Basic Electronics For TVET

Syllabus
Topic 1: UNIT 10.1.01 – INTRODUCTION
TO ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
1. What is an Electrical Circuit?
Definition

An electrical circuit is a closed path through which electric current flows from a source,
through components, and back to the source.

Basic Requirement of a Circuit

For current to flow, a circuit must have:

 1. Source of energy (battery, generator)
2. Conducting path (wires)
3. Load (lamp, resistor, motor)
4. Switch or control device (optional)

Key Point

 If the path is broken, the circuit is open → no current flows

 If the path is complete, the circuit is closed → current flows

Examples

1. A torch lighting when switched ON

2. A fan running when power is supplied
3. A phone charging circuit
4. A bulb glowing in a laboratory setup
5. A doorbell ringing when pressed

2. Basic Electrical Quantities

2.1 Electric Charge (Q)

Definition

Electric charge is the quantity of electricity possessed by a body.

Unit

 Coulomb (C)

Formula
Q=I * t

Where:

 Q = charge (C)
 I = current (A)
 t = time (seconds)
Examples

1. If 2 A flows for 5 s,
Q=2×5=10C
2. A current of 1 A for 10 s gives
Q=10C
3. 0.5 A for 20 s
Q=10C
4. 4 A for 2 s
Q=8C
5. 3 A flowing for 1 s
Q=3C

2.2 Electric Current (I)

Definition

Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge.

Unit

 Ampere (A)

Formula
I=Q/t

Key Note

 Conventional current flows from positive to negative

 Electron flow is negative to positive

Examples

1. 10 C in 5 s
I=2A
2. 20 C in 10 s
I=2A
3. 15 C in 3 s
I=5A
4. 6 C in 2 s
I=3A
5. 50 C in 25 s
I=2A
2.3 Voltage / Potential Difference (V)
Definition

Voltage is the electrical pressure that pushes current through a circuit.

Unit

 Volt (V)

Formula
V=W/Q

Where:

 W = work done (Joules)

 Q = charge (C)

Examples

1. 10 J for 2 C
V=5V
2. 20 J for 5 C
V=4V
3. 12 J for 3 C
V=4V
4. 9 J for 3 C
V=3V
5. 100 J for 20 C
V=5V

2.4 Resistance (R)

Definition

Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electric current.

Unit

 Ohm (Ω)
Factors Affecting Resistance

1. Length of conductor
2. Cross-sectional area
3. Material
4. Temperature

Formula (Ohm’s Law)

R=V/I

Where:

V-Volt (V)

I-Electric current (A)

Examples

1. 10 V, 2 A
R=5Ω
2. 12 V, 3 A
R=4Ω
3. 20 V, 4 A
R=5Ω
4. 9 V, 3 A
R=3Ω
5. 100 V, 10 A
R=10Ω

3. Types of Electrical Circuits

3.1 Open Circuit

Definition

An open circuit has a break in the path, so no current flows.

Examples

1. Switch OFF lamp

2. Broken wire
3. Blown fuse
4. Open doorbell switch
 5. Disconnected battery terminal

3.2 Closed Circuit

Definition

A closed circuit has a complete path, allowing current to flow.

Examples

1. Switch ON lamp
2. Operating fan
3. Working torch
4. Running motor
5. TV turned ON

3.3 Short Circuit

Definition

A short circuit occurs when current takes an unintended low-resistance path, causing very
high current.

Danger

 Causes overheating
 Can damage equipment
 Fire hazard

Examples

1. Live wire touching neutral

2. Damaged insulation
3. Water entering sockets
4. Faulty extension cord
5. Metal object across terminals
4. Circuit Symbols (Basic)
Component Symbol Use

Cell Source of voltage

Battery Multiple cells

Switch Control current

Resistor Limit current

Lamp Light output

Wire Conducting path

(Students should practice drawing these symbols)

5. Importance of Electrical Circuits

Why Electrical Circuits Are Important

1. Power household appliances

2. Enable communication systems
3. Used in industrial machines
4. Essential in electronics
5. Basis of all electrical systems

Examples

1. Lighting systems
2. Mobile phone circuits
3. Television circuits
4. Computer motherboards
5. Industrial control panels

EXAM TIPS (TVET Focus)

✔ Know definitions and units
✔ Practice numerical problems
✔ Understand real-life applications
✔ Draw neat circuit diagrams
✔ Memorize basic formulas

UNIT 10.1.02 – SIMPLE A.C. CIRCUITS

1. Introduction to A.C. Circuits

What is an A.C. Circuit?

