Example Question Answers

1. We have,
4x2 + 2
x3 − 4x2 + 4x + 2x2 − 8x + 8
Factorising the denominator gives,
4x2 + 2
(x + 2)(x − 2)2
We then separate this into partial fractions as follows,
4x2 + 2 A B C
= + +
(x + 2)(x − 2)2 x + 2 x − 2 (x − 2)2
A(x − 2)2 + B(x + 2)(x − 2) + C(x + 2)
=
(x + 2)(x − 2)2
Equating the resulting numerators gives,
4x2 + 2 = A(x − 2)2 + B(x + 2)(x − 2) + C(x + 2)
We then substitute in x = −2,
16A = 18
18 9
A= =
16 8
Similarly substituting in x = 2 gives,
4C = 18
18 9
C= =
4 2
Now comparing coefficients of x2 we get,
Ax2 + Bx2 = 4x2
9
Substituting in A = 2 gives,
9 2
x + Bx2 = 4x2
2
23
B=
8
Therefore our final answer is,
4x2 + 2 9 23 9
2
= + +
(x + 2)(x − 2) 8(x + 2) 8(x − 2) 2(x − 2)2
2. We start from the equation in polar coordinates,
4r2 + r3 cos θ − 3 = r sin θ
We know x2 + y 2 = r2 , x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, so we try to make our equation include terms of
this form.
4r2 + r2 (r cos θ) − 3 = r sin θ
So we can now substitute in for the terms we know.
4(x2 + y 2 ) + (x2 + y 2 )x − 3 = y
(x2 + y 2 )(4 + x) = y + 3
And this is our final equation in terms of Cartesian coordinates (x, y).
 Example Question Answers Page 2 of 5

3. We have s = 103 − t5 e−t , differentiating this gives,

ds
= −5t4 e−t + t5 e−t
dt
= e−t t4 (t − 5)

Setting this derivative to zero gives either t = 0 or t = 5 as our solutions.

d2 s
= −20t3 e−t + 5t4 e−t + 5t4 e−t − t5 e−t
dt2
= −20t3 e−t + 10t4 e−t − t5 e−t
d2 s
Substituting in t = 5 gives dt2 < 0 so the maximum occurs at t = 5.

We now substitute this back into our equation for s to get the maximum speed of the car,

s = 103 − (5)5 e−5

= 103 − 21.056
= 81.9

so the maximum speed is 81.9mph which occurs at time t = 5.

4.
3 4x 3 4x
xy 3
Z Z Z 
xy 2 − 3x2 + 4y dydx = − 3x2 y + 2y 2 dx
x=1 y=1 x=1 3 1
Z 3
64x4 x
= − 12x3 + 35x2 − − 2 dx
x=1 3 3
 5 4 3 2 3
64x 12x 35x x
= − + − − 2x
15 4 3 6 1
16358
=
15

d(y 2 ) d(−2x) d(xy)

5. (a) 5 · F = + + =0
dx dy dz
(b)
d(xy) d(y 2 ) d(−2x) d(y 2 )
     
d(xy) d(−2x)
5 × F = î − − ĵ − + k̂ −
dy dz dx dz dx dy
= xî − y ĵ − (2 + 2y)k̂

(c)
 
df df df
5f = , , = (2xy, x2 , 3z 2 )
dx dy dz

6. We have,
d2 y dy
2
+ 5 − 14y = 10e3x
dx dx
We first solve the homogeneous ODE by letting y = emx , this gives:

m2 + 5m − 14 = 0
(m + 7)(m − 2) = 0

Cont.
 Example Question Answers Page 3 of 5

so m = −7 or m = 2 and our complementary function is,

yCF = Ae−7x + Be2x

We now try y = Ce3x to try and find the particular integral, this gives

9Ce3x + 15Ce3x − 14Ce3x = 10e3x

10Ce3x = 10e3x
C=1

so our particular integral is

yP I = e3x

Adding the CF and PI gives our general solution,

y = Ae−7x + Be2x + e3x

∂f
7. = 3x2 y − 4xz
∂x
∂f
= x3 + z 2
∂y
∂f
= 2zy − 2x2
∂z
∂2f
= 6xy − 4z
∂x2
2
∂ f
= 3x2
∂x∂y
∂2f
= 2z
∂y∂z
8. We use De Moivre’s theorem!
    
