5'" GRADE g REFERENCE PAGESGENERAL GRAMMAR NOUN Definition: a word that names a person, place, or thing. Example: Jan is an amazing person. PRONOUN Definition: a word that replaces a noun without specifying a name. Example: She is an amazing person. ANTECEDENT Definition: the word that which a pronoun replaces. Example: Jack is in a rush, he left quickly. Jack is the antecedent, and is replaced with the pronoun he. at) Definition: a word that indicates action or a state of being Example: She walked to the park. ADJECTIVE Definition: a word that describes or modifies nouns and pronouns. Example: The dog was happy to go on a walk. ADVERB Definition: a word that modifies a verb, adjective, phrase, or clause by indicating how, when, where, or how much. Example: The teacher spoke slowly to the students. CONJUNCTION Definition: a word that links other words, phrases, or clauses together. Common conjunction include and, if, or, and but. Example: | was very tired, so | took a nap. COLON Introduces a list, summary, or important conclusion. Please buy: eggs, milk, chocolate. COMMA Indicates slight pauses and reading and differentiates sentence parts. | thought it would storm, and it did. bya Sets off a parenthetical phrase or points attention to a summary conclusion Steve Jobs-founder of Apple- was creative. PARENTHESIS Set off a loosely related phrase. His friend (more of an acquaintance) was missing from the meeting QUOTATION MARKS Represent text as speech. She said, “I would love to meet.” SEMICOLON Used to join independent clauses. Max loved to shoot hoops; it was his passion.5' GRADE SPECIFIC >>>>>> SKILLS <«K<««< FORMATTING TITLES It is important to format or punctuate titles appropriately. There are two ways to format titles: italicize or quotation marks. Italicize the titles of books, movies, tv shows, plays, newspapers, and magazines. (If you're handwriting the title, you should underline instead.) Example: A Midsummer Nights Dream is a wonderful play by Shakespeare. Use quotation marks for articles, songs, poems, and short stories. Example: “You Are My Sunshine" has always been one of my favorite songs. DIALECTS Dialects are a form of language that is specific to a region or social group. Example: American Dialect: booger British Dialect: bogey FORMAL VS. INFORMAL Formal register is used for final drafts, speaking with a principal, etc. You use complete sentences, correct grammar, and a serious tone. Example: | am very bothered by her. She seems to be immature. Informal register is used for speaking with someone you know well and are familiar with. Example: | seriously can't stand her. She is so petty. IDIOMS a CoS tS Al m is a phrase that Proverbs are short An adage is similar to a means something phrases that give proverb. However, an different than what the advice. They provide adage usually tell a words in the phrase you with something to universal truth. They are mean on their own. think about and impart older and more well Example: | didn't know wisdom. known. you knew Alvin, too, Example: The early bird Example: A watched 5 wow, it's a small world! catches the worm. pot never boils. 3PREPOSITION Prepositions tell where or when something is in relation to something else. Example: The wild bear is behind you. INTERJECTION Interjections are words you put in between sentences or thoughts to express a sudden feeling. Example: Ouch! That bee just stung me! CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Correlative Conjunctions connect two subjects together. Example: Either mom will answer the phone, or it will go to voicemail. VERB TENSE AGREEMENT The tense of a verb tells wnen something happens. It is important to not shift tenses between sentences unless you need to reflect a change of time. Incorrect: Abigail grabbed the microphone and speaks to the crowd Correct: Abigail grabs the microphone and speaks to the crowd. PERFECT VERB TENSE The perfect verb tense usually describes completed actions. It tells about something that has, had, or will have happened. We had finished lunch by the time Max arrived. ANALOGIES Analogies compare two things that are thought to be different, but have something in common. They key to solving analogies is to look for relationships. Antonyms Synonyms unlucky: fortunate :: unthankful: grateful several: many :: normal: ordinary Characteristics Part/Whole gooey: cookie :: hot: coffee brick: brick wall :: rock: gravel road Degree Type scalding: hot :: freezing: cold cardinal: bird :: calico: cat Function/ Purpose Action/ Object scissors: Cut :: alarm: warns swim: pool :: jog: track6" GRADE g REFERENCE PAGESGENERAL GRAMMAR NOUN Definition: a word that names a person, place, or thing. Example: Jan is an amazing person. PRONOUN Definition: a word that replaces a noun without specifying a name. Example: She is an amazing person. ANTECEDENT Definition: the word that which a pronoun replaces. Example: Jack is in a rush, he left quickly. Jack is the antecedent, and is replaced with the pronoun he. at) Definition: a word that indicates action or a state of being Example: She walked to the park. ADJECTIVE Definition: a word that describes or modifies nouns and pronouns. Example: The dog was happy to go on a walk. ADVERB Definition: a word that modifies a verb, adjective, phrase, or clause by indicating how, when, where, or how much. Example: The teacher spoke slowly to the students. CONJUNCTION Definition: a word that links other words, phrases, or clauses together. Common conjunction include and, if, or, and but. Example: | was very tired, so | took a nap. COLON Introduces a list, summary, or important conclusion. Please buy: eggs, milk, chocolate. COMMA Indicates slight pauses and reading and differentiates sentence parts. | thought it would storm, and it did. bya Sets off a parenthetical phrase or points attention to a summary conclusion Steve Jobs-founder of Apple- was creative. PARENTHESIS Set off a loosely related phrase. His friend (more of an acquaintance) was missing from the meeting QUOTATION MARKS Represent text as speech. She said, “I would love to meet.” SEMICOLON Used to join independent clauses. Max loved to shoot hoops; it was his passion.6' GRADE SPECIFIC >>>>>> SKILLS <«K<««< INTENSIVE PRONOUNS A pronoun that emphasizes the word to which it refers. The stars themselves eat at that restaurant. VAGUE PRONOUNS If a pronoun does not clearly match the antecedent, it is vague an can confuse the reader. Wrong: Sally and her mother knew she was in trouble. -This sentence is not clear as to who is in trouble. Correct: Sally was in trouble, and her mother knew it too. - This sentence shows it is Sally who is in trouble. NONRESTRICTIVE ELEMENTS A nonrestrictive element adds extra information to a sentence without changing the meaning. Use parenthesis when the nonrestrictive element is slightly related to the topic. +The bus (that | always seem to miss) was running late today. Use dashes when the nonrestrictive element is not really related to the topic. + Could she-should she even try- to cross the rickety bridge? Use commas when the nonrestrictive element is related to the topic. + The White House, built in 1792, is the official residence of the president. BY is olan dd) It is important to include a variety of sentence types in your writing to help keep your readers interested. A simple sentence is made up of a subject and a verb. + Alivia ran to her room. A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences joined by conjunction: We want to go to the movies, but we don't have a ride. A complex sentence is made up of one simple sentence, and one incomplete sentence. + Since | was late to school, | missed my opportunity to eat breakfast.6' GRADE SPECIFIC >>>>>> SKILLS <«<««< PRONOUN SHIFTS Pronouns should match other pronouns, and it's antecedent in number and person. If not, itis called a pronoun shift Wrong: If someone sees a friend at school, they should tell them hello. Correct: If someone sees a friend at school, he or she should tell them hello. ANALOGIES Analogies compare two things that are thought to be different, but have something in common. They key to solving analogies is to look for relationships. Antonyms Synonyms fortunate :: |: several: many :: normal: ordinary grateful Characteristics Part/Whole gooey: cookie :: hot: coffee brick: brick walll :: rock: gravel road Degree Type scalding: hot :: freezing: cold cardinal: bird :: calico: cat Function/ Purpose Action/ Object scissors: cut :: alarm: warns swim: pool :: jog: track CONNOTATIONS A denotation is the definition of a word. The connota connected with the word, it can be positive or negative. Positive Connotation: She seems so Negative Connotation: She seems so youthful. immature. SUBJECTIVE, OBJECTIVE, AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Subject pronouns preform the action in the sentence.— Example: I ride the bus to school everyday. Object pronouns receive the action in a sentence.