An Alternating Current (A.C.) circuit is an electrical circuit in which the current and voltage
change magnitude and direction periodically with time.

📌 Most household and industrial supplies are A.C. (e.g., 230 V, 50 Hz).

Basic A.C. Terms

Term Symbol Unit

Alternating voltage V Volt (V)
Alternating current I Ampere (A)
Frequency f Hertz (Hz)
Time period T Second (s)
Angular frequency ω = 2πf rad/s
RMS value Vrms, Irms V, A

RMS Value

RMS (Root Mean Square) value is the effective value of A.C. that produces the same heating
effect as D.C.

2. Pure Resistive A.C. Circuit (R-Circuit)

Definition

A circuit containing only resistance connected to an A.C. supply.

Effect of Resistance in A.C. Circuit

 Current and voltage are in phase

 Power is consumed
 No energy storage
Key Formulae

 Ohm’s law (A.C.):

 Power:

 Power factor:

Phasor Diagram (Text Representation)

Phasor diagram are a graphical way of representing the magnitude and
directional relationship between two or more alternating quantities

V →→→
I →→→ (Same direction)
5 Solved Numerical Examples (R-Circuit)

Example 1
R = 20 Ω, V = 200 V

Example 2
R = 10 Ω, I = 5 A

Example 3
I = 4 A, R = 15 Ω

Example 4
V = 100 V, I = 2 A
Example 5
R = 25 Ω, V = 250 V

5 Assignments (R-Circuit)

1. Calculate current when R = 40 Ω and V = 240 V

2. Find power if I = 3 A and R = 20 Ω
3. Determine resistance for V = 120 V and I = 6 A
4. An A.C. circuit consumes 500 W at 10 A. Find R
5. Draw phasor diagram for pure resistive circuit

Phase (in AC circuits):

Phase refers to the relative position of a waveform (voltage or current) in time with respect to another waveform
or a reference.
It is usually measured as an angle (in degrees or radians) and tells us whether one quantity leads or lags another.

Phasor diagram for a pure resistive circuit

In a pure resistive circuit:

 Voltage and current are in phase

 Phase angle ϕ=00
 There is no lead or lag

Reason:
For a resistor, V=IR, so current changes instantly with voltage.

Phasor Diagram (Pure Resistance)

I, V
──────────────►

Or more clearly:

I
─────►
V

Both current (I) and voltage (V) phasors lie on the same line, pointing in the same direction.
3. Pure Inductive A.C. Circuit (L-Circuit)
Definition

A circuit containing only inductance connected to A.C. supply.

Inductance (in A.C. circuits) is the property of a coil or conductor by which it opposes any
change in alternating current flowing through it by inducing an emf (voltage) in itself.

Effect of Inductance

 Current lags voltage by 90°

 No power consumed (ideal)
 Energy stored in magnetic field

Inductive Reactance

Current Equation

Power
Phasor Diagram
V ↑
I →
(Current lags voltage)

Phasor diagram are a graphical way of representing the magnitude and

directional relationship between two or more alternating quantities

5 Solved Numerical Examples (L-Circuit)

Example 1
L = 0.2 H, f = 50 Hz

Example 2
V = 230 V, XL = 46 Ω

I=5A

Example 3
L = 0.1 H, f = 60 Hz

XL=37.7Ω

Example 4
V = 120 V, XL = 30 Ω

I=4A

Example 5
Given pure inductive circuit

P=0W

5 Assignments (L-Circuit)

1. Find XL for L = 0.4 H at 50 Hz

2. Calculate current for V = 200 V and XL = 40 Ω
 3. Determine frequency if XL = 62.8 Ω and L = 0.2 H
4. Why does inductive circuit consume no power?
5. Draw phasor diagram of pure inductive circuit

4. Pure Capacitive A.C. Circuit (C-Circuit)

Definition

A circuit containing only capacitance connected to A.C. supply.

