Chapter 8 Indices

Exercise 8
1.
𝟑
𝟖𝟏 −𝟒
(i) ( )
𝟏𝟔

Solution:
3
81 −4
( )
16
3
−
34 4
= [( 4 )]
N AT IS
2
C N
PY
O C D

3
−
3 4 4
O IO
= [( ) ]
D U AA

2
O
3
3 −4× 4
ED PR

= ( )
2
T

3 −3
= ( )
©

2 3
= ( )
3
23
=
33
2×2×2
=
3×3×3
8
=
27
 𝟐
𝟔𝟏 −𝟑
(ii) (𝟏 )
𝟔𝟒

Solution:
2
61 −3
(1 )
64
2 2 2
− −
125 −3 53 3 5 3 3
=( ) = ( 3) = [( ) ]
64 4 4
2
5 3 ×−3
= ( )
N AT IS
4

C N
PY
5 −2
O C D

= ( )
O IO
4
D U AA

4 2
O
= ( )
5
ED PR

16
=
T

25
©

2. (i) (2a-3b2)3

Solution:
(2a-3b2)3
= 23 a -3×3 b 2×3
= 8a-1b6
 𝐚−𝟏 + 𝐛−𝟏
(ii)
𝐚𝐛 −𝟏

Solution:
1 1 𝑏+𝑎
+ 𝑎𝑏 𝑏+𝑎 𝑎𝑏
= 𝑎 𝑏
1 = 1 = 𝑎𝑏
× 1
=𝑎+𝑏
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏

𝐱 −𝟏 𝐲 −𝟏
3. (i)
𝐱 −𝟏 + 𝐲 −𝟏
N AT IS
Solution:
C N
PY
O C D

𝑥𝑦−1 1
O IO
1 1 𝑥𝑦
+
D U AA

= = 𝑦+𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
O 𝑥𝑦

1
ED PR

=
𝑥+𝑦
T
©

(𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 )(𝟔× 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 )

(ii)
𝟖× 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎

Solution:
4 × 107 ×6 ×10−5
=
8× 1010

3 ×107−5
=
1010
3×102
=
1010
 3 ×102
=
1010
3
=
1010−2
3
=
108

𝟑𝐚 𝟐𝐛
4. (i) +
𝐛 −𝟏 𝐚−𝟏

Solution:
3a 2b
= +
b−1 a−1
N AT IS
3a 2b
C N
PY
= +
O C D

1 1
O IO
b a
D U AA

3a× b 2b × a
= +
O
1 1
ED PR

= 3ab + 2ab = 5ab

T
©

𝟏
0 -1
(ii) 5 × 4 + 𝟖 𝟑

Solution:
1
0 -1
5 ×4 + 8 3

1
1 3×
= 1 × ( ) + (2) 3
4
1
= + 2
4
1+8
=
4
9 1
= = 2
4 4
 𝟏
𝟖 −
𝟑
5. (i) ( )
𝟏𝟐𝟓

Solution:
1
8 −
3
( )
125
1
2 × 2 × 2 −3
= [ ]
5×5×5
1
−
23 3
= ( 3)
N AT IS
5
1
C N
PY
2 3 × −3
O C D

