COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

Unit -2
Artificial Intelligence.

Question Pattern [Short Answer Questions, Descriptive Questions) Marks : 35

TOPIC Short Answer Short Answer Descriptive Type TOTAL

Type Questions Type Questions Questions
(2 Marks) (3 Marks) (5 Marks)

Foundation of 1X2=2 1X3=3 2X5=10 15

Artificial [ 1 out of [ 1 out of [ 2 out of
Intelligence 2 questions ] 2 questions ] 4 questions ]

TOTAL 4 6 25 35

Topics Covered
Definition and scope of AI., Historical overview and key milestones.,Differentiating AI
from human intelligence.,AI Subfields and Technologies, Machine learning: Supervised,
unsupervised, and reinforcement learning., Deep learning and neural networks.
Natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision, Search as Optimization (only
Basic Concepts), Strategies for State Space [Link] Driven and Gold Driven
[Link] Search, Breadth First Search and Depth First Search.A*
[Link] of AI
AI in finance: Fraud detection, algorithmic trading, and risk assessment. AI in customer
service and chatbots. AI in education: Personalized learning and intelligent tutoring
systems.
Ethical and Social Implications of AI Bias and fairness in AI systems. Impact of AI on
employment and the workforce. AI and social inequality.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

Probable 2(Two) Marks questions covering widely covering the above topics:

Definition and Scope of AI

1. Define Artificial Intelligence in simple terms.

2. What is the main goal of AI research?
3. Name two tasks where AI can outperform humans.
4. Mention two characteristics of an intelligent system.
5. Differentiate between narrow AI and general AI with one example each.

Historical Overview and Key Milestones

6. Who is considered the father of Artificial Intelligence, and what was his
contribution?
7. What was the significance of the Turing Test proposed by Alan Turing?
8. Name two early AI programs developed in the 1950s or 1960s.
9. What caused the “AI Winter,” and how did it affect research?
10. State one recent advancement that led to the revival of AI.

Differentiating AI from Human Intelligence

11. Give one major difference between human reasoning and machine reasoning.
12. Why do humans possess emotional intelligence but AI does not?
13. Explain one example where human intuition outperforms AI.
14. Why is explainability an important issue in AI compared to human decision-
making?

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

AI Subfields and Technologies

15. What is machine learning? Give one real-world example.

16. Define supervised learning with one suitable example.
17. How does unsupervised learning differ from supervised learning?
18. What is reinforcement learning? Give one example of its use.
19. What is a neural network?
20. Name two common applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP).
21. What is Computer Vision used for? Give one example.
22. Define the term state space search in AI.
23. Differentiate between data-driven and goal-driven search strategies.
24. What is the main difference between Breadth-First Search (BFS) and Depth-First
Search (DFS)?
25. What is a heuristic function in search algorithms?
26. What is the main advantage of the A* search algorithm?

Applications of AI

27. How is AI used in fraud detection in finance?

28. Give one example of how AI is used in algorithmic trading.
29. What is risk assessment, and how can AI assist in it?
30. Name two examples of AI in customer service.
31. How does AI support personalized learning in education?

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

32. What is an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS)? Give one example.

Ethical and Social Implications

33. What does bias in AI mean? Give one example.

34. Why is fairness important in AI systems?
35. State one possible impact of AI on employment.
36. How can AI contribute to social inequality?
37. Suggest one way to make AI more ethical.

Definition and Scope of AI (এআই-এর সং া ও পিরিধ)

1. কৃি ম বুি ম া (Artificial Intelligence) বলেত কী বাঝায়?

2. এআই গেবষণার মূল ল কী?
3. এমন দুিট কােজর নাম লেখা যখােন এআই মানুষেক ছািড়েয় গেছ।
4. একিট বুি মান িসে েমর দুিট বিশ লেখা।
5. সংকীণ এআই (Narrow AI) ও সাধারণ এআই (General AI)-এর মেধ পাথক লেখা এবং
িতিটর একিট উদাহরণ দাও।

Historical Overview and Key Milestones (ঐিতহািসক পযােলাচনা ও র পূণ মাইলে ান)

6. কৃি ম বুি ম ার জনক ক এবং তঁ ার অবদান কী িছল?