Effect of Capacitance

 Current leads voltage by 90°

 Energy stored in electric field
 No real power consumed

Capacitive Reactance

Current Equation

Phasor Diagram
I ↑
V →
(Current leads voltage)

5 Solved Numerical Examples (C-Circuit)

Example 1
C = 100 µF, f = 50 Hz

XC=31.8Ω
Explained: unit calculation-capacitance must be in farads(F):
100µF=100x10 -6F

Example 2
V = 230 V, XC = 46 Ω

I=5A

Example 3
C = 50 µF, f = 60 Hz

Xc=53Ω

Example 4
XC = 25 Ω, V = 100 V

I=4A

Example 5
Pure capacitive circuit

P=0W

5 Assignments (C-Circuit)

1. Calculate XC for C = 200 µF at 50 Hz

2. Find current when V = 120 V and XC = 30 Ω
3. Determine capacitance if XC = 63 Ω at 50 Hz
4. Explain why power is zero in capacitive circuit
5. Draw phasor diagram of pure capacitive circuit

5. Comparison of R, L, and C Circuits

Feature R L C
Phase relation In I lags I leads
phase
Power Yes No No
consumed
 Energy storage No Magnetic Electric

Exam Tips (TVET Focus)

✔ Learn phasor diagrams
✔ Practice numerical problems
✔ Remember phase angles
✔ Write units correctly
✔ Show formula → substitution → answer
Topic 3:

INTRODUCTION TO SIMPLE D.C. CIRCUITS

1.1 What is a D.C. Circuit?

A direct current (d.c.) circuit is an electrical circuit in which electric current flows in one
direction only from the positive terminal of a source to the negative terminal.

Main parts of a d.c. circuit:

 D.C. source (battery, cell, DC power supply)

 Conducting path (wires)
 Load (resistor, lamp, motor)
 Switch (control device)

1.2 Simple D.C. Circuit Diagram

+ ──| |───────/ ───────[ R ]─────── -

Battery Switch Resistor

2. BASIC ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES IN D.C.

CIRCUITS
2.1 Electric Current (I)

Current is the rate of flow of electric charge.

 Symbol: I
 Unit: Ampere (A)

2.2 Voltage (V)

Voltage is the electrical pressure that causes current to flow.

 Symbol: V
 Unit: Volt (V)

2.3 Resistance (R)

Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current.

 Symbol: R
 Unit: Ohm (Ω)

Factors affecting resistance:

 Length of conductor
 Cross-sectional area
 Material
 Temperature

3. OHM’S LAW
3.1 Statement of Ohm’s Law

At constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage
across it.

V=IR

3.2 Calculated Examples (Ohm’s Law)

Example 1
A resistor of 10 Ω is connected to 20 V. Find the current.

Example 2
Find the voltage across a 5 Ω resistor carrying 3 A.
V=IR=3×5=15V

Example 3
A current of 0.5 A flows when 6 V is applied. Find R.

Example 4
What current flows through 8 Ω connected to 24 V?

I=24÷8=3A

Example 5
A 9 V battery causes 0.3 A current. Calculate resistance.

R=9÷0.3=30Ω

4. RESISTORS IN SERIES CIRCUITS

4.1 Series Circuit Characteristics

 Same current flows through all components

 Total resistance is the sum of individual resistances

4.2 Series Circuit Diagram

+ ──| |──[R1]──[R2]──[R3]── -

4.3 Calculated Examples (Series Circuits)

Example 1
Find total resistance of 2 Ω, 4 Ω, and 6 Ω.

RT=2+4+6=12Ω
Example 2
If 12 V is applied to total resistance of 6 Ω, find current.

I=12÷6=2A

Example 3
Three resistors of 5 Ω, 10 Ω, 15 Ω are in series. Find R_T.

RT=30Ω

Example 4
Calculate voltage across a 4 Ω resistor if I = 2 A.

V=IR=2×4=8V

Example 5
A 9 V supply feeds 3 Ω and 6 Ω in series. Find current.

RT=9Ω, I=9÷9=1A

5. RESISTORS IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS

5.1 Parallel Circuit Characteristics

 Same voltage across each branch

 Current divides among branches

5.2 Parallel Circuit Diagram

┌──[R1]──┐
+ ────┤ ├─── -
└──[R2]──┘
5.3 Calculated Examples (Parallel Circuits)

Example 1
Find equivalent resistance of 6 Ω and 3 Ω in parallel.

