you doing here ?"7. I
said, "What a lovely flower!"8. The people said, "Alas! We have lost a greatleader."9. The
children said, "Hurrah! It is drizzling."[Link] said, "Let us start the game."EXERCISE NO. 51. He
said to me, "I advise you not to waste your time."2. The tailor said to him, "Sir, your shirt is
ready."3. She said to me, "Please, sit down."4. She said, "May you live long!"5. Hammad said,
"How can I reach the station ?"6. She said, "Are you all right now ?"7. The
teacher said,"The Earth revolves round theSun."8. The old man said, "Would that I were child
again."9. He said, "Let him do his home work."[Link] said, "Alas! My friend died in an
accident."EXERCISE NO. 61. He says, "I am speaking the truth."2. The boy said, "Sir, I am sorry
for coming late."3. The beggar said, "Will any body help me ?"4. I said to him, "Why are you
getting angry ?"5. He said, "Alas! I can not attempt all the questions."6. He said, "What a lovely
scene of nature!"7. The General said, "Shoot."8. I said, "Please, lend me your book."9. The old
man said, "May God pardon my sins!"[Link] said, "Would that I had a treasure."EXERCISE NO.
71. Salman said, "I shall go to Lahore tomorrow."
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2. She said, "It is nine o'clock now."3. He said, "My pen is out of order."4. I said to him, "Have
you changed your mind?"5. She said to me, "Will you not take tea?"6. The students said,
"Hurrah! Tomorrow will be aholiday."7. He said, "I can help you."8. The teacher said, "God helps
those who helpthemselves."9. I said to him, "When did he arrive?"10.I said to him, "How did
you come by this pen ?"EXERCISE NO. 81. He said to me, "I shall write a letter to you."2. Salman
said to me,"Sir,I left your book on the table.''3. He said to me, "Do you go out for a walk ?"4. The
stranger said to him, "Why are you laughing ?"5. He said to me, "Do not try to teach me
mybusiness."6. The pious man said, "If you are rich, help thepoor."7. She said, "Alas! All my
plans ended in smoke."8. My friend said to me,"Would that you had won theprize!"9. She said
to me, "How lucky you are!"[Link] said to me, "May your mother get well !"EXERCISE NO. 91.
Hammad said, "My brother is a good singer."2. I said to him, "I shall help you through thick
andthin."3. She said to me, "Can you help me in this matter?"4. They said to us, "When are you
going to perform Hajj ?"5. She said to her son, "May you live long!"6. We said to them, "Would
that you were with us."7. She said to the servant, "Go out and do not comeagain."8. The
teacher said, "All is well that ends well."9. The children said, "Hurrah! It will rain today."10. He
said, "Let us try to solve this problem."

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EXERCISE NO. 101. She says, "I obey my parents."2. They will say, "We do not live
here."3. Salman said to me,"Where were you goingyesterday ?"4. The Principal said, "Tomorrow
will be a holiday."5. He said to me, "Good Morning, Sir."6. The oldman said, "Would that I were
a childagain ?"7. He said to me, "How many brothers have you ?"8. He said, "Let me do my
duty."9. They said, "Let us play at cards to kill the time."[Link] parson said, "May God bless
you!"

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ONE WORDSubstitution
1. Academic Connected with education2 Accountant Someone who keeps and checks
financial accounts.3. Agenda A list of business or subjects to beconsidered at a meeting.4.
Alien A person residing in a country of which he isnot a full-fledged citizen.5. Antiseptic A
substance which kills germs.6. Allergy Adverse reaction of some medicine, food
orenvironment.7. Amateur A person who practices an art for love andnot as a profession.8
Ambassador An important person who represents his country in a foreign country.9.
Ambiguous A statement whose meanings are not [Link] A vehicle used for taking
sick or injuredpersons to a hospital.11. Amnesty General pardon for everyone.12.
Antonym A word opposite in meaning to another.13. Antiseptic A substance which
destroys germs.14. Apprentice One who is learning a trade.15. Arena A place where
wrestlers fight.17. Astronaut One who is trained for space travel.

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18 Astronomy The scientific study of the sun, moon, starsand other planets,
etc.19AtmosphereThe whole mass of air surrounding the earth.20. AuditorA person who checks
[Link] hall for lectures, concerts, [Link] life history of a
person written by himself.

