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9_Chem_TB Sol_Ch 8 Atmospheric [Link]
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Q1 Atmospheric pollution + four pollutants
Air becomes contaminated when harmful substances from natural and
human sources enter it and damage living organisms.
Gaseous pollutants: SO₂, NO, CO₂, H₂S.
Q2 Acid rain + forms
Acid rain is when atmospheric acids condense and fall to Earth.
Wet deposition: rain, snow, fog, dew.
Dry deposition: sulphate and nitrate particles.
Q3 Sources of acid rain pollutants
Natural: volcanoes, forest fires, bacterial decay.
Man-made: industries, power plants, smelting, vehicles.
Q4 Fossil fuels + SO₂ formation
Fossil fuels come from ancient plant/animal remains — coal, petroleum,
natural gas.
They contain sulphur impurities that burn to form SO₂.
Equation: S + O₂ → SO₂.
Q5 SO₂ from smelting
Roasting metal sulphides releases sulphur dioxide.
Equation: 2ZnS + 3O₂ → 2ZnO + 2SO₂.
Q6 NO formation in engines
At high temperatures, nitrogen in air reacts with oxygen.
This produces NO, which exits through exhaust gases.
N₂ + O₂ → 2NO.
Q7 Rain is slightly acidic
CO₂ dissolves in rainwater forming weak carbonic acid.
H₂O + CO₂ → H₂CO₃.
Q8 Sulphuric acid in acid rain
SO₂ forms from fuel burning, then reacts to form H₂SO₃ and oxidizes to SO₃.
SO₃ combines with water → H₂SO₄ (acid rain source).
Q9 Nitrogen → acids pathway
N₂ + O₂ → NO → NO₂.
NO₂ + H₂O forms HNO₂ & HNO₃ causing acid rain.
Q10 Catalytic converter
Converts harmful NO and NO₂ into harmless nitrogen and oxygen using Pt/Pd
catalysts.
Reduces vehicle pollution drastically.
Q11 Nutrient leaching
H⁺ from acids displace minerals like Ca and K from soil.
This washes nutrients away and reduces fertility.
Q12 Marine damage
Acid rain leaches toxic metals into rivers.
These kill aquatic plants and animals.
Q13 Environmental effects
Damages plants (photosynthesis ↓), harms humans via food chain, corrodes
buildings/statues.
CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ → CaSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂.
Q14 Control of acid rain
Use cleaner energy (CNG, hydro, wind).
Install catalytic converters and industrial filters.
Q15 Greenhouse gases
Heat-trapping gases in atmosphere.
Major: CO₂, CH₄, H₂O vapour, N₂O, CFCs.
Q16 Greenhouse effect
Warming of Earth due to gas blanket trapping heat.
Leads to global warming.
Q17 How warming occurs + balance
GHGs trap outgoing infrared radiation → temperature rises.
Without them, heat balance between incoming and outgoing radiation is
maintained.
Q18 CO₂ from fuels
Coal: C + O₂ → CO₂.
Methane: CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O.
Q19 Methane sources
Natural: marsh decay, natural gas.
Man-made: rice fields, mining, drilling, biomass burning.
Q20 Nitrous oxide sources
Natural: soil microbes, lightning.
Man-made: fertilizers, vehicles, biomass burning.
Q21 Impact of GHGs
Melting ice → sea level rise.
Climate shifts (more rain, wetter winters).
Agriculture and soil fertility affected.
Q22 Better fuels
LPG, LNG, CNG emit fewer greenhouse gases than fossil fuels.
Q23 Renewable energy
Solar, wind, hydropower — clean and sustainable.
Q24 Afforestation effect
Trees absorb CO₂ via photosynthesis.
Less deforestation = fewer emissions.
Q25 Ozone layer
O₃-rich layer (20–30 km) blocks harmful UV rays.
Thickness varies by region and season.
Q26 Ozone formation
UV splits O₂ → O atoms.
O + O₂ → O₃ (photochemical reaction).
Q27 Ozone-oxygen cycle
Ozone forms and breaks continuously maintaining balance.
CFC radicals disturb this and destroy ozone.
Q28 Damage from ozone depletion
Humans: cancer, cataracts, weak immunity.
Plants: reduced growth, chlorophyll loss, ecosystem disruption.
Q29 Ozone-destroying chemicals
CFCs (main culprit >80%), CH₃Cl, CH₃Br, CCl₄, N₂O etc.
Used in aerosols, ACs, refrigeration, cleaning electronics.
Q30 Role of CFCs
UV breaks CFCs releasing Cl radicals.
These catalytically destroy massive amounts of ozone.
Q31 Protection methods
Replace CFC products with safer alternatives (HCFCs).
Global control via Montreal Protocol.
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Q1 Atmospheric pollution + pollutants
Atmospheric pollution is the contamination of air by harmful substances from
natural and human activities that negatively affect living organisms and the
environment.