Example 2
Two 4 Ω resistors in parallel. Find R_T.

RT=2Ω

Example 3
If 12 V is applied to 3 Ω || 6 Ω, find total current.

RT=2Ω, I=12÷2=6A

Example 4
Find current in 6 Ω branch when V = 12 V.

I=12÷6=2A

Example 5
A parallel circuit draws 10 A at 20 V. Find R_T.

RT=20÷10=2Ω

6. ELECTRICAL POWER IN D.C. CIRCUITS

6.1 Power Formulae
Unit: Watt (W)

6.2 Calculated Examples (Power)

Example 1
Find power if V = 12 V and I = 2 A.

P=12×2=24W

Example 2
A 10 Ω resistor carries 3 A. Find power.

P=I2R =9×10=90W

Example 3
Find power when V = 20 V and R = 5 Ω.

P=V2÷R =400÷5=80W

Example 4
A lamp draws 0.5 A at 6 V. Find power.

P=3W

Example 5
Find current if a 24 W device operates at 12 V.

I=24÷12=2A

7. KEY EXAM POINTS

 Ohm’s law applies only at constant temperature
 Series circuits have same current
 Parallel circuits have same voltage
 Power rating of resistors must not be exceeded

End of Simple D.C. Circuits Notes

I’ve created comprehensive, in-depth TVET-aligned notes on Simple D.C. Circuits in the
canvas for you 📘⚡

What you’ll find in there:

 Clear explanations of all core concepts (Ohm’s law, series & parallel circuits, power,
basics of current/voltage/resistance)
 Neat circuit diagrams (text-based, exam-friendly)
 5 fully worked numerical examples per concept (step-by-step, using TVET-style
values)
 Language and structure suitable for teaching, self-study, and exam revision
Electronic Components (TVET Basic
Electronics)
These notes are written to be simple, precise, exam-oriented, and practical, while still being
in-depth for strong understanding. Each component includes clear explanations, formulas,
applications, and 5 fully calculated examples.

1. Resistors
Definition

A resistor is an electronic component that opposes the flow of electric current. It is used to
control current and divide voltage in a circuit.

Unit

Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).

Symbol

Zig-zag or rectangular symbol.

Types of Resistors

 Fixed resistors
 Variable resistors (rheostat, potentiometer)
 Special resistors (LDR, thermistor)
Ohm’s Law

V=IR Where:

 V = Voltage (V)
 I = Current (A)
 R = Resistance (Ω)

Applications

 Current limiting
 Voltage division
 Heat generation

Calculated Examples

Example 1
A resistor of 10 Ω is connected to 5 V. Find the current.

I=V/R=5/10=0.5A

Example 2
Find the voltage across a 20 Ω resistor carrying 2 A.

V=IR=2×20=40V

Example 3
A circuit has 12 V and current of 0.5 A. Find resistance.

R=V/I=12/0.5=24Ω

Example 4
Calculate power dissipated if 3 A flows through 4 Ω resistor.

P=I2R=32×4=36W
Example 5
A 100 Ω resistor is connected to 10 V. Find power.

P=V2/R=102/100=1W

2. Capacitors
Definition

A capacitor stores electrical energy in the form of an electric field between two plates.

Unit

Capacitance is measured in farads (F).

Types

 Ceramic
 Electrolytic
 Tantalum
 Variable capacitor

Capacitance Formula

C=Q/V Where:

 C = Capacitance (F)
 Q = Charge (Coulombs)
 V = Voltage (V)

Applications
  Energy storage
 Filtering
 Timing circuits

Calculated Examples

Example 1
A capacitor stores 10 C at 5 V. Find capacitance.

C=Q/V=10/5=2F

Example 2
Find charge stored in 4 F capacitor at 12 V.

Q=CV=4×12=48C

Example 3
A 100 µF capacitor is connected to 10 V. Find charge.

Q=100×10-6×10=0.001C

Example 4
Find energy stored in 2 F capacitor at 5 V.

E=½CV2=0.5×2×25=25J

Example 5
A 470 µF capacitor is charged with 20 V. Find energy.

E=½×470×10−6×202=0.094J
3. Diodes
Definition

A diode allows current to flow in one direction only.