= ( )
O IO
5
D U AA

2 −1
O
= ( )
5
ED PR

5 1
= = 2
T

2 2
©

𝟏
−
(ii) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟕) 𝟑

Solution:
1
−
(0.027) 3

1
27 −
3
= ( )
1000
1
3×3×3 −
3
= [ ]
10 × 10 × 10
 1
−
33 3
= ( )
103

1
3 3× −3
= ( )
10

3 −1
= ( )
10
10
=
3
𝟐
𝟏 −𝟑
6. (i) (− )
N AT IS
𝟐𝟕

C N
PY
Solution:
O C D
O IO
D U AA

2
1 −3
(− )
O
27
ED PR

2
1 −3
= (− 3 )
T

3
©

2
1 3× −3
= (− )
3

1 −2
= (− )
3

= (-3)2
=9
𝟐 𝟑
− −
(ii) (𝟔𝟒) 𝟑 ÷ 𝟗 𝟐

Solution:
2 3
(43 )−3 ÷ (92 )−2
 2 3
3×− 7×−
= 4 3 ÷ 3 2

= 4−2 ÷ 3−3
4−2
=
3−3

1
42
1
=
33

33
=
N AT IS
42
C N
PY
27
O C D

=
O IO
16
D U AA

O
ED PR

7.
T

Solution
©

𝟐𝒏 𝒏
−
(𝟐𝟕) 𝟑 × 𝟖 𝟔
(i) −
𝒏
(𝟏𝟖) 𝟐

𝑛
2𝑛 −6
(33 ) 9 ×(23 )
= −
𝑛
2×9 2

2𝑛 𝑛
3× 3×−
3 3 × 2 6
= 𝑛 𝑛
− 2×−
2 2 ×3 2
 𝑛
−2
32𝑛 × 2
= −
𝑛
2 2 × 3−𝑛

3 2𝑛 1
= −
𝑛 × 𝑛 × 3𝑛
2 2 22

32𝑛+𝑛
= 𝑛
−2
𝑛
2 . 22
33𝑛
= −
𝑛 𝑛
2 2 .2 2
N AT IS
𝑛
3𝑛
C N
PY
3 ×2 2
O C D

= 𝑛
O IO
22
D U AA

= 33𝑛
O
ED PR

5.(25)𝑛+1 − 25.(5)2𝑛
(ii)
©

5.(5)2𝑛+3 − (25)𝑛+1

51 .(52 )𝑛+1 − 52 . 52𝑛

=
51 .52𝑛+3 − (52 )𝑛+1

51+2𝑛+2 − 52+2𝑛
=
51+2𝑛+3 − 52𝑛+2

52𝑛+3 −52+2𝑛
=
52𝑛+4 − 52+2𝑛
 52𝑛+3 −52+2𝑛
=
52𝑛+4 −52+2𝑛
52𝑛 .53 −52 .52𝑛
=
52𝑛 .54 −52 .52𝑛

52𝑛 [53 −52 ]

=
52𝑛 [54 −52 ]

125−25
=
625−25
N AT IS
100
= C N
PY
O C D

600
O IO
D U AA

1
=
6
O
ED PR

8.
©

Solution
4 1
−
(i) (8 3 ÷ 2−2 )2
4 1
= ((23 )−3 ÷ 2−2 )2

1
2−4 2
= ( )
2−2
 1
= (2−4+2 )2

1
= (2−2 )2
= 2−1
1
=
2

𝟐
𝟐𝟕 𝟑 𝟏 −𝟐
(ii) ( ) − ( ) + 𝟓𝟎
𝟖 𝟒
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

2
O IO
1 −2
D U AA

3
3 3
= ( 3) – ( 2) + 1
2
O 2
ED PR

2
T

3 3 ×3 1
= ( ) − + 1
©

2 22𝑥−2

3 2 1
=( ) − +1
2 2−4

9
= − 24 + 1
4

9
= − 16 + 1
4
 9
= − 15
4

9−60
=
4

51
=−
4

9.
Solution
N AT IS
C N 2

PY
O C D

(i) (3x ) × 2 -3
(x 9 )3
O IO
D U AA

2
1 9×
=
O× 𝑥 3
(3𝑥 2 )3
ED PR

1
= × 𝑥 3×2
©

33 . 𝑥 2×3

1
= × 𝑥6
27. 𝑥 6

1
=
27

1 1
(ii) (8𝑥 4 )3 ÷ 𝑥 3

1 1
= (23 . 𝑥 4 )3 ÷𝑥 3
 1 1
3. 4.
2 3. 𝑥 3
= 1
𝑥3
4
2 .𝑥 3
= 1
𝑥3

4
2. 𝑥 3
= 1
𝑥3
1 1
4.
= 2.𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3
N AT IS
1
C N
PY
O C D

= 𝑥 [ 2𝑥 4 − 1]
3
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

10.
T
©

Solution
2 0 -4 6 1 −2
(i) (3 ) + 3 × 3 + ( )
3
1
= 30 + 3-4+ 6 +
3−2

=1 + 32 + 32
=1+9+9
= 19
 1
5
1 −2
(ii) 9 − 3. (5)0 − ( )
2
81
1
5
1 −2
= 9 - 3(1) - ( 2)
2
9
5
1
=9 -3-2 1
2×2
9
5
2× 1
=3 2 -3 -
9−1

