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Lesson Exemplar Quarter

Quarter
Lesson 14
1
Lesson

for Science 2

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 Graphical Analysis of Motion For the 1st subtopic, start by
Subtopic 1: Distance-Time Graph revisiting the essential
1. Explicitation characteristics of a distance-time
Class Discussion (20 minutes) graph.
A distance-time graph shows the distance traveled by a moving object over time. It
Distance is measured in meters,
is also known as a position-time graph. kilometers, or miles, while time is
measured in seconds or hours.
Axes and Labels:
● X-Axis (Horizontal line): Represents time, usually measured in seconds (s), In Grade 7, students have learned
about distance-time graphs of
minutes (min), or hours (h). uniform motion or motion with
● Y-Axis (Vertical line): Represents distance, usually measured in meters (m), constant velocity. This year, they
will focus on distance-time graphs
kilometers (km), or miles.
of motion with uniform and non-
Each point on the distance-time graph corresponds to a specific time and the uniform acceleration.
distance traveled by the object at that time.
Slope: The slope of the line represents the speed of the object. A steeper slope In discussing the meaning of
indicates a higher speed. distance-time graphs, present
again the shapes covered in Grade
Interpreting Distance-Time Graphs 7 (the horizontal and diagonal
Graph Interpretation Example Sample Graph distance-time graphs) to easily
1. Straight An object travels connect the lesson in Grade 8.
Diagonal Line 10 meters every
Uniform Motion The form or shape of distance-
Going Up second forward, time graphs is defined by the kind
(Forward direction)
indicating a of motion they represent. It will
constant speed of appear as a straight diagonal line
10 m/s. going up if the object is moving at
2. Straight An object travels a constant speed since there is an
Diagonal Line 10 meters every equal amount of distance in equal
Going Down Uniform Motion second backward, time intervals. Its steepness will
vary. The steeper the line graph
(Backward direction) indicating a
means the faster the speed.
constant speed of
10 m/s. On the other hand, if the slope of
the line is zero it means that the
object’s position does not change.
Thus, it represents no motion.

For motion with uniform

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3. Horizontal acceleration, the distance-time
Line No Motion: The graph will be a parabolic curve in
An object is shape. This is due to the speed
distance remains stationary. increasing at a constant rate.
constant over time. Hence, the distance covered is
changing rapidly.
4. Curved Uniform
An object moves
(Parabolic) Acceleration: The
at a constant
object's speed is
acceleration of 1
changing at a constant
m/s2.
rate over time.

Distance-Time Graph for Uniform Distance-Time Graph for Non-

Acceleration Uniform Acceleration:

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 Appearance: Appearance:
o The graph is a curved line. o The graph is a non-linear,
o The curve is a parabola opening irregular curve that may
After presenting the concepts,
upwards if acceleration is positive, change direction or curvature.
guide the students in constructing
indicating that the object is speeding o It does not form a smooth,
a distance-time graph in Activity
up. predictable parabola. 2.3. You can graph on the board
o If the acceleration is negative, the while they graph on their paper.
curve would open downwards,
indicating the object is slowing down.
Characteristics: Characteristics:
o The distance increases quadratically o The changes in slope indicate
over time, meaning the object covers varying rates of acceleration
more distance in each successive and deceleration.
time interval. o The distance covered in equal
o The curve gets steeper as time time intervals varies
progresses, showing increasing unpredictably, reflecting the
velocity. changing speed of the object.

Picture Link:
[Link]
[Link]

The nature of the distance-time graphs of

objects moving with non-uniform acceleration
can be curve line (not parabolic), zig-zag line, or
a combination.

2. Worked Example
Activity 2.3: Constructing and Interpreting a Distance-Time Graph (20 minutes)
Use the learning activity sheet (see pages 3 and 4).

KEY to Activity 2.3

Graph:

Interpretation:
1. The object is accelerating because the distance covered
in equal time intervals is increasing.