π π
z = 2 cos + j sin
7 7
So
        
7 7 7π 7π
z = 2 cos + j sin = 128 cos π + j sin π = −128 + 128j
7 7
       
2 7 2 5
9. A vector to the line is 5. A vector parallel to the line is 4 − 5 = −1 .
1 3 1 2
   
2 5
So r = 5 + λ −1 is the parametric form of the equation.
1 2

This gives us the system of equations: x = 2 + 5λ, y = 5 − λ, z = 1 + 2λ

x−2 z−1
Rearrange these to make λ the subject to obtain: λ = =5−y =
5 2
x−2 z−1
Hence =5−y = is the Cartesian vector equation of the line.
5 2

Cont.
 Example Question Answers Page 4 of 5

10. (a)
  
2 1 1 0
3A − B = 3 −
−6 7 −5 9
 
6−1 3−0
=
−18 + 5 21 − 9
 
5 3
=
−13 12

(b)
  
2 1 1 0
AB =
−6 7 −5 9
 
(2 × 1) + (1 × −5) (2 × 0) + (1 × 9)
=
(−6 × 1) + (7 × −5) (−6 × 0) + (7 × 9)
 
−3 9
=
−41 63

(c)
 
1 9 0
B −1 =
det(B) 5 1
 
1 9 0
=
9−0 5 1
 
1 0
= 5 1
9 9

(d) We start by finding the eigenvalues of A,

2−λ 1
|A − λI| =
−6 7−λ
= (2 − λ)(7 − λ) − (1)(−6)
= λ2 − 9λ + 20
= (λ − 4)(λ − 5)
=0

This gives λ = 4 or λ = 5, which are therefore the eigenvalues of A.

Next we find the eigenvalues of B,

1−λ 0
|B − λI| =
−5 9−λ
= (1 − λ)(9 − λ) − (0)(−5)
= λ2 − 10λ + 9
= (λ − 9)(λ − 1)
=0

This gives λ = 9 or λ = 1, which are therefore the eigenvalues of B.

Cont.
 Example Question Answers Page 5 of 5

11. (a) We use the IVT to show that a root exists between x = −2 and x = −3,

f (−2) = (−2)3 − 5(−2) + 2

= −8 + 10 + 2
=4

f (−3) = (−3)3 − 5(−3) + 2

= −27 + 15 + 2
= −10

so f (−2)f (−3) = 4 × −10 = −40 < 0 therefore there is a root between −2 and −3.
(b) The formula for Newton Raphson is:

f (xn )
xn+1 = xn −
f 0 (xn )

so substituting in our f we get

(−2)3 − 5(−2) + 2
x2 = −2 −
3(−2)2 − 5
4
= −2 −
7
18
=−
7
= −2.571

Repeating this process we get x3 = −2.426.

12. (a) P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B) = 0.4 + 0.5 − 0.15 = 0.75
(b) P (A ∪ B ∪ C) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) − P (A ∩ B) − P (A ∩ c) − P (B ∩ C) + −P (A ∩ B ∩ C) =
0.4 + 0.5 + 0.5 − 0.15 − 0.2 − 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.95
(c) Recall that P (A ∩ C 0 ) + P (A ∩ C) = P (A). So P (A ∩ C 0 ) = P (A) − P (A ∩ C)
Then P (A) + P (C 0 ) − P (A ∩ C 0 ) = 0.4 + (1 − 0.5) − (0.4 − 0.2) = 0.7
P ((A ∪ B) ∩ P (C)) P ((A ∩ C) + P (B ∩ C) − P (A ∩ B ∩ C)
(d) P (A ∪ B|C) = =
P (C) 0.5
P ((A ∪ B) ∩ P (C)) 0.2 + 0.2 − 0.1 0.3
= = = = 0.6
0.5 0.5 0.5
13. (a) A type I error is when you reject the null hypothesis when it is true whereas a type II error is a
failure to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
(b) Let θ denote the expected weight. We test the null hypothesis H0 : θ = 50 against the alternative
hypothesis H1 : θ 6= 50 using a z-test. The test statistic is

x̄ − 50 49.95 − 50
z= = = −2.0
σ 0.1
√ √
n 16
with null distribution N (0, 1). We only reject H0 in favour of H1 if |z| > c and here c = 1.96, the
upper 2.5% quantile of the N (0, 1) distribution. Since |z| > c, we reject H0 and conclude that
there is sufficient evidence to disprove the companys claim.

The End.