= 35 – 3 – 9
N AT IS
= 35 – 3 – 32
C N
PY
O C D

= 3(34 – 1 – 3 )
O IO
D U AA

= 3(81 – 1 – 3 )
O
ED PR

= 3(77)
T

= 231
©

11.
Solution
3
1 −1
(i) 16 + 2 ( )
4 . 30
2
3
1
= (24 )4 + 2( ) .1
2−1
3
4×
= 2 4 + 2.2
= 23 + 4
=8+4
= 12

2
3
1 −5 1
1 −1
(ii) (81) − ( ) 4 + (8) ( )
3 . (2)0
32 2
2
3
4) 1 −5 2×
1
1 1
= (3 4 − ( 5) + 2 3 ( )
2 2−1
1
= 33 – 2 + 2 (2)1
5×−5
2
1
N AT IS
= 33 - + 2(2)
2−2
C N
PY
O C D

= 27 – 22 + 4
O IO
D U AA

= 27 – 4 + 4
O
= 27
ED PR

T
©

12
Solution
2
64 −3 1 √25
(i) ( ) ÷ 256 1
+ (3 )0
125 √64
( )4
625
2
−
43 3 1
= ( 3) ÷ 1 + 1
5
44 4
( 4 )
5

4 −2 1
=( ) ÷ 4 + 1
5 ( )
5
 5 2
( )
4
= 4 +1
( )
5

5 2 4
= ( ) ×( )+1
4 5
5
= +1
4
9
=
4

5𝑛+3 − 6×5𝑛+1
(ii)
9×5𝑛 −22 × 5𝑛
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

5𝑛 .53 − 6 × 5𝑛 .5
O IO
D U AA

=
9×5𝑛 − 22 ×5𝑛
O
ED PR

5𝑛 [53 −6×5]
T

=
5𝑛 [9−4]
©

125−30
=
5
95
=
5

=19
13.
Solution
2 1
−2 0 −2
(i) [(64) . 2 3 ÷8 ]

1
2 −
1 2
= ((43 ) . 3 ÷ 1)
22

1
−
42 2
= ( 2)
N AT IS
2

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
1
D U AA

4 2 ×−2
=( )
O
2
ED PR

= 2-1
©

1
=
2

(ii) 3n × 9n+1 ÷ 3n – 1 × 9 n-1

= 3n × 32(n +1) ÷ 3n-1 × 32(n-1)
= 3n × 32n+2 ÷ 3n-1 × 32n-2
3𝑛+2𝑛+2
=
3𝑛−1+2𝑛−2

33𝑛+2
=
33𝑛−3
 33𝑛 . 32
=
33𝑛 . 3−3

= 32 × 33
= 32+3
= 35
= 243

14.
N AT IS
Solution
C N
PY
O C D

√22 × 4√256 1 −2
O IO
(i) –( )
D U AA

3
√64
O 2
ED PR

1 1
4×4
(22 )2 ×(4) 1
T

= 1 –
3×3 2−2
4
©

2 ×4
= − 22
4

= 2-4
= -2

6 3 3 6
− −
3 7 × 4 7 × 97 ×27
(ii)
22 + 20 +2−2
 6 3 3 6
− 2× 2 × −7
3 7 × 3 7 ×2 ×27
= 1
4+ 1+ 2
2