Types

 PN junction diode
 Zener diode
 LED

Forward Voltage Drop

 Silicon diode ≈ 0.7 V

 Germanium diode ≈ 0.3 V

Applications

 Rectification
 Voltage regulation
 Light emission

Calculated Examples

Example 1
A silicon diode has 5 V supply. Find output voltage.
Vo=5−0.7=4.3V

Example 2
Find power dissipated if diode carries 0.2 A at 0.7 V.

P=VI=0.7×0.2=0.14W

Example 3
A diode passes 100 mA. Find power loss.

P=0.7×0.1=0.07W

Example 4
Zener diode maintains 6 V. Find drop across resistor if supply is 12 V.

VR=12−6=6V

Example 5
LED forward voltage is 2 V with 20 mA current. Find power.

P=2×0.02=0.04W

TRANSISTORS – Comprehensive Simplified Notes (TVET

Level)

1. Introduction to Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor electronic component used to:

 Amplify signals
 Act as a switch
 Control current flow
Transistors are widely used in radios, TVs, computers, amplifiers, and control circuits.

They are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon.

2. History of the Transistor

The first transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs by:

 John Bardeen
 Walter Brattain
 William Shockley

This invention replaced bulky vacuum tubes.

3. Types of Transistors
(A) Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

A BJT has three layers and three terminals.

Types:

1. NPN transistor
2. PNP transistor

Terminals:

 Emitter (E) – Emits charge carriers

 Base (B) – Controls current
 Collector (C) – Collects charge carriers
Symbol difference:

 NPN → Arrow points out

 PNP → Arrow points in

(B) Field Effect Transistor (FET)

A FET is voltage-controlled.

Common type:

 MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET)

Terminals:

 Gate (G)
 Drain (D)
 Source (S)

4. Structure of a BJT (Example: NPN)

It consists of:

 N-type material
 P-type material
 N-type material

The base is very thin compared to emitter and collector.

5. Working Principle of a BJT (NPN)

For proper operation:

 Base-Emitter junction → Forward biased

 Collector-Base junction → Reverse biased

Small current at the base controls large current from collector to emitter.

Formula:
IC=βIBI_C = \beta I_BIC=βIB

Where:

 ICI_CIC = Collector current

 IBI_BIB = Base current
 β\betaβ = Current gain

6. Operating Regions of a Transistor

1. Cut-off Region
o Transistor OFF
o No collector current
2. Active Region
o Used for amplification
o IC=βIBI_C = \beta I_BIC=βIB
3. Saturation Region
o Transistor fully ON
o Used as a switch

7. Transistor as a Switch
When:

 No base current → OFF

 Base current applied → ON

Used in:

 Relay control
 LED control
 Motor switching

8. Transistor as an Amplifier
A small AC signal at the base produces a larger signal at the collector.

Used in:
  Audio amplifiers
 Radio circuits
 Microphone circuits

9. Advantages of Transistors
 Small size
 Low power consumption
 High efficiency
 Long lifespan
 Low cost

WORKED EXAMPLES (Step-by-Step)

Example 1: Calculating Collector Current

A transistor has:

 β=100
 Base current IB=20μA

Find collector current.

Solution:

IC= βIB
IC=100×20μA
IC=2000μA
IC = 2mA

Answer: Collector current = 2 mA

Example 2: Transistor as LED Switch

Given:
  Supply voltage = 9V
 LED voltage drop = 2V
 LED current = 20mA
 Transistor gain β=100\beta = 100β=100

Step 1: Find collector current

IC=20mAI_C = 20mAIC=20mA

Step 2: Find base current

IB=ICβI_B = \frac{I_C}{\beta}IB=βIC IB=20mA100I_B = \frac{20mA}{100}IB=10020mA

IB=0.2mAI_B = 0.2mAIB=0.2mA

Answer: Required base current = 0.2 mA

Example 3: Determine Operating Region

Given:

 IB=0I_B = 0IB=0

Since base current is zero:

IC=β×0=0I_C = \beta \times 0 = 0IC=β×0=0

Transistor is in Cut-off region (OFF).

Example 4: Base Resistor Calculation

Given:

 Supply voltage = 12V

 Base-Emitter voltage = 0.7V
 Required base current = 0.5mA

Find base resistor.