—Example: | drive her to school everyday. Possessive pronouns show possession in a sentence.—-Example: | take her car to school everyday.7™ GRADE g REFERENCE PAGESGENERAL GRAMMAR NOUN Definition: a word that names a person, place, or thing. Example: Jan is an amazing person. PRONOUN Definition: a word that replaces a noun without specifying a name. Example: She is an amazing person. ANTECEDENT Definition: the word that which a pronoun replaces. Example: Jack is in a rush, he left quickly. Jack is the antecedent, and is replaced with the pronoun he. at) Definition: a word that indicates action or a state of being Example: She walked to the park. ADJECTIVE Definition: a word that describes or modifies nouns and pronouns. Example: The dog was happy to go on a walk. ADVERB Definition: a word that modifies a verb, adjective, phrase, or clause by indicating how, when, where, or how much. Example: The teacher spoke slowly to the students. CONJUNCTION Definition: a word that links other words, phrases, or clauses together. Common conjunction include and, if, or, and but. Example: | was very tired, so | took a nap. COLON Introduces a list, summary, or important conclusion. Please buy: eggs, milk, chocolate. COMMA Indicates slight pauses and reading and differentiates sentence parts. | thought it would storm, and it did. bya Sets off a parenthetical phrase or points attention to a summary conclusion Steve Jobs-founder of Apple- was creative. PARENTHESIS Set off a loosely related phrase. His friend (more of an acquaintance) was missing from the meeting QUOTATION MARKS Represent text as speech. She said, “I would love to meet.” SEMICOLON Used to join independent clauses. Max loved to shoot hoops; it was his passion.GENERAL GRAMMAR SPELLING AND PUNCTUATION RULES Proofread all of your work, and make sure it follows the rules below. Capitalize Proper Nouns Capitalize Titles of Works Taylor Swift's concert was the best I've Have you seen The Little Mermaid? been to. Capitalize Days of the Week, Months of | Capitalize the first word in the sentence the Year, and Holidays and the letter | We celebrate Independance Day in Sometimes | fall asleep when | watch July. movies. Put punctuation at the end of each Put punctuation inside quotation marks sentence. He said, “Pick me up a drink when you Sometimes | fall asleep when | watch go to the store.” movies. Put a comma in between a city and Use a comma after a dialogue tag. state. She yelled, “Don't forget your We visited Denver, Colorado. backpack!” COORDINATING ADJECTIVES Coordinating Adjectives are more than one adjective that describe a noun. When this happens, you must use a comma to separate the adjectives. Incorrect: Smart funny Julie was the best | Correct: Smart, funny Julie was the best student in the class. student in the class. CONNOTATIONS A denotation is the definition of a word. The connotation is the feeling that is connected with the word, it can be positive or negative. Positive Connotation: She seems so Negative Connotation: She seems so youthful. immature.7" GRADE SPECIFIC >>>>>> SKILLS <«e««< An independent clause contains a subject and verb and is a complete thought. Example: | went to the store Pas ee SS A dependent clause contains a subject and verb but is not a complete thought. Many times, they begin with subordinate conjunctions. Example: Because | was hungry BY hi fol addy It is important to include a variety of sentence types in your writing to help keep your readers interested. A simple sentence is made up of a subject and a verb. * Alivia ran to her room. A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences joined by conjunctions. + We want to go to the movies, but we don't have a ride. A complex sentence is made up of one simple sentence, and one incomplete sentence. * Since | was late to school, | missed my opportunity to eat breakfast. ANALOGIES Analogies compare two things that are thought to be different, but have something in common. They key to solving analogies is to look for relationships. Antonyms Synonyms unlucky: fortunate :: unthankful: grateful several: many :: normal: ordinary Characteristics Part/Whole gooey: cookie :: hot: coffee brick: brick wall :: rock: gravel road Degree Type scalding: hot :: freezing: cold cardinal: bird :: calico: cat Function/ Purpose Action/ Object scissors: Cut :: alarm: warns swim: pool :: jog: trackGERUND PHRASES A gerund phrase is a phrase that starts with a verb ending in -ing that acts as a noun (subject, direct object, object of the preposition) in a