Major gaseous pollutants include oxides of sulphur (SO₂), nitrogen (NO),
carbon (CO₂) and hydrogen sulphide (H₂S).
Q2 Acid rain + forms
Acid rain refers to acids formed in the atmosphere that fall back to Earth.
Wet deposition includes rain, snow, fog and dew, while dry deposition occurs
through sulphate and nitrate particles settling on surfaces.
Q3 Sources of acid rain pollutants
Natural sources: volcanic eruptions, forest fires and bacterial decomposition.
Man-made sources: power plants, industries, smelting plants and automobile
exhausts releasing SO₂ and NOₓ.
Q4 Fossil fuels + SO₂
Fossil fuels are fuels formed from buried plant and animal remains over
millions of years — coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Sulphur impurities in them burn to form sulphur dioxide: S + O₂ → SO₂.
Q5 SO₂ from roasting
Metal sulphides release sulphur dioxide during roasting in air.
Example: 2ZnS + 3O₂ → 2ZnO + 2SO₂.
Q6 NO formation in engines
Nitrogen in air reacts with oxygen at high engine temperatures forming nitric
oxide.
Reaction: N₂ + O₂ → 2NO, which escapes through exhaust gases.
Q7 Slight acidity of rain
CO₂ present in clean air dissolves in rainwater to form weak carbonic acid.
H₂O + CO₂ → H₂CO₃.
Q8 Formation of sulphuric acid
Burning sulphur in fossil fuels forms SO₂ which reacts with water to form
H₂SO₃.
SO₂ further oxidizes to SO₃ which reacts with water to form H₂SO₄, causing
acid rain.
Q9 Nitrogen to acids
At high temperature N₂ forms NO which converts to NO₂.
NO₂ reacts with water forming nitrous and nitric acids responsible for acid
rain.
Q10 Catalytic converter
Catalytic converters reduce harmful nitrogen oxides in vehicle exhaust.
They convert NO and NO₂ into nitrogen and oxygen using Pt/Pd catalysts.
Q11 Nutrient leaching
Hydrogen ions from acid rain replace essential soil minerals like calcium and
potassium.
These nutrients get washed away, reducing soil fertility.
Q12 Marine effects
Acid rain leaches toxic metals from soil into rivers and lakes.
These poisons harm aquatic plants and animals.
Q13 Other environmental effects
Damages plant growth and reduces photosynthesis.
Corrodes buildings and enters the food chain affecting human health.
Q14 Control of acid rain
Use cleaner fuels like CNG and renewable energy.
Install pollution-control devices in vehicles and industries.
Q15 Greenhouse gases
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
Main ones: CO₂, CH₄, water vapour, N₂O and CFCs.
Q16 Greenhouse effect
Warming of Earth due to heat trapped by greenhouse gases.
Results in global warming.
Q17 Heat balance
Greenhouse gases trap outgoing infrared radiation raising Earth’s
temperature.
Without them, reflected and emitted heat maintains natural temperature
balance.
Q18 CO₂ formation
Coal: C + O₂ → CO₂ + heat.
Natural gas: CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + heat.
Q19 Methane sources
Natural: marsh decay and natural gas.
Man-made: rice fields, mining, drilling and biomass burning.
Q20 Nitrous oxide sources
Natural: soil microorganisms and lightning.
Man-made: fertilizers, vehicles and biomass burning.
Q21 Impact of GHGs
Melting glaciers raise sea levels.
Climate patterns change and agriculture is negatively affected.
Q22 Better fuels
LPG, LNG and CNG produce fewer greenhouse gases compared to coal and
petroleum.
Q23 Renewable energy
Solar, wind and hydropower are clean and sustainable sources.
Q24 Afforestation
More trees absorb CO₂ and reduce greenhouse gases.
Preventing deforestation also cuts emissions.
Q25 Ozone layer
Ozone-rich layer (20–30 km) absorbs harmful UV radiation and protects life.
Q26 Ozone formation
UV rays split O₂ into atoms which combine to form O₃.
This is a photochemical reaction.
Q27 Ozone cycle
Continuous formation and breakdown of ozone maintains balance.
CFC radicals disrupt this cycle causing depletion.
Q28 Effects of depletion
Causes skin cancer, eye damage and weak immunity in humans.
Also reduces plant growth and disrupts ecosystems.
Q29 Chemicals destroying ozone
Mainly CFCs (over 80%), along with methyl bromide, methane and nitrous
oxide.
Used in aerosols, ACs and refrigeration.
Q30 Role of CFCs
UV breaks CFCs releasing chlorine radicals.
These destroy large amounts of ozone.
Q31 Protection methods
Use CFC-free products and safer substitutes like HCFCs.
Follow international agreements like the Montreal Protocol.