6 6 6 6
− −
3 7 × 37 ×2 7 ×27
= 1
4+ 1+
4

6 6 6 6
−7+ −7+7
3 7 ×2
= 16+4+1
4
N AT IS
30 ×20
C N
PY
O C D

= 21
( )
O IO
4
D U AA

O
ED PR

1
= 21
T

4
©

4
=
21

15.
Solution
2 2 1
−
(32)5 ×(4) 2 ×(8)3
(i) 1
−2 −
2 ÷ (64) 3
 2 1 1
− −
(25 ) 5 ×(22 ) 2 ×(23 )3
= 1
1
3×−3
÷4
22

2−2 × 2−1 ×21

= 1
÷ 4 −1
22

2−1−2+1
= 1
22
1
22
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

= 2-2 O
1
ED PR

=
22
T
©

1
=
4

52(𝑥+6) ×25−7+2𝑥
(ii)
1252𝑥

52𝑥+12 ×52(−7+2𝑥)
=
(53 )2𝑥

52𝑥+12−14+14𝑥
=
56𝑥
 56𝑥−2
=
56𝑥

= 5-2

1
=
52

1
=
25
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

16.
O IO
D U AA

Solution O
72𝑛+3 − 49𝑛+2
ED PR

(i) 2
(343𝑛+1 )3
T
©

72𝑛+3 −72(𝑛+2)
= 2
(73(𝑛+1) )3

72𝑛+3 −72𝑛+4
=
72(𝑛+1)

72𝑛+3 −72𝑛+4
=
72𝑛 .72
 72𝑛 [73 −74 ]
=
72𝑛 .72

343−2401
=
49

2058
= −
49

= - 42

4
N AT IS
(ii) (27) + (32)0.8 + (0.8)−1
3

C N
PY
O C D

3×
4
5×
8
8 −1
O IO
=3 3 + 2 10 + ( )
D U AA

O 10

4 5×
4
4 −1
= 3 +2 + ( )
ED PR

5
5
T
©

5
= 34 + 24 +
4

5
= 81 + 16 +
4
5
= 97 +
4
388+5
=
4

393
=
4
17.

Solution
1 1
3 3
(i) (√32 − √5) . (√32 + √5)

1
5 3
= [(√2 − √5) . (√25 + √5)]
N AT IS
1
5 2 2 3
= [(√2 ) C N
− (√5) ]

PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
1
ED PR

= (25 − 5) 3
T
©

1
= (32 − 5) 3

1
= (27) 3

1
= (33 )3
=3
 1 1 2 2
− −
(ii) (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) (𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥
3 3 3 3 )

1 2 2
1
= (𝑥 − 3 1 ) (𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 )
3 3
𝑥3

∴ it is in the form of
(a – b) (a2 +ab +b2) = a3 – b3
1
1
Here a = 𝑥 ; b = 3
1
𝑥3
N AT IS
1
1
∴ (𝑥 )3 - ( 1 ) 3
3
C N
PY
O C D

𝑥3
O IO
3
D U AA

1
= 𝑥 – 5
3
O
𝑥5
ED PR

1
= 𝑥−
𝑥
T
©

18.
Solution
𝑛
𝑥𝑚 𝑙 𝑥𝑛 𝑚 𝑥𝑙
(i) ( ) . ( 𝑙) . ( )
𝑥𝑛 𝑥 𝑥𝑚

= (𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 )𝑙 . (𝑥 𝑛−𝑙 )𝑚 . (𝑥 𝑙−𝑚 )𝑛

= 𝑥 𝑚𝑙−𝑛𝑙 . 𝑥 𝑚𝑛−𝑚𝑙 . 𝑥 𝑛𝑙−𝑛𝑚

= 𝑥 𝑚𝑙−𝑛𝑙+ 𝑚𝑛−𝑚𝑙+𝑛𝑙−𝑛𝑚
= 𝑥0
=1

𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐 𝑐−𝑎

𝑥 𝑎+𝑏 𝑥 𝑏+𝑐 𝑥 𝑐+𝑎
(ii) ( ) .( ) . ( )
𝑥𝑐 𝑥𝑎 𝑥𝑏

𝑥 (𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎−𝑏) 𝑥 (𝑏+𝑐)(𝑏−𝑐) 𝑥 (𝑐+𝑎)(𝑐−𝑎)

= . .
𝑥 𝑐(𝑎−𝑏) 𝑥 𝑎(𝑏−𝑐) 𝑥 𝑏(𝑐−𝑎)
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑎 −𝑏 𝑥 𝑏 −𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 −𝑎
= . .
O IO
D U AA