sentence. As a subject: Running a marathon is my lifelong goal. As a direct object: | enjoy reading by the ocean. As the object of a preposition: When he didn't get the toy, he resorted to begging. UU SLs) An infinitive phrase is a phrase that begins with to + the simple form of a verb. They can act as nouns, adjectives or adverbs in sentences. As a noun: Philip hoped to finish middle school with straight As. As an adjective: The only way to make a goal is to shoot for the rim. As an adverb: Jessica went to the mall to find a new dress. Nel gaa) a) A participle phrase begins with a verb ending in -ing or -ed. These phrases act as adjectives in sentences. MISPLACED MODIFIERS A misplaced modifier occurs with the modifier is located too far away from what is being modified. To correct these, you must move the modifier or the modifying phrase to be closer to what is being modified. Incorrect: Michael wore his one button-up shirt to the dance, which unfortunately had a red ketchup stain on it. Correct: Michael wore his one button-up shirt, which unfortunately had a red ketchup stain on it, to the dance. DANGLING MODIFIERS A dangling modifier occurs when it is not clear what is being modified. These are confusing to the reader. To correct these, you must add in a subject that matches the modifier. Incorrect: Tired, a nap was taken. Correct: Because Adam was tired, he took a nap. The dog running up to me is my neighbors’ dog. Draped neatly on the hanger, Lisa hung the dress in her closet. APPOSITIVE PHRASES An appositive phrase is a noun phrase that renames a noun right beside it. My best friend, Tod, went to the movies with me.8" GRADE g REFERENCE PAGESGENERAL GRAMMAR NOUN Definition: a word that names a person, place, or thing. Example: Jan is an amazing person. PRONOUN Definition: a word that replaces a noun without specifying a name. Example: She is an amazing person. ANTECEDENT Definition: the word that which a pronoun replaces. Example: Jack is in a rush, he left quickly. Jack is the antecedent, and is replaced with the pronoun he. at) Definition: a word that indicates action or a state of being Example: She walked to the park. ADJECTIVE Definition: a word that describes or modifies nouns and pronouns. Example: The dog was happy to go on a walk. ADVERB Definition: a word that modifies a verb, adjective, phrase, or clause by indicating how, when, where, or how much. Example: The teacher spoke slowly to the students. CONJUNCTION Definition: a word that links other words, phrases, or clauses together. Common conjunction include and, if, or, and but. Example: | was very tired, so | took a nap. COLON Introduces a list, summary, or important conclusion. Please buy: eggs, milk, chocolate. COMMA Indicates slight pauses and reading and differentiates sentence parts. | thought it would storm, and it did. bya Sets off a parenthetical phrase or points attention to a summary conclusion Steve Jobs-founder of Apple- was creative. PARENTHESIS Set off a loosely related phrase. His friend (more of an acquaintance) was missing from the meeting QUOTATION MARKS Represent text as speech. She said, “I would love to meet.” SEMICOLON Used to join independent clauses. Max loved to shoot hoops; it was his passion.8" GRADE SPECIFIC >>>>>> SKILLS <«Ke««< SHIFT IN VOICE OR MOOD Inappropriate shifts in voice or mood happen when the noun number does not match that of the verb in the sentence. Incorrect: Since summer started, Penelope has been reading and took sailing lessons. Correct: Since summer started, Penelope has been reading and taking sailing lessons. 1aaRT ATS} An ellipses (...) is used when there are unnecessary details or there is an omission of words. The newspaper reporter quoted the politician as saying, “My true hope is that...we come together as a nation.” ANALOGIES Analogies compare two things that are thought to be different, but have something in common. They key to solving analogies is to look for relationships. Antonyms Synonyms unlucky: fortunate :: unthankful: grateful several: many :: normal: ordinary Characteristics Part/Whole gooey: cookie :: hot: coffee brick: brick wall :: rock: gravel road Degree Type scalding: hot :: freezing: cold cardinal: bird :: calico: cat Function/ Purpose Action/ Object swim: pool :: jog: track CONNOTATIONS ‘A denotation is the definition of a word. The connotation is the feeling that is connected with the word, it can be positive or negative. Positive Connotation: She seems so Negative Connotation: She seems so