23. BachelorA man who has never been married.24. Bakerywhere bread and biscuits are
made.25. Bankrupt A person who is unable to pay his debt.26. BarometerAn instrument for
measuring atmospheric pressure.27. BulletinA short official statement about someimportant
incident.28. Bilinguala person who can speak two languages.29. BiologyThe science of life, more
particularly ofanimals and plants.30. BotanyScience of plants
and herbs.31. BreweryA place where beer is prepared.

[Link] place where an army has its [Link] person who owns a lot of
money.34. CatalogueA
list of names, books, etc.35. CensusAn official count of a country's totalpopulation
etc.36. CenturyA period of a hundred years.

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37. colleaguesMen who work in the same department of an office.

38. Decade A period of ten years.39. DeckA wooden floor on a ship.40Democracy.A form of
government in which the peoplechoose their leaders and have freedomof speech, thought,
etc.41. DictionaryA book that gives a list of words inalphabetical order with their meaningsand
pronunciations.42. DiplomacyThe art of practice of conducting international
relations.43. DispensaryA
place where medicines are prepared.44. DomesticRelating to the family or household.45.
Domicile A document showing permanent residence.46.
DrawnA match in which niether team wins.47.
DirectoryA book which contains telephone [Link]
addresses.48. DivorceLegal ending of a marriage.49. EdibleA thing that is fit to be eaten.50. Eligi
bleCapable of being chosen under the rules.51. EncyclopediaA book or set of books
dealing everybranch of knowledge.

52. FatalistOne who believes in fate.

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53. FeedbackInformation about a product that a user gives back to the person who sold it.54.
ForeignerA person residing in a country of which he is not a citizen.55. Foundry A place where
metal, glass, etc is meltedand moulded.

56. GermicideA medicine that kills germs.57.

GymnasiumA hall with equipment for physicalexercise.
58. HonoraryAn office for which no salary is paid.

59. IllegalAgainst the law.60. IlliterateA person who can not read or write.61.
ImmunityThe fact of not being affected by adisease.62.
InaudibleA sound that cannot be heard.63. InflammableLiable to catch fire easily.64.
InterpreterA person who translates orally wordsspoken in a foreign
language.65. InsolubleThat cannot be dissolved.

66. Laboratory A place where scientific experiments are systematically carried

on.67. LinguistA person who studies languages.68. ManualA book that gives instructions about
howto use a machine.

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69. ManuscriptA book or piece of writing before it isprinted.70. MechanicA person who is
skilled at repairingmachines.71. MintA place where coins are made.72. Missile An object or
weapon that is thrownat a target.73. MonetaryWith regard to money.74. Motorway A wide
road specially built for fast motortraffic having dual carriage ways, with arestricted number of
places for enteringand living.75. Museum A building in which objects of artistic,cultural,
historical or scientific interestare displayed.

76. NarcoticA medicine that induces sleep.77. NephewThe son of a brother or sister.

78OmnipresencePresent every where (God)79. OpticianOne who tests eyesight and

sellsspectacles and lenses.

80. PatriotA person who loves his country.81. PicnicA short excursion including refreshment out
doors.82. PopularA person liked by all.83. PolyclinicA clinic where the doctors treat patientsfor
illness of all parts of thebody.
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84. PolytechnicA school where many subjects, useful in trades, are taught.85.
PortfolioThe area of responsibility of a particulargovernment.86.
PunctualOne who is always in time.

87. QuackSomeone who pretends to have medical knowledge or skills.88. RefrigeratorA

machine specially designed to keepfood cold.89. SanatoriumA kind of hospital for sick
people.90. SponsorA person or firm that pays for a radio ortelevision program. 91.
TransparentSomething that allows light to passthrough it so that you can see the things through
[Link] children born at the same time.93. UrbanConnected with a town or city.

94. VagabondHaving no fixed home.95.

VegetarianOne who eats vegetables only.96. Verbosecontaining more words than are
wanted.97. VersatileHaving knowledge of many subjects.98. Water proofA cloth which is able to
keep water out.99. Wardrobe A place where clothes are kept or stored.100. ZoologyThe science
of animal life.

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PAIRS OF WORDS

[Link] AdviseYou did not act upon my advice.I advise you to work [Link]
accept your offer.I read all newspapers except "The News".[Link] have no access
to the [Link] of everything is [Link] work affected his [Link] effect
has some [Link] Adept Adapt yourself to new [Link] is adept in
[Link] Alter Bring the cow to the [Link]'t alter your decision again and
[Link] knife is made of [Link] did you steal my pen?[Link]
students do not work [Link] is solving the [Link] like to eat [Link] is
sweating in the [Link] StareThe stairs were covered with [Link] are you staring at
me?[Link] sent me an interesting [Link] bought a bottle of scent.

