ELL-303: Power Engineering I — Tutorial 5

February 24, 2026

Solution 1
For a long transmission line, the ABCD parameters are:

A = cosh(γl), B = Zc sinh(γl),
1
C= sinh(γl), D = cosh(γl)
Zc
where r
Z
Zc =
Y
is the characteristic impedance,
√
γ= ZY
is the propagation constant, and l is the line length.

Given Data
Series impedance:
Z = (0 + j0.5) Ω/km = j0.5 Ω/km
Shunt admittance:

Y = (0 + j5.0) µmho/km = j5.0 × 10−6 S/km

Line length:
l = 400 km

Characteristic impedance
r s
Z j0.5
Zc = = = 316.22 Ω
Y j5.0 × 10−6

Propagation constant
√ p
γ= ZY = j0.5 × j5 × 10−6 = j1.58 × 10−3

Series impedance of equivalent π circuit

B = Zc sinh(γl) = 316.22 sinh(j1.58 × 10−3 × 400)

B = j186.92 Ω

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Solution 2 (Nominal-T)
Nominal-T Circuit

Figure 1: Nominal T model

Rtot = 100 × 0.1 = 10 Ω

 
−4 200
L = 2 × 10 × 100 km × ln H/km = 0.1167 H
0.7788 × 0.75

X = 2π(50)(0.1167) = 36.67 Ω

Z = 10 + j36.67 Ω
Capacitance:
2πϵ
C=
ln( dr )
2 × 3.14 × 8.854 × 10−12
C= 200 F/m × 100km = 0.9959 µF
ln( 0.75 )
20 × 106
IR = √ = 218.69 A
3 × 66 × 103 × 0.8
66 × 103
VR = √ = 38105 V
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After phasor calculations:
|VS | = 44723 V
No-load receiving voltage:
|VR0 | = 44981 V
Regulation:
44981 − 38105
%Reg = × 100 = 18.04%
38105
Loss:
Ploss = 3[218.692 (5) + 210.522 (5)] = 1.3822 MW
Efficiency:
20
η= × 100 = 93.54%
20 + 1.3822

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Solution 3 (Nominal-π)
Nominal-π Circuit

Figure 2: Nominal- π model

IC1 = jωCVR = j314(0.4977 × 10−6 )(38105) = j5.96 A

IL = IR + IC1 = 174.95 − j125.25

VS = VR + IL Z = 44448 + j5162.8

|VS | = 44746 V
No-load receiving voltage:
|VR0 | = 45005 V
Regulation:
%Reg = 18.11%
Line loss:
Ploss = 3(215.17)2 (10) = 1.389 MW
Efficiency:
η = 93.51%

Solution 4 (Ferranti Effect)

R = 5 Ω, X = 160 Ω
Y = 1.12 × 10−3 ∠90◦
Z = 5 + j160 = 160.078∠88.21◦
ABCD constants:
YZ
A=1+ = 0.9104 + j0.0028
2
 
YZ
C =Y 1+ = 1.1 × 10−3 ∠90.084◦
4

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 No-load:
220
|VR | = = 241.65 kV
|A|
241.65 × 103
 
−3
|IS | = |C||VR | = 1.1 × 10 √ = 149.25 A
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Note: VR > VS due to Ferranti effect.

Solution 5
The minimum number of simultaneous equations is:

E = (2 × No. of load buses) + No. of generator buses

Given:
Load buses = 150, Generator buses = 32

E = 2(150) + 32 = 332

Solution 6
The transmission line connected between bus 1 and bus 3 is removed.

Z13 = 0.05 = Z31

1 1
⇒ y13 = = = −j20
Z13 0.05
Half-line shunt susceptance

Y11(old) = −j39.9 p.u.

y13
Y11(new) = Y11(old) − y13 −
2

= −j39.9 − (−j20) − j0.05

= −j19.95 p.u.
Similarly,

Y33(old) = −j39.9 p.u.

y13
Y33(new) = Y33(old) − y13 −
2

= −j39.9 − (−j20) − j0.05

= −j19.95 p.u.
Also,

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 Y13(old) = Y31(old) = j20 p.u.

Y13(new) = Y31(new) = 0 p.u.

Now, the modified matrix will be:
 
−j19.95 j20 0
YBU S =  j20 −j39.9 j20  p.u.
0 j20 −j19.95

Solution 7
Q7. Two-bus NR power flow
Given
• Bus 1 (slack): V1 = 1.05∠0◦ p.u.
• Bus 2 (PQ bus load): PL = 1.0 p.u., QL = 0.5 p.u.
• Line impedance: Z12 = 0.02 + j0.04 p.u.
(0)
• Initial guess: V2 = 1∠0◦ p.u.
Since Bus 2 is a load bus, specified net injections are negative:
P2spec = −PL = −1.0, Qspec
2 = −QL = −0.5

Build Ybus
Series admittance:
1 1 0.02 − j0.04 0.02 − j0.04
y12 = = = 2 2
= = 10 − j20
Z12 0.02 + j0.04 (0.02) + (0.04) 0.002
Thus (no shunts):    
y12 −y12 10 − j20 −10 + j20
Ybus = =
−y12 y12 −10 + j20 10 − j20
So
Y21 = −10 + j20 ⇒ G21 = −10, B21 = 20, Y22 = 10 − j20 ⇒ G22 = 10, B22 = −20.