7. িটউিরং ট (Turing Test)-এর র কী?
8. ১৯৫০ বা ১৯৬০-এর দশেক তির দুিট াথিমক এআই া ােমর নাম লেখা।

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

Probable 3(Three) Marks questions covering widely covering the above topics:

Definition and Scope of AI

1. Explain how AI helps in automating decision-making with one real-life example.

2. Describe any three main areas where Artificial Intelligence is commonly applied.
3. How does AI differ from traditional programming? Give one example to support
your answer.
4. Write a short note on the Dartmouth Conference (1956) and its importance in AI
history.
5. Explain the role of expert systems in the early development of AI. Give one example.
6. How did the advancement in hardware (like GPUs) accelerate modern AI
development?
7. Compare human intelligence and artificial intelligence based on learning, creativity,
and emotions.
8. Give an example where combining human and AI intelligence produces better
results.
9. Why can't AI completely replace human intelligence? Explain with two reasons.
10. Differentiate between machine learning and deep learning with one real-life example
each.
11. Explain with an example how reinforcement learning uses “reward and punishment”
to train an agent.
12. Describe how a neural network processes input data through layers to make a
decision.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

13. What is the role of Natural Language Processing in chatbots? Explain briefly.
14. How does Computer Vision help in self-driving cars?
15. Explain with an example how state space search can be represented as a tree.
16. What is the difference between informed and uninformed search strategies? Give one
example of each.
17. Explain how a heuristic function improves search efficiency.
18. Describe the use of AI in healthcare with one real-world application.
19. Explain how AI helps in e-commerce platforms for product recommendations.
20. How does AI-based credit scoring assist banks in decision-making?
21. In a search tree, each node generates 3 successors, and the tree depth is 4.

→Find the total number of nodes generated.

(Hint: Total nodes = 1 + b + b² + b³ + b⁴)

22. A Breadth-First Search expands level-wise. If the branching factor = 2 and goal
depth = 5, how many nodes will BFS generate?
23. In A* search, if
○ path cost so far (g) = 8,
○ heuristic (h) = 6,
compute f(n) = g(n) + h(n).
24. A classification model gives the following results:
○ True Positives = 40
○ False Positives = 10
○
False Negatives = 5

→ Calculate Precision and Recall.
(Precision = TP / (TP + FP), Recall = TP / (TP + FN))

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

25. In a dataset, actual values = [5, 6, 7] and predicted values = [4, 7, 8].

→Find the Mean Absolute Error (MAE).
(Hint: MAE = average(|actual – predicted|))
26. Suppose a regression model predicts house prices.
Actual = [200, 250, 300], Predicted = [210, 240, 290]
→Compute Mean Squared Error (MSE).
27. In a Naïve Bayes model:
○ P(Spam) = 0.4, P(Not Spam) = 0.6
○ P(word="Offer" | Spam) = 0.8
○
P(word="Offer" | Not Spam) = 0.2
→ Compute which class is more likely for an email containing the word "Offer".
28. A dataset has 10 samples, 6 belong to Class A and 4 to Class B.
→ Compute Entropy.
(Hint: E = –(p₁log₂p₁
+
p₂log₂p₂)
29. In KNN classification, the distances of a test point from its 5 nearest neighbors are:
[2, 3, 3, 4, 5] with class labels [A, A, B, A, B].
→ Predict the class using majority voting.
30. A robot moves from node S to goal G through paths with the following costs:
S–A = 3, A–B = 4, B–G = 5.
If heuristic h(S)=9, h(A)=7, h(B)=4, find the total estimated cost f(S) for the path
S–A–B–G.
31. In a pathfinding problem, three paths have total costs:
Path1 = 14, Path2 = 12, Path3 = 10.
→ Which path will be selected by A* search if heuristic is ignored (uninformed
search)?

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

32. A* search uses f(n) = g(n) + h(n).

For nodes A, B, C:
● A: g=4, h=6
● B: g=5, h=3
●
C: g=6, h=1
→Which node will A* choose next?
33. During model training, learning rate α = 0.1 and the gradient of loss = –20.

