B.
Stat-1211
Statistics for Engineers
Farhana Hasan
Professor
Department of Statistics
University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205,
Bangladesh
E-mail: fswatee07@[Link]
Analysis of Statistical
Data
• Collects numbers or data
• Systematically organizes or arranges the data
• Analyzes the data…extracts relevant
information to provide a complete numerical
description
• Infers general conclusions about the problem
using this numerical description
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Uses of Statistics
• Statistics is a theoretical discipline in its
own right
• Statistics is a tool for researchers in other
fields
• Used to draw general conclusions in a large
variety of applications
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Common Problem
• Decision or prediction about a large body of
measurements which cannot be totally enumerated.
Examples
• Forecasting the winner of an election (population too
big; people change their minds)
Solutions
Collect a smaller set of measurements that will
(hopefully) be representative of the larger set.
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Data and Statistics
• Data consists of information coming from
observations, counts, measurements, or responses.
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing,
analyzing, and interpreting data in order to make
decisions.
A population is the collection of all outcomes,
responses, measurement, or counts that are of interest.
A sample is a subset of a population.
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Example
•Variable
•Time until a
light bulb burns out
•Experimental unit
•Light bulb
•Typical Measurements
•1500 hours, 1535.5 hours, etc.
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Measurement Scales/Level
Nominal
ofor things that are mutually exclusive/non-overlapping
othere is no order or ranking
oFor example: gender (male or female), religion.
Ordinal
o can be ordered, but not precisely.
o For example : health quality (excellent, good, adequate, bad,
terrible)
Interval
oinvolves measurements, but there is no meaningful zero.
oFor example : temperature.
Ratio
oinvolves measurements, it can be ranked and there are precise
differences between the ranks, as well as having a meaningful zero.
oFor example: height, time, or weight
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Types of Variables
Qualitative Quantitative
Discrete Continuous
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Types of Variables
•Qualitative variables measure a quality or characteristic
on each experimental unit.
•Examples:
•Hair color (black, brown, blonde…)
•Make of car (Dodge, Honda, Ford…)
•Gender (male, female)
•State of birth (California, Arizona,….)
•Quantitative variables measure a numerical quantity on
each experimental unit.
Discrete if it can assume only a finite or countable number of values.
Continuous if it can assume the infinitely many values corresponding to the points on a
line interval.
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Examples
• For each orange tree in a grove, the number of
oranges is measured.
• Quantitative discrete
• For a particular day, the number of cars entering a
college campus is measured.
• Quantitative discrete
• Time until a light bulb burns out
• Quantitative continuous
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Statistical Methods
Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics
• Utilizes numerical and graphical methods to look for
patterns in the data set.
• The data can either be a representation of the entire
population or a sample
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Descriptive Statistics
Graphical Numerical
Qualitati Quantitat Qualitativ Quantitat
ve ive e ive
•Bar/Pie Chart
•Bar Chart •Line Plot (Time •Central Tendency
•Pie Chart Series) •Tables, •Dispersion
•Dotplot frequency, (Variability)
•Stem-and-Leaf percentage,
Plot cumulative
•Histogram percentage
•Ogive •Cross
•Boxplot tabulation
Note: Some graphs require a tabular
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representation (frequency distribution)
An Introduction to Statistics
and Probability
by
M. Nurul Islam
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An Introduction to
Statistics
and
Probability
by
M. Nurul Islam
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