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[Link] is wearing a [Link] world is a vale of [Link] is her

vocationShe went to Murree during summer [Link] is buying a new [Link]
said good bye to his [Link] was released on [Link] is carrying a large bale of old
books on his [Link] BeerWe saw a bear in the [Link] of beer is forbidden in
[Link] brake of my car is out of [Link]'t break this [Link]
looked beautiful in her bridal [Link] can control a horse with the help of bridle





.[Link] reserve a berth for me in shalamar [Link] is your date of birth?

[Link] Do not beat the children. She likes to eat [Link]-e-Azam was
born in [Link] has borne many difficulties in [Link] went to the beach for
a [Link] is sitting under the beech [Link] mouthwash will make your
breath [Link] in the open air.

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[Link] opened the sails of the [Link] house is for [Link] his soul rest
in [Link] sole of this shoe is very [Link] scene was very beautiful.I have seen
it with my own [Link] canons of Islam are simple and
[Link] are used in [Link]'t cast pearls before swine .Islam discourages
caste [Link] are grazing in the [Link] made the tea in a
[Link] check your [Link] cheque is on the National
[Link] wears clean [Link] works in a cloth
[Link] old servant is my confidant.I am confident of my
[Link] cited many verses from the Holy [Link] engineer went to see the
[Link] bought a beautiful wall [Link] parson was wearing a
[Link] have found a cue to solve the [Link] make a queue to get the ticket.

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[Link] is a member of the Zila [Link] did not accept my

[Link] course of life never runs smooth.I like to wear coarse
[Link] like to wear canvas shoes.I can not covass him for
[Link] After taking poison she went into a [Link](,) shows a pause in
[Link] is the owner of this [Link] keeps a [Link]
deceased was a noble [Link] is not suffering from any disease..[Link] father died of
heart [Link] dyed her shirt [Link] need decent living [Link]
road makes a sharp descent near the [Link] drops look like [Link] did not
pay the dues of the [Link] father died in [Link] dyed her shirt
[Link] two doses of this medicine [Link] is dozing in the class.

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[Link] is a good device for sharpening [Link] devised a good

[Link] are eligible for this postYour hand writing is
[Link], give me an [Link] the child in a
[Link] was the king of a great [Link] is an honest
[Link] economic condition is [Link] is doing M.A. in
[Link] ForeTwo and two make [Link] fore-head was wounded in an
[Link] FareHe went to a fair [Link] is the bus fare from Multan to Lahore?
[Link] Further We are too tired to walk any [Link] further said that he would not help
[Link] juggler showed some interesting [Link]'t make your feet
[Link] Don't put the flour on the [Link] has set up a flour [Link]
is a foul [Link] keeps fowls and sells the eggs.

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Yours respectfully, Very truly yours, Cordially yours,[Link] SignaturesThe signature is the signed
name of the officer writingthe letter. It is placed below the complimentary close. Name
of company and business title may also be [Link] name is printed or typed, signatures
should be in ink aboveit.B:NON-ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A BUSINESS LETTERWhen appropriate any
of these optional parts may beincluded in a business letter. The optional or non-essentialparts
of a business letter are:1-Attention line2-Subject [Link] [Link] or
account [Link] [Link] [Link] LineTo ensure prompt attention,
sometimes a letter which isaddressed to a firm or a company needed the attention of
aparticular officer, either by designation or by name in thatorganisation. This line is generally
underlined."Attention: The Sales Manager" or ("Attention" Mr. A. B.)[Link] LineThe purpose
of the subject line is to let the reader knowimmediately what the message is about. It also helps
in [Link] subject line may include or omit the word 'Subject'. It isusually placed on the
second line below the salutation andcentred or placed with the left margin. Typing may be
capitals

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and lowercase and under-lined or bold or all [Link]:Subject: Supply of Construction