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2. The steepness of the curve indicates that the car’s speed is increasing more
rapidly over time.
For the 2nd subtopic, we will start
by revisiting the essential
characteristics of a velocity-time
graph.

DAY 2 Consequently, a velocity-time

3. Lesson Activity graph illustrates both the speed
Activity 2.4: My Turn to Construct and Interpret a Distance-Time Graph (20 and direction of an object's
minutes) movement across a defined time
interval. When velocity is in
Use the learning activity sheet (see pages 5 and 6).
meters per second, time is
measured in seconds; similarly, if
KEY to Activity 2.4 velocity is in miles per hour or
Graph: kilometers per hour, time is
Interpretation: measured in hours.
1. The distance increases
non-linearly, and the While the velocity can take
distance increases more positive and negative values, the
quickly as time goes by, time can only take positive values.
indicating acceleration. We will now look at how we can
2. The graph shows a curve use a velocity-time graph to
calculate the acceleration of an
that gets steeper over
object in uniform and non-
time, indicating that the uniform acceleration.
car is accelerating.
3. The car is accelerating. This is evident from the (Kindly present the illustrations
graph’s curve becoming steeper over time. using the projector or through an
enlarged printed material).
Link: [Link]

Subtopic 2: Velocity-Time Graphs

1. Explicitation
Class Discussion (35 minutes)

Introduction to Velocity-Time Graphs

 A velocity-time graph shows us how the speed of a moving object changes with
time.
 Velocity is plotted on the Y-axis (the vertical line), while time is plotted on the

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 X-axis (the horizontal line) on the Cartesian plane.
 In a velocity-time graph, the slope of the line is equal to the acceleration of the
object.
 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It can be uniform, which occurs
when velocity changes at a constant rate, or non-uniform, which occurs when
velocity changes at different rates at different times.

Slope: The slope of the line represents the acceleration of the object. The steeper
the velocity-time graph, the greater the acceleration.
Velocity-Time Graph for Uniform Velocity-Time Graph for Non-Uniform
Acceleration: Acceleration:
Appearance: Appearance:
o The graph is a straight, sloped line. o The graph is a curved line or a
o If acceleration is positive, the line series of connected lines with
slopes upwards. different slopes.
o If acceleration is negative o The curvature or irregularity
(deceleration), the line slopes indicates changes in the rate of
downwards. acceleration.

Characteristics: Characteristics:
o The slope of the line represents the o The slope of the graph changes,
constant rate of acceleration. reflecting varying acceleration.
o The velocity increases (or decreases) o The velocity changes non-linearly
linearly over time, showing a steady over time, with the object speeding
change in speed. up and slowing down at varying
rates.

How to Construct a Velocity-Time Graph:

1. Collect Data: Gather time (t) and velocity (v) data.
2. Set Up Axes: Draw and label the x-axis (time) and y-axis (velocity).
3. Choose Scale: Set scales for both axes.
4. Plot Data Points: Plot each (t, v) pair on the graph.
5. Connect Points: Connect points with a line or curve.
6. Label Graph: Title the graph and label axes with units.
7. Interpret: Analyze the graph’s shape for motion insights.

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Velocity-time Graph of Uniform or Constant Velocity
Let us start with velocity-time graphs of an object moving in uniform velocity.

Consider a car moving with a constant, rightward (+) velocity of +10 m/s.

Image Link: [Link]

If the velocity-time data for such a car were

graphed, then the resulting graph would look like
this:

Since it is a horizontal line, it has zero slope.

Therefore, the acceleration is zero.
Image Link:
[Link]
Now consider a car moving with a rightward (+), changing velocity, that is, a car
that is moving rightward but speeding up or accelerating.

Image Link: [Link]

If the velocity-time data for such a car were graphed, then the resulting graph
would look like the graph:

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 Image Link:
[Link]

The slope of the line is positive, corresponding to the positive acceleration.

There are other possible velocity-time graphs in uniform acceleration depending

on the motion of the object, which we will see in the next activity.

