Chapter 2

Introduction
◼ Fundament laws that govern electric circuits:
❑ Ohm’s Law.

❑ Kirchoff’s Law.

◼ These laws form the foundation upon which electric

circuit analysis is built.

◼ Common techniques in circuit analysis and design:

❑ Combining resistors in series and parallel.

❑ Voltage and current divisions.

❑ Wye to delta and delta to wye transformations.

◼ These techniques are restricted to resistive circuits.

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 Ohm’s Law

◼ Relationship between current and voltage

within a circuit element.

◼ The voltage across an element is directly

proportional to the current flowing through it
→v α i

◼ Thus::v=iR and R=v/i

❑ Where:
▪ R is called resistor.
▪ Has the ability to resist the flow of electric current.
▪ Measured in Ohms (Ω)

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 Ohm’s Law

*pay careful attention to current direction

v=iR

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 Ohm’s Law
◼ Value of R :: varies from 0 to infinity

◼ Extreme values == 0 & infinity.

◼ Only linear resistors obey Ohm’s Law.

Short circuit Open Circuit

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 Ohm’s Law

◼ Conductance (G) - Siemens (S).

❑ Reciprocal of resistance R

G=1/R

❑ Has the ability to conduct electric current

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 Ohm’s Law

◼ Power:

❑ P = iv → i ( i R ) = i2R watts
→ (v/R) v = v2/R watts

❑ R and G are positive quantities, thus power

is always positive.

❑ R absorbs power from the circuit → Passive

element.

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 Ohm’s Law

◼ Example 1:
❑ Determine voltage (v), conductance (G) and power
(p) from the figure below.

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 Ohm’s Law

◼ Example 2:
❑ Calculate current i in figure below when the switch
is in position 1.
❑ Find the current when the switch is in position 2.

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 Nodes, Branches & Loops

◼ Elements of electric circuits can be

interconnected in several way.

◼ Need to understand some basic concepts of

network topology.

◼ Branch: Represents a single element

(i.e. voltage, resistor & etc)

◼ Node: The meeting point between two

or more branches.

◼ Loop: Any closed path in a circuit.

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 Nodes, Branches & Loops

◼ Example 3:
❑ Determine how many branches and nodes for the
following circuit.

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 Nodes, Branches & Loops

◼ Example 4:
❑ Determine how many branches and nodes for the
following circuit.

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

◼ Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

❑ The algebraic sum of current entering /

leaving a node (or closed boundary) is zero.

❑ Current enters = +ve

❑ Current leaves = -ve

❑ ∑ current entering = ∑ current leaving

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

◼ Example 5:
❑ Given the following circuit, write the equation for
currents.

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

◼ Example 6:
❑ Current in a closed boundary

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

◼ Example 9:
❑ Use KCL to obtain currents i1, i2, and i3 in the
circuit.

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

◼ Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

❑ Applied to a loop in a circuit.

❑ According to KVL →The algebraic sum of voltage (rises

and drops) in a loop is zero.

+ v1 - +
+
vs - V2

- v3 + -

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

◼ Example 10:
❑ Use KVL to obtain v1, v2 and v3.

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

◼ Example 11:
❑ Use KVL to obtain v1, and v2.

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 Kirchoff’s Laws
◼ Example 12:
❑ Calculate power dissipated in 5Ω resistor.

10

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 Series Resistors & Voltage Division

◼ Series resistors → same current flowing

through them.

◼ v1= iR1 & v2 = iR2

◼ KVL:
❑ v-v1-v2=0
❑ v= i(R1+R2)
❑ i = v/(R1+R2 ) =v/Req
❑ or v= i(R1+R2 ) =iReq
❑ iReq = R1+R2

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 Series Resistors & Voltage Division

◼ Voltage Division:

❑ Previously:
◼ v1 = iR1 & v2 = iR2
◼ i = v/(R1+R2 )

❑ Thus:
◼ v1=vR1/(R1+R2)
◼ v2=vR2/(R1+R2)

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 Parallel Resistors & Current Division

◼ Parallel resistors → Common voltage across it.

◼ v = i1R1 = i2R2
◼ i = i1+ i2
= v/R1+ v/R2
= v(1/R1+1/R2)
◼ =v/Req
◼ v =iReq
◼ 1/Req = 1/R1+1/R2
◼ Req = R1R2 / (R1+R2 )

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 Parallel Resistors & Current Division

◼ Current Division:

❑ Previously:
◼ v = i1R1 = i2R2
◼ v=iReq = iR1R2 / (R1+R2 )
◼ and i1 = v /R1 & i2 =v/ R2

❑ Thus:
◼ i1= iR2/(R1+R2)
◼ i2= iR1/(R1+R2 )

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 Conductance (G)

◼ Series conductance:
❑ 1/Geq = 1/G1 +1/G2+…

◼ Parallel conductance:
❑ Geq = G1 +G2+…

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 Voltage and Current Division
◼ Example 13:
❑ Calculate v1, i1, v2 and i2.

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 Voltage and Current Division
◼ Example 14:
❑ Determine i1 through i4.

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 Voltage and Current Division
◼ Example 15:
❑ Determine v and i.

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 Voltage and Current Division
◼ Example 16:
❑ Determine I1 and Vs if the current through 3Ω
resistor = 2A.

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 Voltage and Current Division
◼ Example 17:
❑ Determine Rab.

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 Voltage and Current Division
◼ Example 18:
❑ Determine vx and power absorbed by the 12Ω
resistor.

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
◼ Given the circuit, how to combine R1 through R6?
◼ Resistors are neither in series nor parallel…

◼ Use wye-delta transformations

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 Wye-Delta Transformations

Y network T network

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 Wye-Delta Transformations

Δ network π network

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
◼ Delta (Δ) to wye (y) conversion.

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
◼ Thus Δ to y conversion ::

❑ R1 = RbRc/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

❑ R2 = RaRc/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

❑ R3 = RaRb/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

# Each resistors in y network is the

product of two adjacent
branches divide by the 3 Δ
resistors

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
◼ Y to Δ conversions:

❑ Ra = (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R1

❑ Rb = (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R2

❑ Rc= (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R3

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
◼ Example 19:
❑ Transform the circuit from Δ to y.

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
◼ Example 20:
❑ Determine Rab.

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
◼ Example 21:
❑ Determine Io.

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