𝑥 𝑎𝑐−𝑏𝑐 O 𝑥 𝑎𝑏−𝑎𝑐 𝑥 𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑏

ED PR

2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑎 −𝑏 + 𝑏 −𝑐 +𝑐 −𝑎
=
T

𝑥 𝑎𝑐−𝑏𝑐+𝑎𝑏−𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑐−𝑎𝑏
©

𝑥0
=
𝑥0

=1
19
Solution
𝑙𝑚
𝑥 𝑥 𝑙 𝑥 𝑚𝑛 𝑚 𝑛𝑙 𝑛
(i) √ 𝑚 . √ 𝑛 . √ 𝑙
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑙𝑚 𝑚𝑛 𝑛𝑙
= √𝑥 𝑙−𝑚 . √𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 . √𝑥 𝑛−𝑙

1 1 𝑙
= (𝑥 𝑙−𝑚 )𝑙𝑚 . (𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 )𝑚𝑛 . (𝑥 𝑛−𝑙 )𝑛𝑙
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

𝑙−𝑚 𝑚−𝑛 𝑛−𝑙

= 𝑥 . 𝑥 .𝑥
O IO
𝑙𝑚 𝑛𝑚 𝑛𝑙
D U AA

O
ED PR

𝑛(𝑙−𝑚)+𝑙(𝑚−𝑛)+𝑚(𝑛−𝑙)
=𝑥 𝑙𝑚.𝑛
T
©

𝑛𝑙−𝑛𝑚+𝑙𝑚−𝑙𝑛+𝑚𝑛−𝑙𝑛
=𝑥 𝑙𝑚𝑛

= x0
=1
 2 2 𝑏2 + 𝑏𝑐+ 𝑐 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏+ 𝑏 𝑥𝑏 𝑥 𝑐 𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐+𝑎
(ii) ( 𝑏 ) . ( 𝑐) . ( 𝑎)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

2 +𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 ) 2 +𝑏𝑐+𝑐 2 ) 2 +𝑎𝑐+𝑎2 )

= 𝑥 (𝑎−𝑏)(𝑎 . 𝑥 (𝑏−𝑐)(𝑏 . 𝑥 (𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐

3 −𝑏3 3 −𝑐 3 3 −𝑎3
= 𝑥𝑎 . 𝑥𝑏 . 𝑥𝑐

3 −𝑏3 +𝑏3 −𝑐 3 +𝑐 3 −𝑎3

= 𝑥𝑎
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

= x0 O
= 1.
ED PR

𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 𝑏2 − 𝑏𝑐+𝑐 2 𝑐 2−𝑎𝑐+𝑎2

𝑥𝑎 𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑐
©

(iii) ( ) . ( ) . ( )
𝑥 −𝑏 𝑥 −𝑐 𝑥 −𝑎

2 − 𝑎𝑏+𝑏2 ) 2 − 𝑏𝑐+𝑐 2 ) 2 −𝑎𝑐+𝑎2 )

= 𝑥 (𝑎−𝑐−𝑏)(𝑎 . 𝑥 (𝑏−𝑐−𝑐)(𝑏 . 𝑥 (𝑐−𝑐−𝑎)(𝑐

3 +𝑏3 3 +𝑐 3 3 +𝑎3
= 𝑥𝑎 . 𝑥𝑏 . 𝑥𝑐

3 +𝑏3 +𝑏3 +𝑐 3 +𝑐 3 +𝑎3

= 𝑥𝑎
3 +2𝑏3 +2𝑐 3
= 𝑥 2𝑎
 3 +𝑏3 +𝑐 3 )
= 𝑥 2(𝑎

20.
Solution
(i) (𝑎−1 + 𝑏 −1 ) ÷ (𝑎−2 − 𝑏 −2 )

1 1 1 1
=( + ) ÷( 2 − )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏2
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

𝑏+𝑎 𝑏2 −𝑎2
O IO
=( ) ÷( )
D U AA

𝑎𝑏 𝑎 2 𝑏2
O
ED PR

𝑏+𝑎
T

𝑎𝑏
= (𝑏 −𝑎2 )
2
©

𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑏+𝑎 (𝑎𝑏)2
= ×(
𝑎𝑏 𝑏2 −𝑎2 )

𝑏+𝑎 𝑎𝑏2
= . ( )( )
𝑎𝑏 𝑏+𝑎 𝑏−𝑎
𝑎𝑏
=
𝑏−𝑎
 1 1
(ii)
1+𝑎 𝑚−𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 +1

1 1
=
1+𝑎 𝑚−𝑛 + 1+𝑎−(𝑚−𝑛)