→ Compute the weight update Δw = –α × gradient.
34. Suppose the model error decreases from 0.50 to 0.35 after training for 5 epochs.

→ Find the average error reduction per epoch.
35. A dataset has 12 samples; 9 are correctly classified.
→ Compute the Accuracy (%) of the model.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

Probable 5(Five ) Marks descriptive questions widely covering the above topics:

Definition, Scope & History of AI

1. Explain in detail the scope of Artificial Intelligence in modern industries. Give

suitable examples of how AI improves efficiency in at least three different domains.
2. Discuss the major milestones in the history of AI from 1950 to the present day.
Highlight the impact of the Dartmouth Conference and the Deep Learning
revolution.
3. Compare AI, human intelligence, and traditional programming in terms of learning,
adaptability, and creativity. Give one example for each to support your answer.

AI Subfields & Technologies

4. Explain with diagrams the working process of a neural network, including input,
hidden, and output layers.
5. Describe Supervised, Unsupervised, and Reinforcement Learning with examples.
How does each type handle data differently?
6. A reinforcement learning agent receives rewards as follows:
○
Step 1: +5, Step 2: +10, Step 3: –2, Step 4: +7

→ Calculate the total cumulative reward and explain how such rewards influence
the agent's learning process.
7. Describe how Natural Language Processing (NLP) is applied in machine translation
systems like Google Translate. Mention the role of tokenization and semantic
analysis.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

8. Explain how Computer Vision algorithms detect and classify objects in an image.
Give a simple block diagram and one real-life example.

Search & Optimization

9. Explain the concept of State Space Search. Represent the “8-puzzle problem” as a
state space tree and describe how BFS or DFS can be used to find the solution.
10. Distinguish between informed and uninformed search algorithms. Discuss how A*
search uses both path cost and heuristic to find the optimal path.
11. A search tree has a branching factor of 2 and depth = 6.

→ Calculate the total number of nodes generated and explain why BFS can
become memory expensive in such cases.
12. In a given A* search problem:
Node A: g = 5, h = 4
Node B: g = 4, h = 6
Node C: g = 7, h = 2

→ Compute f(n) = g + h for each node and determine which node will be selected
next.

AI Applications

13. Explain how AI is transforming the education sector through personalized learning
and intelligent tutoring systems.
14. Describe how AI is used in fraud detection and risk analysis in financial institutions.
Give one example of an algorithm used for this purpose.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

15. Write a short note on the use of AI in healthcare, especially in disease prediction and
medical image analysis.
16. Discuss the role of recommendation systems in e-commerce platforms. Explain with
an example how machine learning algorithms suggest products.
17. Explain how AI chatbots work using NLP and intent recognition. Describe the steps
from user input to system response generation.

Ethics, Bias, and Social Implications

18. What is algorithmic bias in AI systems? Explain with an example how bias can
appear during training and how it can be reduced.
19. Discuss the ethical challenges of AI in decision-making systems, such as hiring,
surveillance, or criminal justice.
20. How is AI affecting employment and workforce structure? Explain both the
opportunities and risks AI brings to human jobs.
21. Write a short essay on the social inequality caused by uneven access to AI technology
and suggest solutions to minimize it.

Problem-Oriented Numericals

22. In a dataset of 8 samples, the model correctly classifies 6. If 1 is a false positive and 1
is a false negative, compute:
● Accuracy
● Precision

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COMPUTER SCIENCE Class XII Semester 4

● Recall
Explain what each metric represents.
23. For a regression problem, the actual values are [10, 15, 20] and predicted values
are [12, 14, 18].

→ Compute Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Mean Squared Error (MSE).
Interpret the result in simple terms.
24. Consider the following probability data for a Naïve Bayes Classifier:
P(Sports) = 0.5, P(Not Sports) = 0.5
P(word="win"|Sports) = 0.9, P(word="win"|Not Sports) = 0.3

→ Find which class is more likely if the word “win” appears.
25. A KNN classifier has k = 5 neighbors with distances [1, 2, 2, 3, 4] and classes [A,
A, B, B, A].

→ Predict the class label and explain how majority voting helps determine the
outcome.

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