Power equations at PQ bus (Bus 2)

Let
V2 = |V2 |∠δ2 , V1 = |V1 |∠δ1 , δ1 = 0.
Standard power-flow equations at bus 2:
2
X
P2 = |V2 ||Vk | (G2k cos(δ2 − δk ) + B2k sin(δ2 − δk )) , (1)
k=1
X2
Q2 = |V2 ||Vk | (G2k sin(δ2 − δk ) − B2k cos(δ2 − δk )) . (2)
k=1

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Separate k = 1 and k = 2 terms and use δ1 = 0:

P2 = |V2 ||V1 |(G21 cos δ2 + B21 sin δ2 ) + |V2 |2 G22 , (3)

Q2 = |V2 ||V1 |(G21 sin δ2 − B21 cos δ2 ) − |V2 |2 B22 . (4)

Mismatch vector
∆P2 = P2spec − P2 (|V2 |, δ2 ), ∆Q2 = Qspec
2 − Q2 (|V2 |, δ2 )
Newton step:
  " ∂P2 ∂P2
#   
∆P2 ∂δ2 ∂|V2 | ∆δ2 ∆δ2
= ∂Q2 ≡J
∆Q2 ∂Q2 ∆|V2 | ∆|V2 |
∂δ2 ∂|V2 |

Update:
(k+1) (k)
δ2 = δ2 + ∆δ2 , |V2 |(k+1) = |V2 |(k) + ∆|V2 |.

Jacobian derivation (step-by-step)

Differentiate (3) w.r.t. δ2 and |V2 |:

∂P2
= |V2 ||V1 | (−G21 sin δ2 + B21 cos δ2 ) = −|V2 ||V1 | (G21 sin δ2 − B21 cos δ2 ) , (5)
∂δ2
∂P2
= |V1 | (G21 cos δ2 + B21 sin δ2 ) + 2|V2 |G22 . (6)
∂|V2 |

Differentiate (4):

∂Q2
= |V2 ||V1 | (G21 cos δ2 + B21 sin δ2 ) , (7)
∂δ2
∂Q2
= |V1 | (G21 sin δ2 − B21 cos δ2 ) − 2|V2 |B22 . (8)
∂|V2 |

Iteration 0 (initial guess)

Initial guess:
(0)
|V2 |(0) = 1, δ2 = 0, |V1 | = 1.05.
(0) (0)
Compute P2 and Q2 using G21 = −10, B21 = 20, G22 = 10, B22 = −20. At δ2 = 0: cos 0 =
1, sin 0 = 0.
(0)
P2 = (1)(1.05) ((−10)(1) + (20)(0)) + (1)2 (10)
= 1.05(−10) + 10 = −10.5 + 10 = −0.5,
(0)
Q2 = (1)(1.05) ((−10)(0) − (20)(1)) − (1)2 (−20)
= 1.05(−20) + 20 = −21 + 20 = −1.0.

Mismatch:
(0) (0)
∆P2 = −1.0 − (−0.5) = −0.5, ∆Q2 = −0.5 − (−1.0) = +0.5.

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Jacobian at iteration 0:
∂P2
= −|V2 ||V1 | (G21 sin 0 − B21 cos 0) = −(1)(1.05) (0 − 20) = +21,
∂δ2 0
∂P2
= |V1 | (G21 cos 0 + B21 sin 0) + 2|V2 |G22
∂|V2 | 0
= 1.05(−10) + 2(1)(10) = −10.5 + 20 = 9.5,
∂Q2
= |V2 ||V1 | (G21 cos 0 + B21 sin 0) = (1)(1.05)(−10) = −10.5,
∂δ2 0
∂Q2
= |V1 | (G21 sin 0 − B21 cos 0) − 2|V2 |B22
∂|V2 | 0
= 1.05(0 − 20) − 2(1)(−20) = −21 + 40 = 19.

So " # 
  (0) 
(0) 21 9.5 ∆P2 −0.5
J = , (0) = .
−10.5 19 ∆Q2 +0.5
Solve:     
21 9.5 ∆δ2 −0.5
= .
−10.5 19 ∆|V2 | 0.5
Determinant:
det(J (0) ) = 21 · 19 − 9.5(−10.5) = 399 + 99.75 = 498.75.
Using the 2 × 2 inverse formula:

19(−0.5) − 9.5(0.5) −9.5 − 4.75

∆δ2 = = = −0.02857 rad,
498.75 498.75
−(−10.5)(−0.5) + 21(0.5) −5.25 + 10.5
∆|V2 | = = = 0.01053.
498.75 498.75
Update after 1 NR iteration:
(1) (0)
δ2 = δ2 + ∆δ2 = −0.02857 rad, |V2 |(1) = 1 + 0.01053 = 1.01053.

Converged voltage (final)

Continuing NR iterations (not shown here), the solution converges to:

|V2 | ≈ 1.00997, δ2 ≈ −0.028293 rad.