1 1
= 𝑚−𝑛 + 1
1+𝑎 1+ (𝑚−𝑛)
𝑎

1 1
= 𝑚−𝑛 + 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 +1
1+𝑎
𝑎𝑚−𝑛

1 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
N AT IS
= +
1+𝑎𝑚−𝑛 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 +1
C N
PY
O C D

1+𝑎𝑚−𝑛
O IO
D U AA

=
1+𝑎𝑚−𝑛
O
ED PR

=1
T

21.
©

Solution
1
(i) (𝑎 + 𝑏)−1 (𝑎−1 + 𝑏 −1 ) =
𝑎𝑏

LHS = (𝑎 + 𝑏)−1 (𝑎−1 + 𝑏 −1 )

1 1 1
= ( + )
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

1 𝑏+𝑎
= ( )
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎𝑏
 1 𝑎+𝑏
= ( )
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎𝑏

1
=
𝑎𝑏

= RHS
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
(ii) = xyz
𝑥 −1 𝑦 −1 +𝑦 −1 𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −1 𝑥 −1

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
LHS =
𝑥 −1 𝑦 −1 +𝑦 −1 𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −1 𝑥 −1
N AT IS
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
= 1 1 1
+ +
C N
PY
𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧
O C D
O IO
D U AA

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
= 𝑧+𝑥+𝑦
O
𝑥𝑦𝑧
ED PR

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
T

= 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
©

𝑥𝑦𝑧

= xyz

= RHS
22

Solution

Given a= cz ; b = ax ; c = by

= a = cz

a = (by)z (∵ c = by)

a = byz

a = (ax)yz (∴ b = ax )
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

a1 = axyz
O IO
D U AA

O
∴ bases are equal so exponents are also equal
ED PR

∴ xyz = 1
T
©

Hence proved

23.

Solution

Given a = xyp-1 ; b = xyq-1 ; c = xyr-1

LHS = aq.r . br-p . cp-q

= (xyp-1)q-r .(xy)q-1(r-p) . (xyr-1)(p-q)

= xy(p-1)(q-r) .xy(q-1)(r-p) . xy(r-1)(p-q)

= xypq-pr-q+r .xyqr –qp- r+p . xyrp-rq –p+q

pq-pr-q+r+qr-qp-r+p+rp-rq-p+q
= xy

= xy0

=1

=RHS
N AT IS
C N
PY
Hence proved
O C D
O IO
D U AA

24.
O
ED PR

Solution
T

Given 2x = 3y = 6-z
©

Let 2x = 3y = 6-z = k
1
=2=𝑘 𝑥

1
3=𝑘 𝑦

1
−
6=𝑘 𝑧

1
1
= 𝑘 𝑧
6
 1
1
= = 𝑘 𝑧
2×3

1
1
= 1 1 =𝑘 𝑧
𝑘𝑥 . 𝑘 𝑦

1 1 1
.
1 = 𝑘 .𝑘 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦

1 1 1
+ +
k=𝑘 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

1 1 1
∴ + + =0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
N AT IS
C N
PY
25.
O C D
O IO
D U AA

Solution
O
ED PR

Given 2x = 3y = 12z
T

Let 2x = 3y = 12z = k
©

1
= 2=𝑘 𝑥

1
= 3=𝑘 𝑦

1
= 12 = 𝑘 𝑧

1
2
=2 .3= 𝑘 𝑧

1 2 1 1
= (𝑘 ) . 𝑘 = 𝑘
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
 2 1 1
=𝑘 . 𝑘 = 𝑘
𝑥 4 𝑧

2 1 1
= + =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

2𝑦+𝑥 1
= =
𝑥𝑦 𝑧

2 1 1
Or = −
𝑥 𝑧 𝑦

2 𝑦−𝑧
=
𝑥 𝑦𝑧
N AT IS
2𝑦𝑧
𝑥=
C N
PY
O C D

𝑦−𝑧
O IO
D U AA

Hence proved
O
ED PR

26.
©

Solution

(i) (3x2)0

=1

(ii) (xy)-2
1
= (𝑥𝑦)2

1
=
𝑥2 𝑦2
 2
(iii) (−27𝑎𝑎 )3
2
= (33 𝑎𝑎 )3
2
= (3𝑎3 )3×3

= (3𝑎3 )2

= 32a3×2
N AT IS
= 9a6 C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

27
T

Solution
©

Given a =3 ; b = -2

(i) aa + bb

= 33 +(-2)-2
1
= 33 +
(−2)2

1
= 27 +
4
 108+1
=
4

109
=
4

(ii) ab + ba

= 3-2 + (-2)3
1
= − 8
32

1
= − 8
N AT IS
9

C N
PY
O C D

1−72
=
O IO
D U AA

9 O
71
=−
ED PR

9
T
©

28.