youthful.GERUND PHRASES A gerund phrase is a phrase that starts with a verb ending in -ing that acts as a noun (subject, direct object, object of the preposition) in a sentence. As a subject: Running a marathon is my lifelong goal. As a direct object: | enjoy reading by the ocean. As the object of a preposition: When he didn't get the toy, he resorted to beaging INFINITIVE PHRASES An infinitive phrase is a phrase that begins with to + the simple form of a verb. They can act as nouns, adjectives or adverbs in sentences. As a noun: Philip hoped to finish middle school with straight As. As an adjective: The only way fo make a goal is to shoot for the rim. As an adverb: Jessica went to the mall to find a new dress. PARTICIPLE PHRASES A participle phrase begins with a verb ending in -ing or -ed. These phrases act as adjectives in sentences. The dog running up to me is my neighbors’ dog. Draped neatly on the hanger, Lisa hung the dress in her closet. Na Tes aes) sy An appositive phrase is a noun phrase that renames a noun right beside it. My best friend, Tod, went to the movies with me. INDICATIVE Asentence isin indicative mood it expresses a fact or opinion. The lunch today is meatloaf. IMPERATIVE Asentence is in imperative mood when it give a command. Pick your toys! INTERROGATIVE A sentence is in interrogative mood when it asks a question. What's your favorite food? CONDITIONAL A sentence is in conditional mood when it expresses a possibilty. It usually uses could, would, or might. We might go to the park after schoo! today. SUBJUNCTIVE A sentence is in subjunctive mood when it expresses something contrary to fact or makes a suggestion. Often this sentence has a that clause. | wish | were a little bit taller. ACTIVE VOICE Active Voice is when the subject in the sentence is performing the action in the sentence. Michelle threw the ball. PASSIVE VOICE Passive Voice is when the subject in the sentence is the object being acted upon. The ball was thrown by Michelle.MIDDLE SCHOOL g REFERENCE PAGESGENERAL GRAMMAR NOUN Definition: a word that names a person, place, or thing. Example: Jan is an amazing person. PRONOUN Definition: a word that replaces a noun without specifying a name. Example: She is an amazing person. ANTECEDENT Definition: the word that which a pronoun replaces. Example: Jack is in a rush, he left quickly. Jack is the antecedent, and is replaced with the pronoun he. at) Definition: a word that indicates action or a state of being Example: She walked to the park. ADJECTIVE Definition: a word that describes or modifies nouns and pronouns. Example: The dog was happy to go on a walk. ADVERB Definition: a word that modifies a verb, adjective, phrase, or clause by indicating how, when, where, or how much. Example: The teacher spoke slowly to the students. CONJUNCTION Definition: a word that links other words, phrases, or clauses together. Common conjunction include and, if, or, and but. Example: | was very tired, so | took a nap. COLON Introduces a list, summary, or important conclusion. Please buy: eggs, milk, chocolate. COMMA Indicates slight pauses and reading and differentiates sentence parts. | thought it would storm, and it did. bya Sets off a parenthetical phrase or points attention to a summary conclusion Steve Jobs-founder of Apple- was creative. PARENTHESIS Set off a loosely related phrase. His friend (more of an acquaintance) was missing from the meeting QUOTATION MARKS Represent text as speech. She said, “I would love to meet.” SEMICOLON Used to join independent clauses. Max loved to shoot hoops; it was his passion.FORMATTING TITLES It is important to format or punctuate titles appropriately. There are two ways to format titles: italicize or quotation marks. Italicize the titles of books, movies, tv shows, plays, newspapers, and magazines. (If you're handwriting the title, you should underline instead.) Example: A Midsummer Nights Dream is a wonderful play by Shakespeare. Use quotation marks for articles, songs, poems, and short stories. Example: "You Are My Sunshine” has always been one of my favorite songs. DIALECTS Dialects are a form of language that is specific to a region or social group. Example: American Dialect: booger British Dialect: bogey FORMAL VS. INFORMAL Formal register is used for final drafts, speaking with a principal, etc. You use complete sentences, correct grammar, and a serious tone. Example: | am very bothered by her. She seems to be immature. Informal register is used for speaking with someone