ELL303: Power Engineering I - Tutorial 1 Solution

1. (a) Given a generator rated at 500 MVA, 22 kV with reactance

X = 1.1 p.u.

Assume the base values as:

Base MVA = Sb = 500 MVA

Base kV = Vb = 22 kV

The base impedance is given by

Vb2 222
Zbase = = = 0.968 Ω
Sb 500

The ohmic value of reactance is

X = Xp.u. × Zbase

X = 1.1 × 0.968 = 1.065 Ω

(b) Let the new base values be:

Sb,new = 100 MVA

Vb,new = 20 kV

The per-unit reactance on the new base is given by

 2
Sb,new Vb,old
Xp.u.,new = Xp.u.,old × ×
Sb,old Vb,new

Substituting values,
 2
100 22
Xp.u.,new = 1.1 × ×
500 20

Xp.u.,new = 0.266 p.u.

2. Assuming base values as 100 MVA and 33 kV in the generator circuit, the p.u.

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reactance of the generator will be 15%. The base voltage in the line will be

110
33 × = 113.43 kV
32
In the motor circuit,
32
113.43 ×= 33 kV
110
The reactance of the transformer given is 8% corresponding to 110 MVA, 32 kV.
Therefore, corresponding to 100 MVA and 33 kV, the p.u. reactance will be,

 2
100 32
0.08 × × = 0.06838 p.u.
110 33

The p.u. impedance of the line is

50 × 100
Zline = = 0.3886 p.u.
(113.43)2

The p.u. reactance of motor 1 is

 2
100 30
XM 1 = 0.2 × × = 0.5509 p.u.
30 33

The p.u. reactance of motor 2 is

 2
100 30
XM 2 = 0.2 × × = 0.826 p.u.
20 33

The p.u. reactance of motor 3 is

 2
100 30
XM 3 = 0.2 × × = 0.3305 p.u.
50 33

Figure 1: Reactance Diagram

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3. (a)

Original Value
Per unit value = (1)
Base Value

Converting per unit values from old base to new base

 2
Vold base Snew base
Zpu,new = Zpu,old (2)
Vnew base Sold base

Figure 2: Power System

Per unit value of generator 1 on new base

 2
20 50
= 0.2 × × = 0.2083 p.u.
20 48

Per unit value of generator 2 on new base

 2
13.8 50
= 0.15 × × = 0.3 p.u.
13.8 25

Per unit value of transformer 1 on new base

 2
20 50
= 0.08 × × = 0.08 p.u.
20 50

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Per unit value of transformer 2 on new base
 2
13.8 50
= 0.06 × × = 0.1 p.u.
13.8 30

Per unit value of transformer 3 on new base

 2
11 50
= 0.1 × × = 0.1 p.u.
11 50

(b) The impedance bases for line 1, 2 and 3 are

2
Vbase
Zbase =
Sbase

1102
Zbase (L1) = Zbase (L2) = Zbase (L3) = = 242 Ω
50

(c) The per unit reactance of line 1 is

40
XL1,pu = = 0.165 pu
242

The per unit reactance of line 2 is

32
XL2,pu = = 0.132 pu
242

The per unit reactance of line 3 is

30
XL3,pu = = 0.124 pu
242
(d) The power factor of the load is

cos ϕ = 0.75 lagging

The complex power of the load is

Sload = 60∠ cos−1 (0.75) = 60∠41.41◦ MVA

Hence, the load impedance in ohms is

V2 112
Zload = ∗
= = 1.515 + j1.336 Ω
Sload 60∠(−41.41◦ )

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 The base impedance of the load is

112
Zbase (bus 4) = = 2.42 Ω
50

The per unit load impedance is

1.515 + j1.336
Zload (p.u.) = = 0.626 + j0.552 p.u.
2.42

Figure 3: Per Unit Impedance Diagram

4. The apparent power (kVA) of the three loads can be calculated as follows:

kW1 20
kVA1 = = = 20 kVA
cos ϕ1 1

kW2 100
kVA2 = = = 141.4 kVA
cos ϕ2 0.707

kW3 50
kVA3 = = = 55.6 kVA
cos ϕ3 0.9

Now, the reactive power of the three loads can be calculated as follows:

kVAR1 = kVA1 sin ϕ1 = 20 × 0 = 0

kVAR2 = kVA2 sin ϕ2 = −141.4 × 0.707 = −100 kVAR

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 kVAR3 = kVA3 sin ϕ3 = +55.6 × 0.436 = +24.3 kVAR

Note that kVAR2 and kVAR3 are in opposite directions: kVAR2 being lagging while
kVAR3 is leading.

Total kW = 20 + 100 + 50 = 170 kW

Total kVAR = 0 − 100 + 24.3 = −75.7 kVAR

p p
Total kVA = (kW)2 + (kVAR)2 = (170)2 + (75.7)2 = 186 kVA

Total kW 170
Power factor = = = 0.914 lagging
Total kVA 186
The power factor is lagging since the resultant reactive power is lagging.