MaterialsSubject: SUPPLY OF CONSTRUCTION [Link] there is anything
attached to the letter, it must beindicated against the enclosure line which is to be typed
twospaces below the identification or reference [Link] the abbreviated form is typed
against which thenumber of enclosures is [Link]: [Link] NotationWhen the persons
other than the addressee areintended to receive the copy of the letter, the names of
thesepersons arranged in order of importance or in alphabeticalorder, should be typed in a copy
notation. It is placed belowthe reference initials or enclosure notation. Type 'cc' before
therecipients' name or 'pc', if it is a [Link] / Account Number In some firms, for the
ease in filing and quickrecognition for both the sender and reader, the accountnumber is typed
above the body of the letter at a conspicuousplace. Account No.______________6.Mailing
NotationWords such as 'Special delivery', 'Certified Mail' may betyped below the date line and
at least a double space beforethe inside [Link] ScriptTo emphasize a point, already
mentioned or not, a

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personal

message is included, unrelated to the letter under thecaption of Post Script or PS. It may be
typed or hand writtenwith or without the word 'Post Script'. It should be added
beloweverything else typed or written on the [Link] OF A BUSINESS [Link] Letter of
Request A letter of request asks for information or services froman organization or an individual.
In this kind of a letter, first of all the writer tells about him or herself. Then he explains
thereason why he needs assistance and a specific request ismade. If services involve a date,
time and place, these arespecified and it is concluded [Link] Order Letter The 'Order
Letter' places an order for manufacturedgoods, materials or something else that requires
[Link] in mind the following instructions while writing this [Link] the necessary
information about the item or items thatyou are ordering. If you are ordering manufactured
goods,specify the quantity, size, model, colour and [Link] you are enclosing payment, state
the amount you [Link]
Letter An Acknowledgement Letter is written to informsomeone that you have received
something sent to you. Itshould be short, polite, giving note when the item arrived
andexpressing thanks.4. Complaint Letter

'

A letter of complaint', states a problem and asks that tobe corrected. It is usually written to a
company or anorganization whose product or service has displeased you.

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Following instructions are helpful in writing this kind of [Link] all the necessary details of
the [Link] polite but firm. A courteous tone is more likely to get apositive response than
a rude [Link] for specific action, and indicate that you assume that thisaction will be
[Link] Letter of AdjustmentThis type of letter is written in response to a complaint
[Link] points should be considered for writing this type of letter:[Link] with whatever
you believe the reader will consider good [Link] what caused the [Link]
specifically how you intend to make the [Link] appreciation to the customer for
calling your attention to the [Link] out any steps you may be taking to prevent
[Link] what you are doing to correct [Link] company's [Link]
Letter of Inquiry'A letter of inquiry' asks about job openings at acompany or about the
procedure for applying for something inwhich you are interested.(a)Identify yourself.(b)Explain
the reasons of your interest in that job or thing.(c)Ask for company's job application and related
printedmaterial. (d)Conclude [Link] Letter of
Application A Letter of Application states that you should be

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considered for a job, be allowed to enroll in a school or permitted to join an organisation.

Following steps should betaken to write an application [Link] the job, school, course,
club, or organisation to whichyou are [Link] yourself
.

[Link] relevant informationconcerning time, hours and so

on. [Link] explain your [Link] thenames and addresses ofpeople who may
be contacted for references (ifany).[Link] your telephone number at which you can be

[Link] courteously

APPLICATIONS An application to the chairman wapda for the post of sub-engineer.

The Chairman,Wapda, Lahore. Subject:

Appointment as Sub-Engineer.

Sir,With reference to your advertisement, published in "TheDaily Jang" about the vacant posts
of Sub-Engineers inWAPDA.I offer my candidature for one of those posts becauseI fulfill your
requirements.I have acquired three years diploma in ElectricalTechnology and 5 years
experience inthe relevant field as

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supervisor.I have electrified many government and [Link] C.V. is attatched.I

hope that you willgive me a chance to utilize myexperience and ability in this [Link] for
positive response. Yours obediently,Date:02-05-20--. X.Y.Z.

My particulars are as under:

(i)Name:X.Y.Z(ii)Father's Name:A.B.C(iii)Qualification:DAE (Electrical)(iv)Date of Birth:13-09-

1980(v)I.D Card No.123(vi)Domicile:Punjab(vii)Experience:5 years as Sub Engineer (viii)Address:-
--------------------------------

APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF INSTRUCTOR [Link].

The District Manager,TEVTA, [Link]:

Application for the post of Instructor.