you know well and are familiar with. Example: | seriously can't stand her. She is so petty. IDIOMS PROVERBS An idiom is a phrase that Proverbs are short An adage is similar to a means something phrases that give proverb. However, an different than what the advice. They provide adage usually tell a words in the phrase you with something to universal truth. They are mean on their own. think about and impart older and more well Example: I didn’t know Aue iu known you knew Alvin, too, Example: The early bird Example: A watched wow, it's a small world! catches the worm. pot never boils.PREPOSITION Prepositions tell where or when something is in relation to something else. Example: The wild bear is behind you. INTERJECTION Interjections are words you put in between sentences or thoughts to express a sudden feeling. Example: Ouch! That bee just stung me! CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Correlative Conjunctions connect two subjects together. Example: Either mom will answer the phone, or it will go to voicemail. VERB TENSE AGREEMENT The tense of a verb tells wnen something happens. It is important to not shift tenses between sentences unless you need to reflect a change of time. Incorrect: Abigail grabbed the microphone and speaks to the crowd Correct: Abigail grabs the microphone and speaks to the crowd. PERFECT VERB TENSE The perfect verb tense usually describes completed actions. It tells about something that has, had, or will have happened. We had finished lunch by the time Max arrived. ANALOGIES Analogies compare two things that are thought to be different, but have something in common. They key to solving analogies is to look for relationships. Antonyms Synonyms unlucky: fortunate :: unthankful: grateful several: many :: normal: ordinary Characteristics Part/Whole gooey: cookie :: hot: coffee brick: brick wall :: rock: gravel road Degree Type scalding: hot :: freezing: cold cardinal: bird :: calico: cat Function/ Purpose Action/ Object scissors: Cut :: alarm: warns swim: pool :: jog: trackINTENSIVE PRONOUNS A pronoun that emphasizes the word to which it refers. The stars themselves ect at that restaurant. VAGUE PRONOUNS Ifa pronoun does not clearly match the antecedent, it is vague an can confuse the reader. Wrong: Sally and her mother knew she was in trouble. —This sentence is not clear as to who is in trouble. Correct: Sally was in trouble, and her mother knew it too. — This sentence shows it is Sally who is in trouble. le Sy ifort sali ay Anonrestrictive element adds extra information to a sentence without changing the meaning. Use parenthesis when the nonrestrictive element is slightly related to the topic. + The bus (that | always seem to miss) was running late today. Use dashes when the nonrestrictive element is not really related to the topic. + Could she-should she even try- to cross the rickety bridge? Use commas when the nonrestrictive element is related to the topic. + The White House, built in 1792, is the official residence of the president. SENTENCE TYPES It is important to include a variety of sentence types in your writing to help keep your readers interested. Asimple sentence is made up of a subject and a verb. + Alivia ran to her room. A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences joined by conjunction: We want to go to the movies, but we don't have a ride. A complex sentence is made up of one simple sentence, and one incomplete sentence. + Since | was late to school, | missed my opportunity to eat breakfast. CONNOTATIONS A denotation is the definition of a word. The connotation is the feeling that is connected with the word, it can be positive or negative. Positive Connotation: She seems so Negative Connotation: She seems so youthful. immature.PRONOUN SHIFTS Pronouns should match other pronouns, and it's antecedent in number and person. If not, it is called a pronoun shift. Wrong: If someone sees a friend at school, they should tell them hello. Correct: If someone sees a friend at school, he or she should tell them hello. SUBJECTIVE, OBJECTIVE, AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Subject pronouns preform the action in the sentence.-- Example: | ride the bus to school everyday. Object pronouns receive the action in a sentence.—Example: | drive her to school everyday. Possessive pronouns show possession in a sentence.