But objects don’t always move with constant velocity as they may speed up or
slow down. These objects are said to have nonuniform acceleration. The velocity- Kindly distribute the worksheets
time graphs for non-uniform acceleration are shown in the images below. to the students. The simulation
will be projected to the class using
the projector.

Before revealing the answer in

each experiment, let the students
make their predictions first by
letting them write on their scratch
papers.
Link: [Link] Link: [Link]
time_graph_example.png velocity-time-graph-topic-pge

What do you observe with the graphs above?

The graphs are not a straight line as the velocity varies in time. They may be in a
curve line, zigzag line, or combination. When velocity is changing, their slopes are
not constant. Thus, the acceleration is not constant or non-uniform.

DAY 3
2. Worked Example
Activity 2.5. “Moving Man” Simulation (25 minutes)
Use the learning activity sheet (see pages 7 - 9).

KEY to Activity 2.5

Experiment 1 Experiment 2

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P-T Graph: Constant positive slope P-T Graph: Constant negative slope
V-T Graph: Horizontal line; remains V-T Graph: Horizontal line; remains
constant at 3 m/s constant at -3 m/s
A-T Graph: Horizontal line; remains A-T Graph: Horizontal line; remains
constant at 0 m/s2 constant at 0 m/s2

What is the difference between the result of #1 and #2?

● In #1, the slope is positive while in #2, the slope is negative.

● In #1, the velocity is positive or moving to the right. In #2, the velocity is negative or
moving to the left.
Experiment 3 Experiment 4

P-T Graph: Increases with increasing rate

P-T Graph: Decreases with increasing rate
V-T Graph: Constant positive slope
V-T Graph: Constant negative slope
A-T Graph: Horizontal line; remains
A-T Graph: Horizontal line; remains
constant at 2 m/s2
constant at -2 m/s2

3. Lesson Activity

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Activity 2.6. Constructing and Interpreting Velocity-Time Graphs
(30 minutes)
Use the learning activity sheet (see pages 10 and 11).

KEY to Activity 2.6

Part I.

The two points chosen may vary.

m m
15 −10
y −y s s
slope= 2 1 =
x 2−x 1 30 s−20 s
m
5
s
¿ =0.5 m/s 2
10 s

You may also let the students solve the slopes of each line segment.

Part II.
1. BC is steeper than AB. Thus, BC has a greater acceleration than AB.
m m m
4 −0 4
2. AB: s s s
a= = =2 m/s 2
2 s−0 s 2s

m m m
12 −4 8
BC : s s s
a= = =4 m/s 2
4 s−2 s 2s

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Based on the calculated accelerations, my answer agrees with #2 that BC has a
greater acceleration than AB.

3. The velocity is constant, and the acceleration is zero.

4. The velocity decreases until it becomes zero.
DE :
m m m
0 −12 −12
s s s
a= =
7 s−6 s 1s
2
¿−12 m/ s
The acceleration is negative.

DAY 4
1. Learners’ Takeaways Reflection on Learning
Activity 2.7. Brain Dump! Answer Guide: To face life's ups
Use the learning activity sheet (see page 12). and downs, we need to cultivate
the virtue of resilience, which is
KEY to Activity 2.7 the capacity to recover quickly
from difficulties and adapt to
1. To construct distance-time and velocity-time graphs, draw and label the x-axis
change, just as an object in
(time) and y-axis (displacement), set appropriate scales for both axes, plot each motion might encounter various
point on the graph, connect points with a line or curve, title the graph and speeds and changes in direction.
label axes with units, and analyze the graph’s shape for motion insights.
2. The distance-time graph is a curve line (parabola) for uniform acceleration; for
non-uniform acceleration, it is an irregular, non-linear curve.
3. For uniform acceleration, the velocity-time graph is a straight, sloped line; for
non-uniform acceleration, it is a curved or segmented line with varying slopes.

2. Reflection on Learning
One-Minute Paper
Life is often compared to a journey where we face various speeds and changes
in direction, just like the objects we study in physics. What virtue do we need
to develop to face life's ups and downs?

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 Lesson

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