MTL1002: TUTORIAL 3
(LINEAR ALGEBRA)
Notation: F = R or C, Pn := {f ∈ F[x] : deg f < n}.
(1) Find a basis of the row space of the following matrices:
1 2 3 1 0 2 5
2 3 4 , 0 3 1 1 .
3 4 5 3 1 0 1
(2) For i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m}, define the i-th projection pi : Fm → F by
pi (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ) = xi .
(a) Show that pi is a linear transformation.
(b) If T : Fm → F is a linear transformation then T is an F-linear combination of
the projections, that is, T = a1 p1 + a2 p2 · · · + am pm for some a1 , . . . , am ∈ F.
(c) Further, show that S : Fn → Fm is a linear transformation if and only if for each
i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , m}, the composition pi ◦ S : Fn → F is a linear transformation.
(d) If S : Fn → Fm is a linear transformation then S(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = (y1 , y2 , . . . , ym )
where yi = ai1 x1 +ai2 x2 +· · ·+ain xn for some aij ∈ F with 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n.
(3) Find the rank and nullity of the following linear transformations. Also, write a basis
of the range space in each case.
(a) T : F3 → F3 defined by T (x, y, z) = (x + y + z, x − y + z, x + z).
(b) Assume that 0 ≤ m ≤ n. Define T : Fn → Fm by
T (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xm ).
(4) Write the matrix representations of the linear operators with respect to the given
ordered basis B.
(a) T : R2 → R2 such that T (x, y) = (x, y) and B = {(1, 1), (1, −1)}.
(b) D : Pn+1 → Pn+1 such that D(a0 + a1 x + · · · + an xn ) = a1 + 2a2 x + · · · + nan xn−1
and B = {1, x, . . . , xn }.
(5) Suppose dim V = dim W < ∞ and T : V → W is a linear transformation. Show that
the following statements are equivalent.
(a) T is an isomorphism.
(b) T is injective (i.e., one to one).
(c) ker T = 0.
(d) T is surjective (i.e., onto).
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2 MTL1002: TUTORIAL 3
(6) Suppose m > n. Justify the following statements.
(a) There is no one to one (injective) R-linear transformation from Rm to Rn .
(b) There is no onto (surjective) R-linear transformation from Rn to Rm .
(7) Find the eigenvalues, eigenvectors and dimension of eigenspaces of the following linear
operators.
(a) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (x, y) = (x + y, x).
(b) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (x, y) = (y, x).
(c) T : R2 → R2 defined by T (x, y) = (y, −x).
(d) T : C2 → C2 defined by T (x, y) = (y, −x).
(e) T : Cn → Cn defined by T (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = (xn , x1 , . . . , xn−1 ).
(f) T : C2 → C2 defined by T (z1 , z2 ) = (z1 − 2z2 , z1 + 2z2 ).
(8) Suppose {λ1 , . . . , λt } is the complete set of distinct eigenvalues of a linear operator
St: V → V . Denote by Vi theP
T eigenspace of λi . If Bi is a basis of Vi then show that
t
i=1 Bi is a basis of the sum i=1 Vi . Conclude that it is
Pt
a direct sum.
Further, show that T is diagonalizable if and only if i=1 Vi = V . Equivalently,
show that T is diagonalizable if and only if dim V = dim V1 + dim V2 + · · · + dim Vt .
(9) Find a basis B such that [T ]B is a diagonal matrix in case T is diagonalizable. Find
P such that [T ]B = P [T ]S P −1 where S is the standard basis in each case.
(a) T : C2 → C2 defined by T (x, y) = (y, −x).
(b) T : R3 → R3 defined by T (x, y, z) = (5x − 6y − 6z, −x + 4y + 2z, 3x − 6y − 4z).
(c) T : C2 → C2 defined by T (x, y) = (x cos θ + y sin θ, −x sin θ + y cos θ).
(10) Characteristic polynomial of a matrix is satisfied by the matrix (Cayley-Hamilton).
Use it to find (invertibility and) the inverse of the following linear operators.
(a) (x, y, z) 7→ (x + y + z, x + z, −x + y).
(b) (x, y, z) 7→ (x, x + 2y, x + 2y + 3z).
(11) Let V be a vector space over F = R or C. Which of the following map
⟨ , ⟩ : V × V → F is an inner product?
(a) ⟨(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )⟩ = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + 3 for V = R2 and F = R.
(b) ⟨(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )⟩ = x1 x2 − y1 y2 for V = R2 and F = R.
(c) ⟨(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )⟩ = y1 (x1 + 2x2 ) + y2 (2x1 + 5x2 ) for V = R2 and F = R.
(d) ⟨(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )⟩ = x1 x2 + y1 y2 for V = C2 and F = C.
(e) ⟨(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )⟩ = x1 x̄2 − y1 ȳ2 for V = C2 and F = C.
(f) For V = Mn (C) and F = C, take ⟨A, B⟩ = trace(AB̄).
(g) For V = C[0, 1] the space of continuous
R1 complex valued functions on the interval
[0, 1] and F = C take ⟨f, g⟩ := 0 f (t)ḡ(t) dt where f, g ∈ C[0, 1].
MTL1002: TUTORIAL 3 3
a b
(12) Suppose A = ∈ M2 (R) is such that a > 0 and det(A) = ad − b2 > 0. Show
b d
that ⟨X, Y ⟩ = X t AY is an inner product on R2 .
p
(13) Suppose V is an inner product space. Define ∥v∥ := ⟨v, v⟩. Prove the following
statements.
(a) ∥v∥ = 0 if and only if v = 0.
(b) For a ∈ F , ∥av∥ = |a|∥v∥.
(c) ∥v + w∥ ≤ ∥v∥ + ∥w∥.
(d) ∥v∥ − ∥w∥ ≤ ∥v − w∥.
(e) ⟨v, w⟩ = 0 ⇐⇒ ∥v + w∥2 = ∥v∥2 + ∥w∥2 .
(14) Use standard inner product on R2 over R to prove the following statement: “A
parallelogram is a rhombus if and only if its diagonals are perpendicular to each
other.”
(15) Find with respect to the standard inner product of R3 , an orthonormal basis con-
taining (1, 1, 1).
(16) Find an orthonormal basis of P3 :=R {f (x) ∈ R[x] : deg f (x) < 3} with respect to the
1
inner product defined by ⟨f, g⟩ := 0 f (t)g(t) dt.
(17) Suppose W is a subspace of the finite dimensional inner product space V . Define
W ⊥ := {v ∈ V : ⟨w, v⟩ = 0 ∀w ∈ W }. Prove the following statements.
(a) W ⊥ is a subspace of V .
(b) W ∩ W ⊥ = 0.
(c) V = W ⊕ W ⊥ .
(d) (W ⊥ )⊥ = W .
(18) Suppose W = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x + y = 0}. Find the shortest distance of (a, b) ∈ R2
from W with respect to
(a) the standard inner product,
(b) the inner product defined by ⟨(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )⟩ = 2x1 x2 + y1 y2 .