—Example: | take her car to school everyday. SPELLING AND PUNCTUATION RULES Proofread all of your work, and make sure it follows the rules below. Capitalize Proper Nouns Capitalize Titles of Works Taylor Swift's concert was the best I've Have you seen The Little Mermaid? been to. Capitalize Days of the Week, Months of | Capitalize the first word in the sentence the Year, and Holidays and the letter I We celebrate Independance Day in Sometimes | fall asleep when | watch July. movies. Put punctuation at the end of each Put punctuation inside quotation marks sentence. He said, “Pick me up a drink when you Sometimes | fall asleep when | watch go to the store.” movies. Put a comma in between a city and Use a comma after a dialogue tag. state. She yelled, “Don't forget your We visited Denver, Colorado. backpack!" COORDINATING ADJECTIVES Coordinating Adjectives are more than one adjective that describe a noun. When this happens, you must use a comma to separate the adjectives. Incorrect: Smart funny Julie was the best | Correct: Smart, funny Julie was the best student in the class. student in the class.INDEPENDENT CLAUSE An independent clause contains a subject and verb and is a complete thought. Example: | went to the store DEPENDENT CLAUSE ‘A dependent clause contains a subject and verb but is not a complete thought. Many times, they begin with subordinate conjunctions. Example: Because | was hungry SHIFT IN VOICE OR MOOD Inappropriate shifts in voice or mood happen when the noun number does not match that of the verb in the sentence. Incorrect: Since summer started, Penelope has been reading and took sailing lessons. Correct: Since summer started, Penelope has been reading and taking sailing lessons. aan Ay An ellipses (...) is used when there are unnecessary details or there is an omission of words. The newspaper reporter quoted the politician as saying, “My true hope is that...we come together as a nation." MISPLACED MODIFIERS A misplaced modifier occurs with the modifier is located too far away from what is being modified. To correct these, you must move the modifier or the modifying phrase to be closer to what is being modified. Incorrect: Michael wore his one button-up shirt to the dance, which unfortunately had a red ketchup stain on it. Correct: Michael wore his one button-up shirt, which unfortunately had a red ketchup stain on it, to the dance. DANGLING MODIFIERS A dangling modifier occurs when it is not clear what is being modified. These are confusing to the reader. To correct these, you must add in a subject that matches the modifier. Incorrect: Tired, a nap was taken. Correct: Because Adam was tired, he took a nap.GERUND PHRASES A gerund phrase is a phrase that starts with a verb ending in -ing that acts as a noun (subject, direct object, object of the preposition) in a sentence. As a subject: Running a marathon is my lifelong goal. As a direct object: | enjoy reading by the ocean. As the object of a preposition: When he didn't get the toy, he resorted to beaging INFINITIVE PHRASES An infinitive phrase is a phrase that begins with to + the simple form of a verb. They can act as nouns, adjectives or adverbs in sentences. As a noun: Philip hoped to finish middle school with straight As. As an adjective: The only way fo make a goal is to shoot for the rim. As an adverb: Jessica went to the mall to find a new dress. PARTICIPLE PHRASES A participle phrase begins with a verb ending in -ing or -ed. These phrases act as adjectives in sentences. The dog running up to me is my neighbors’ dog. Draped neatly on the hanger, Lisa hung the dress in her closet. Na Tes aes) sy An appositive phrase is a noun phrase that renames a noun right beside it. My best friend, Tod, went to the movies with me. INDICATIVE Asentence isin indicative mood it expresses a fact or opinion. The lunch today is meatloaf. IMPERATIVE Asentence is in imperative mood when it give a command. Pick your toys! INTERROGATIVE A sentence is in interrogative mood when it asks a question. What's your favorite food? CONDITIONAL A sentence is in conditional mood when it expresses a possibilty. It usually uses could, would, or might. We might go to the park after schoo! today. SUBJUNCTIVE A sentence is in subjunctive mood when it expresses something contrary to fact or makes a suggestion. Often this sentence has a that clause. | wish | were a little bit taller. ACTIVE VOICE Active Voice is when the subject in the sentence is performing the action in the sentence. Michelle threw the ball. PASSIVE VOICE Passive Voice is when the subject in the sentence is the object being acted upon. The ball was thrown by Michelle.