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The document discusses polyatomic gases, which are gases with molecules containing more than two atoms, and their degrees of freedom related to motion. It also covers the law of equipartition of energy, internal energy, and specific heat capacities for both polyatomic gases and solids, including the Dulong–Petit Law. The conclusion highlights that most solids have a molar specific heat of approximately 3R or 25 J/mol·K.

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10 views22 pages

Topic

The document discusses polyatomic gases, which are gases with molecules containing more than two atoms, and their degrees of freedom related to motion. It also covers the law of equipartition of energy, internal energy, and specific heat capacities for both polyatomic gases and solids, including the Dulong–Petit Law. The conclusion highlights that most solids have a molar specific heat of approximately 3R or 25 J/mol·K.

Uploaded by

agarshan16
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topic:

�POLYATOMIC GASES
&
SPECIFIC HEAT OF SOLIDS

BY:
Varsha.S
&
Thrinetra
�[Link] Gases
What are polyatomic gases?
Gases whose molecules contain more than two atoms.
Examples:
H₂O (water vapour)
CO₂
CH₄
NH
�Degrees of Freedom in Polyatomic
Gases
• A polyatomic molecule has:

• Type of motion Degrees


• Translational 3
• Rotational 3
• Vibrational f (depends on molecule)

• �Total degrees of freedom = 6 + f


�Law of Equipartition of
Energy
• Law of equipartition of energy:- In any dynamical system, in
thermal equilibrium, the total energy is divided equally
among all the degrees of freedom and energy per molecule
per degree of freedom is ½ kT.

• E = ½ KT
• Each degree of freedom contributes

• to energy per molecule.


�Internal Energy of Polyatomic
Gas
• For 1 mole:
�Molar Specific Heats (IMPORTANT
FORMULAS)
• At constant volume:

• At constant pressure:

• Ratio of specific heats:


• A cylinder of fixed capacity 44.5 litres contains helium
gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP). What is
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of
the gas in the cylinder by 150 K?

We’ll solve it using kinetic theory and specific


heat at constant volume.
Answer:
✅ Step 4: Answer
�2. Specific Heat Capacity of
Solids
�Basic Idea

• Atoms in a solid do not move freely


• They vibrate about their mean positions

�Each atom vibrates in 3 dimensions


�Energy of One Atom in a Solid

• In 1 dimension:

Kinetic energy =

Potential energy =

In 3 dimensions:
�Internal Energy of One Mole of
Solid
� Specific Heat of Solids
• At constant volume:

At constant pressure:
Volume change in solids is negligible

�This result is called Dulong–Petit Law


�Table
• Specific Heat of Some Solids (Room Temperature)

�Conclusion:
Most solids have molar specific heat ≈ 3R ≈ 25 J/mol·K
�3. Final Comparison Slide (Very
Useful)

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