Sir, I have come to know through the advertisement in theDaily 'Jang' that there are some posts
of Junior Instructors

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lying vacant under your kind control. I offer my services for oneof the above mentioned posts. I
belong to a noble family. I amblessed by 'God' with sound health. My particulars are
asunder:[Link]: -------------------[Link]'s Name: -------------------[Link] of birth: -------------------
[Link]: -------------------[Link] Qualification: --------------------[Link]:
----------------------[Link] ---------------------Sir, I assure you that if I am given a chance I will try
mybest to satisfy my higher authorities with my habit of hardworking. Thank [Link]
obediently,Date:22-03-20--. X.Y.Z

APPLICATION TO THE PRINCIPAL REQUESTINGHIM/HER FOR SCHOLARSHIP.

The Principal,[Link] of technology, A.B.C (City) Sir,It is respectfully stated that I am a

student of first year inyour college under the roll # 1828. My academic record showsthat I have
been an intelligent as well as punctual student

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since my [Link] is respectfully stated that I secured 85% marks in thelast board
examination. I wish to continue my study with thesame zeal and zest. My father is a clerk in
a private firm. He isunable to afford the study expenses of all my youngers. I amthe eldest of my
family. If I don't receive the financialassistance by the college authorities, I shall have to
sacrificemy education for the better future of my brothers and sisters.I therefore, humbly
request you to approve financialassistance/scholarship. I'll be gratefulto you for this [Link]
obediently,X.Y.Z. (Name)Class: 1st year Date: May 12, [Link] #: 1828

APPLICATION TO THE PRINCIPAL TO GRANT YOU FEECONCESSION

The Principal,Government College, A.B.C. (City)Subject:

Grant of fee concession.

Sir,I beg to state that I am a student of first year of DAE inyour college under the Roll # 1828.
My academic record showsthat I have been an intelligent as well as punctual studentsince my
[Link], my father is a clerk with a family of six members. Itis very difficult to make both
ends meet within his smallincome. Two of my youngers are also studying in other colleges. It is
very difficult to pay the fee of all of us. In this

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hard situation, I cannot continue my education without feeconcession. I am a good debater.

Education is the goal of mylife. But my father cannot bear the expenses of my education.I shall
be much obliged if you kindly grant me a full feeconcession so that I may continue my
education. I shall bevery thankful to [Link] obediently,X.Y.Z. (Name)Class: 1st
year Date: May 12, [Link] #: 1828

Application to the Principal apologizing for misconduct.

The Principal,Govt. college of technology, A.B.C. Subject: MisconductHonourable

Sir, It is stated that I am student of first year DAEin your college under roll no. 45. My academic
record showsthat I have been an intelligent as well as punctual studentsince my
admission. Regretfully admitted that I have misbehaved inmy class. I am very sorry for this.
Actually,I had no intention tomisbehave with my teacher in class. I was just out of mysenses at
that time. Therefore, I humbly apologize for it andassure you that I will never do such a blunder
in future. Kindly,parden me this time and give me a chance to sit in the
class. I shall be thankful to you for this favour. Yours obediently,

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Date: 10-05-20--. X.Y.Z.

Application to the Principal for sick leave.

The Principal,Govt. college of technology, A.B.C. Subject: Sick leaveHonourable

Sir, It is humbly stated that I am student of firstyear DAE in your college under roll no. 112. I
have a very goodacademic [Link], it is brought to your kind information thatI have
been suffering from typhoid fever since the last [Link], I could not attend the class for two
weeks because thedoctor has advised me to take bed
rest. I shall be much obliged if you kindly grant me leave for two weeks. I have attached my
medical [Link] obediently, Date:15-03-20--. X.Y.Z.

APPLICATION TO THE PRINCIPAL FOR CONDONING ATTENDANCE.

The Principal,Government College, A.B.C. (City)Sub:

Condoning Attendence

Sir,Most respectfully, it is stated that I have been sufferingfrom chest infection and could not
attend my classes onregular basis. Later on my mother became sick. All these

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problems have resulted into the shortage of my attendance inthe college. This situation is a
serious concern for me. Ipromise that I shall do my best to compensate my [Link] forgive
me and condone my attendance whichwill enable me to appear in the examination. I shall be
verythankful to youfor this [Link] obediently, X.Y.Z. (Name)Class: 1st
year Date: May 12, 20--. Roll #: 1828

BUSINESS [Link] Inquiry Letter for Price List.