Convert angle to degrees:

180
δ2 ≈ −0.028293 · = −1.621◦ .
π

Final answer
V2 ≈ 1.00997∠(−1.621◦ ) p.u.
Rectangular form:
V2 ≈ 1.00957 − j 0.02857 p.u.

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Solution 8
Initial Assumptions
δ2 = δ3 = 0, |V3 | = 1

Power Mismatch
P2cal = 0 ⇒ ∆P2 = 0.5

P3cal = 0 ⇒ ∆P3 = −0.6

Qcal
3 = 1(1.06 × 5 + 1.04 × 5 − 10) = 0.5

∆Q3 = −0.8

Jacobian Matrix
 
10.8 −5.2 0
J = −5.2 9.5 5.2
5.2 −10.4 20

Corrections
∆δ2 = −0.021 rad, ∆δ3 = −0.044 rad, ∆V3 = −0.02
Updated Voltages

V2 = 1.04∠ − 1.2◦ , V3 = 0.98∠ − 2.5◦

Solution 9
Given:

• Bus 1 (Slack):
V1 = 1.06∠0◦ p.u.

• Bus 2 (PQ bus):

P2 = 0.8 p.u., Q2 = 0.3 p.u.

• Bus 3 (PQ bus):

P3 = 0.6 p.u., Q3 = 0.2 p.u.

• Bus admittance matrix:  

−j10 −j5 −j5
Ybus =  −j5 j10 −j5
−j5 −j5 j10

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 Since buses 2 and 3 are load buses, specified injections are:

P2spec = −0.8, Qspec

2 = −0.3
P3spec = −0.6, Qspec
3 = −0.2
Initial guess (flat start):
(0) (0)
V2 = 1∠0◦ , V3 = 1∠0◦

1. Power Mismatch Calculation

Using flat start and purely reactive Ybus :
(0) (0)
P2 = 0, P3 =0

(0) (0)
Q2 = 0.3, Q3 = 0.3
Mismatch equations:

∆P2 = −0.8
∆P3 = −0.6
∆Q2 = −0.6
∆Q3 = −0.5

2. Jacobian Matrix at Flat Start

Unknown vector:
 
δ2
 δ3 
x= 
|V2 |
|V3 |
Jacobian:
 
−10.3 5 0 0
 5 −10.3 0 0 
J = 
 0 0 −9.7 5 
0 0 5 −9.7
Newton equation:
 
−0.8
−0.6
J∆x =  
−0.6
−0.5

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3. Solution of Linear System
Solving,

∆δ2 = 0.13861 rad

∆δ3 = 0.12554 rad
∆|V2 | = 0.12042
∆|V3 | = 0.11362

4. Updated Voltages After One Iteration

|V2 |(1) = 1 + 0.12042 = 1.12042

|V3 |(1) = 1 + 0.11362 = 1.11362

Convert angles to degrees:

(1) 180
δ2 = 0.13861 × = 7.942◦
π
(1) 180
δ3 = 0.12554 × = 7.193◦
π

Final Answer (After One NR Iteration)

(1)
V2 = 1.1204∠7.942◦ p.u.

(1)
V3 = 1.1136∠7.193◦ p.u.

Solution 10
Line Current Relations
From the figure:

I = Y (ti Vi − Vj tj )
Current at bus i:

Ii = ti I

= t2i Y Vi − ti tj Y Vj
Similarly, current at bus j:

Ij = −tj I

= −ti tj Y Vi + t2j Y Vj

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 Hence, in matrix form:
   2  
Ii ti Y −ti tj Y Vi
=
Ij −ti tj Y t2j Y Vj

Solution 11
Determination of p, q, r
Given:
1 1
Y11 = −j12 ⇒ + = 12 (i)
q r
1 1
Y22 = −j15 ⇒ + = 15 (ii)
q p
1 1
Y33 = −j7 ⇒ + =7 (iii)
p r
Add (i), (ii), and (iii):
 
1 1 1
2 + + = 34
p q r
1 1 1
⇒ + + = 17 (iv)
p q r
Subtract each of (i), (ii), (iii) from (iv):
1 1 1
= 5, = 10, =2
p q r
Hence,

p = 0.2, q = 0.1, r = 0.5

Solution 12
Derivation of Zbus and Ybus
From the given relations:

V1 = jI1 + j(I1 + I2 + I3 )

V1 = 2jI1 + jI2 + jI3

And

V2 = jI1 + 2jI2 + jI3

V3 = jI1 + jI2 + 2jI3

Therefore, in matrix form:

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     
V1 2j j j I1
V2  =  j 2j j  I2 
V3 j j 2j I3
Hence,
 
2j j j
Zbus =  j 2j j 
j j 2j
Taking the inverse,
 
−3j j j
−1 1
Ybus = Zbus =  j −3j j 
4
j j −3j

Solution 13
If the sum of all elements in a row, is given then admittance between bus and ground y10 =
j1, y20 = j1, y30 = j1 Now the shunt capacitances are compensated , y10 = j0.5, y20 = j0.5, y30 =
j0.5 Y33 = Y31 + Y32 + y30 = −j4 − j5 + j0.5 = −j8.5

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