5. The generator ratings are given as:

(a) Generator 1: 100 MVA, 33 kV, reactance = 10%

(b) Generator 2: 150 MVA, 32 kV, reactance = 8%
(c) Generator 3: 110 MVA, 30 kV, reactance = 12%

The base values are chosen as:

Sbase,new = 200 MVA, Vbase,new = 35 kV

The per-unit reactance conversion formula is

  2
Sbase,new Vbase,old
Zpu,new = Zpu,old
Sbase,old Vbase,new

(1) Generator G1

Sbase,new = 200 MVA, Sbase,old = 100 MVA

Vbase,new = 35 kV, Vbase,old = 33 kV

 2
200 33
Zpu,new = 0.10 × × = 0.1778 p.u.
100 35

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 (2) Generator G2

Sbase,new = 200 MVA, Sbase,old = 150 MVA

Vbase,new = 35 kV, Vbase,old = 32 kV

 2
200 32
Zpu,new = 0.08 × × = 0.0891 p.u.
150 35

(3) Generator G3

Sbase,new = 200 MVA, Sbase,old = 110 MVA

Vbase,new = 35 kV, Vbase,old = 30 kV

 2
200 30
Zpu,new = 0.12 × × = 0.1603 p.u.
110 35

6. Given:
V = 230 V, I = 20 A, f = 50 Hz, cos ϕ1 = 0.75 (lag)

(1)(a) Real and reactive power

S = V I = 230 × 20 = 4600 VA
P = V I cos ϕ1 = 4600 × 0.75 = 3450 W = 3.45 kW
ϕ1 = cos−1 (0.75) = 41.41◦
Q = V I sin ϕ1 = 4600 × sin 41.41◦ ≈ 3040 VAR = 3.04 kVAR (lag)

(2)(b) Power factor improvement to cos ϕ2 = 0.95 (lag)

ϕ2 = cos−1 (0.95) = 18.19◦

Q2 = P tan ϕ2 = 3.45 × tan 18.19◦ ≈ 1.13 kVAR

Reactive power supplied by capacitor

Qc = Q1 − Q2 = 3.04 − 1.13 = 1.91 kVAR

Capacitance required

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 ω = 2πf = 314.16 rad/s
Qc = V 2 ωC
1.91 × 103
C= ≈ 1.15 × 10−4 F = 115 µF
(230)2 × 314.16

7. Given:
X = 0.25 p.u.
Vold = 18 kV, Sold = 500 MVA
Per-unit conversion formula:
  2
Snew Vold
Xnew = Xold
Sold Vnew
(a) Base: 20 kV, 100 MVA

   2
100 18
Xa = 0.25
500 20
Xa = 0.25 × 0.2 × 0.81 = 0.0405 p.u.

(b) Base: 20 kV, 500 MVA

   2
500 18
Xb = 0.25
500 20
Xb = 0.25 × 1 × 0.81 = 0.2025 p.u.

(c) Base: 18 kV, 100 MVA

   2
100 18
Xc = 0.25
500 18
Xc = 0.25 × 0.2 × 1 = 0.05 p.u.

8. Given
E1 = 100∠0◦ V, E2 = 100∠30◦ V, Z = j5 Ω

Assume the current I flows from Machine 1 to Machine 2. The line current is
E1 − E 2
I=
Z

E1 − E2 = 100∠0◦ − 100∠30◦

= 100(1 − 0.866 − j0.5) = 13.4 − j50

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Figure 4: Two ideal voltage sources connected through a reactive impedance

13.4 − j50
I= = −10 − j2.68 A
j5

|I| = 10.35 A

The current entering Machine 1 is −I and that entering Machine 2 is I.

The complex power of Machine 1 is

S1 = E1 (−I)∗

S1 = 100(10 + j2.68)∗ = 100(10 − j2.68)

S1 = 1000 − j268 VA

P1 = 1000 W, Q1 = −268 VAR

The complex power of Machine 2 is

S2 = E2 I ∗

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 E2 = 100(cos 30◦ + j sin 30◦ ) = 86.6 + j50

S2 = (86.6 + j50)(−10 + j2.68)

S2 = −1000 − j268 VA

P2 = −1000 W, Q2 = −268 VAR

Machine 1 has positive real power and negative reactive power. Hence, it consumes
real power at the rate of 1000 W and supplies 268 VAR, and operates as a motor.
Machine 2 has negative real and reactive power. Hence, it generates real power at
the rate of 1000 W and supplies 268 VAR, and operates as a generator.
The power absorbed by the series impedance is

PZ = 0

QZ = |I|2 X = (10.35)2 × 5 ≈ 536 VAR

The total reactive power supplied by the two machines is

268 + 268 = 536 VAR

which equals the reactive power absorbed by the inductive reactance j5 Ω. Since
the impedance is purely reactive, no real power is absorbed by it.

9. Given:

V = 240 V, Z = 10 Ω, cos ϕ = 0.866 (lagging)

(a) Current drawn

V 240
I= = = 24 A
Z 10
(b) Real power

P = V I cos ϕ = 240 × 24 × 0.866

P = 4988 W ≈ 5.0 kW

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 (c) Reactive power

√
sin ϕ = 1 − 0.8662 = 0.5

Q = V I sin ϕ = 240 × 24 × 0.5 = 2880 VAR = 2.88 kVAR

(d) Apparent power

S = V I = 240 × 24 = 5760 VA = 5.76 kVA

10. Given:

VL = 11 kV, IL = 40 A, cos ϕ = 0.8 (lagging)

(a) Real power

√
3VL IL cos ϕ
P =
√
P = 3 × 11 × 103 × 40 × 0.8 = 610000 W = 610 kW

(b) Reactive power

√
sin ϕ = 1 − 0.82 = 0.6

√
Q= 3VL IL sin ϕ
√
Q= 3 × 11 × 103 × 40 × 0.6 = 458000 VAR = 458 kVAR

(c) Apparent power

√
S= 3VL IL
√
S = 3 × 11 × 103 × 40 = 762000 VA = 762 kVA

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