Eagle Electric Company,5-Beadon Road, Lahore. April 15, 20--.M/s Pak Fans,Gujrat Road,
[Link]:

Inquiry for Price List

Dear Sirs,You will be pleased to know that we require 200 ceilingfans of various sizes. As your
reputation for manufacturingquality fans is well known. We have decided to contact you inorder
to meet our [Link] send us your price list of the latestmodels of ceiling fans under
register cover at your [Link] regards.

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Yours truly, X.Y.Z.

2. A letter for placing an order.

Fahad electric store, Railway Road, Lahore. July 15, [Link] Sales Officer,Pak
Fan,G.T. Road, [Link]:

Supply Order

Dear Sirs,Referring your letter No. 102 dated 29th, June [Link] are pleased to inform you that
your rates of fans of different specifications have been found the lowest. We havedecided to
contact you in order to meet our [Link] are requested to supply standard and quality
fans as per quantity mentioned below.1. 200 Ceiling Fans2. 100 Exhaust Fans3. 50 Pedestal
FansThe delivery should be done within a month till 15th of [Link] payment will be made
through bank after the delivery of all the [Link] truly,X.Y.Z.

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3. A comlaint letter about defective goods.

Fahad electric store

Railway Road, [Link] 12,[Link] Sales Officer,Pak Fan,G.T Road, GujratSubject:

Complaint about defective fans.

Dear Sir,Reference letter No. 171 dated 15th July, [Link] are grateful to you for the supply of
different fans to our [Link] supply is [Link] we regret to inform youthat 20 ceiling
fans, 10 exhaust fans and 6 pedestal fans aredefective, sub-standard and different in sizeas is
mentioned inour [Link] will be obliged if you replace [Link] defective items will
be returned after receiving thereplacement. Yours truly, X.Y.Z.

4. A complait letter about delay in supply of an order.

Hammad book centre, Main market, Lahore. May 22, 20--. A.B.C. publishers,Urdu bazar,
[Link]: Delay in order

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Dear Sirs, Please, Refer to our letter no. 253, dated: 20-04-20--,in which we placed an order with
you for a few books andstationery items. We regret to say that we have not receivedthese
things as yet. This delay has caused us greatinconvenience. Therefore, we request you to send
the ordereditems within fifteen days without fail. Yours truly,

X.Y.Z.

5. SALES LETTER (Introducing a New Product) ABC Electronics,Hall

road, Lahore. April 24, [Link] Traders,Jinnah Road,
Karachi. Subject: Introducion of a new productDear Sirs,We announce with the greatest
pleasure that we havedeveloped a new brand of UPS which we have recentlyintroduced in
the market. This UPS is the result of years of difficult research and is the best of its kind
available in [Link] do not boast but our customers have told us thatthis UPS will push
every other UPS out of the [Link] will

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be surprised to know that the price of ourUPS is very low andthe quality is far superior to
[Link] are sending you a few samples by our salesmanwith price list.

Yours truly,

X.Y.Z

ESSAY WRITINGIn almost all the examinations, an essay is employed as a testof the ability of a
candidate to write clear, simple and correct
English. No examination is thought to be completed in which students are notasked to write an
essay on a given subject. Thus the essay is anintegral part of an examination. For sure success in
essay-writing, itneeds a lot of practice.A Pakistani student faces problems in writing an essay in
English. Heconsiders it not only difficult but also quite a boring task. Most of thestudents
complain that they don't have such a store of ideas at their disposal as could cover the range of
an essay. Essay-writing is aninteresting exercise but it needs a lot of effort and practice to
becomea good essayist. To become a good essay-writer one needs to:-

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1. Read 2. Observe 3. Think 4. PractiseA student must read sufficient bit of material on
differenttopics, he must observe his surroundings keenly and think about thehappening of the
world. After getting information and knowledge, astudent has to make a lot of practice. It is very
rightly said "practicemakes a man perfect".While practising the essay-writing following steps
should [Link] starting to write an essay, try to understand the [Link] the
material in logical [Link] an out line of the subject. In this outline you should write
down all the points you are going to discussin the [Link] making an outline, you may start
the essay. A good essay should have following features:[Link] introduction should be
a forceful one. It should explainthe meanings of the subject.2.A good essay is written in
the form of small paragraphs, eachdealing with only one [Link] paragraphs should have
causal [Link] language used in the essay should always be simple and free from
[Link] should be used correctly. A misquotation may mar the impact of an
[Link] essay should be free from digressions. It should be writtento the point and every
sentence should deal with the main subject..

Essays

[Link] EDUCATION

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