RB=Vsupply−VBEIBR_B = \frac{V_{supply} - V_{BE}}{I_B}RB=IBVsupply−VBE

RB=12−0.70.0005R_B = \frac{12 - 0.7}{0.0005}RB=0.000512−0.7 RB=11.30.0005R_B = \
frac{11.3}{0.0005}RB=0.000511.3 RB=22,600ΩR_B = 22,600 \OmegaRB=22,600Ω
Answer: Base resistor ≈ 22.6 kΩ

Example 5: Power Dissipation

Given:

 Collector voltage = 10V

 Collector current = 50mA

Power:

P=VIP = VIP=VI P=10×0.05P = 10 \times 0.05P=10×0.05 P=0.5WP = 0.5WP=0.5W

Answer: Transistor dissipates 0.5 Watts

Summary
A transistor:

 Has 3 terminals
 Can amplify signals
 Can act as a switch
 Operates in cut-off, active, or saturation regions
 Uses small base current to control large collector current

Transistors are fundamental components in modern electronics and are used in nearly all
electronic systems.

4. Transistors
Definition

A transistor is a semiconductor device used for amplification and switching.

Types

 NPN
 PNP
Current Relation

IE=IB+IC

Current Gain

β=IC/IB

Applications

 Signal amplification
 Switching circuits

Calculated Examples

Example 1
Base current is 50 µA and β = 100. Find collector current.

IC=βIB=100×50×10−6=5mAI_C = βI_B = 100 × 50×10^{-6} = 5 mAIC=βIB

=100×50×10−6=5mA

Example 2
Collector current is 10 mA and base current is 100 µA. Find β.

β=10/0.1=100β = 10 / 0.1 = 100β=10/0.1=100

Example 3
Emitter current is 6 mA and base current is 0.1 mA. Find collector current.
IC=6−0.1=5.9mAI_C = 6 − 0.1 = 5.9 mAIC=6−0.1=5.9mA

Example 4
Find power dissipated if VCE = 5 V and IC = 2 mA.

P=VI=5×0.002=0.01WP = VI = 5 × 0.002 = 0.01 WP=VI=5×0.002=0.01W

Example 5
Base current is 20 µA, β = 150. Find collector current.

IC=150×20×10−6=3mAI_C = 150 × 20×10^{-6} = 3 mAIC=150×20×10−6=3mA

5. Inductors
Definition

An inductor stores energy in a magnetic field when current flows through it.

Unit

Henry (H)

Energy Stored

E=½LI2E = ½LI^2E=½LI2

Applications

 Filters
 Chokes
 Transformers

Calculated Examples

Example 1
Find energy stored in 2 H inductor carrying 3 A.

E=½×2×9=9JE = ½ × 2 × 9 = 9 JE=½×2×9=9J
Example 2
An inductor stores 4 J at 2 A. Find inductance.

L=2E/I2=8/4=2HL = 2E / I^2 = 8 / 4 = 2 HL=2E/I2=8/4=2H

Example 3
Current is 5 A, inductance is 1 H. Find energy.

E=½×1×25=12.5JE = ½ × 1 × 25 = 12.5 JE=½×1×25=12.5J

Example 4
Find energy in 0.5 H inductor with 4 A.

E=0.5×0.5×16=4JE = 0.5 × 0.5 × 16 = 4 JE=0.5×0.5×16=4J

Example 5
An inductor has 10 J energy at 5 A. Find L.

L=2×10/25=0.8HL = 2 × 10 / 25 = 0.8 HL=2×10/25=0.8H

END OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS NOTES

I’ve created comprehensive, in-depth, and simplified TVET-level notes on Electronic

Components in the canvas for you 📘⚡

✔ Aligned to TVET Basic Electronics

✔ Clear theory + formulas
✔ 5 fully calculated examples for every component
✔ Very exam-friendly and practical
✔ Easy language (no unnecessary complexity)

Covered components

 Resistors
 Capacitors
  Diodes (including Zener & LED)
 Transistors (NPN/PNP)
 Inductors

If you want, I can next:

 Add diagrams and symbols explanations

 Convert this into PDF / printable notes
 Add revision questions + answers
 Match it exactly to KNEC / NABTEB / CBET outcomes
 Do the remaining syllabus units (AC, DC circuits, semiconductor theory)

Just tell me how you want to use it 👍