Solution

Given x = 103 × 0.99 ; y = 10-2 × 110

𝑥 0.0099
= √ = √103 ×
𝑦 10−2 ×110

0.0099
=√103+2 ×
110
 0.0099
= √105 ×
110

990
=√
110

= √9

=3
N AT IS
29.
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
Solution
D U AA

O
Given x =9 , y = 2 , z = 8
ED PR

1 2
T

𝑥 2 . 𝑦 −1 . 𝑧 3
©

1 2
=9 2 . 2−1 . 83
1 2
1
= (32 )2 .( ) (23 )3
2

1
= 3 . 22
2

1
= 3 . . 42
2

=6
30

Solution

Given x4y2z3 = 49392

2 49392
2 24696
2 12348
N AT IS
2 6174
2 3087
C N
PY
O C D

3 1029
O IO
D U AA

7 343 O
7 49
ED PR

7
T

x4y2z3 = 24 . 32 . 74
©

∴ x, y, z are different primes

∴x=2; y=3;z=7

31.

Solution
3
Given √𝑎 6 𝑏 −4 = 𝑎 𝑥 . 𝑏 2 𝑦
1
(𝑎 6 𝑏 −4 )3 = ax b2y
 6 4
−
𝑎 .𝑏
3 3 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 2𝑦
6 4
∴𝑥= 2y = −
3 3

4
x=2 y=−
3×2

2
y=−
3

32.
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

Solution
O IO
D U AA

O
Given (p+q)-1 (p-1 +q-1) = pa . qb
ED PR

1 1 1
( + ) = 𝑝 𝑞 . 𝑞𝑏
T

𝑝+𝑞 𝑝 𝑞
©

1 𝑞+𝑝
( ) = 𝑝 𝑎 . 𝑞𝑏
𝑝+𝑞 𝑞𝑝

1
= 𝑝𝑎 𝑞𝑏
𝑞𝑝

(𝑞𝑝)−1 = 𝑝𝑎 . 𝑞𝑏

p-1 .q-1 = pa . qb

a = -1

b = -1
LHS = a + b + 2

= -1 + 2 -1

=0

= RHS

33.

Solution

7 −5
N AT IS
𝑝−1 𝑞 2 𝑝3 𝑞 −5
Given ( ) ÷ ( ) = 𝑝𝑥𝑞𝑦
𝑝2 𝑞 −4 𝑝−2 𝑞 3
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

𝑝−7 . 𝑞 2×7 𝑝3×5 . 𝑞 −5×−5

=( ) ÷ = 𝑝𝑥𝑞𝑦
𝑝2×7 𝑞 −4×7
O 𝑝−2×−5 𝑞 3×−5
ED PR

𝑝−7 𝑞 14 𝑝15 .𝑞 25
©

=( ) ÷ ( ) = 𝑝𝑥. 𝑞𝑦
𝑝14 .𝑞 −28 𝑝10 𝑞 −15

= (𝑝−7−14 . 𝑞14+28 ) ÷ (𝑝15−10 . 𝑞25+15 ) = 𝑝 𝑥 . 𝑞 𝑦

=( 𝑝−21 . 𝑞42 ) ÷ (𝑝5 . 𝑞40 ) = 𝑝 𝑥 . 𝑞 𝑦

𝑝−21 . 𝑞 42
= = 𝑝𝑥 . 𝑞𝑦
𝑝5 . 𝑞 40

= (𝑝−21−5 . 𝑞42−20 ) = 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑦

= (𝑝−26 . 𝑞2 ) = 𝑝 𝑥 . 𝑞 𝑦
 = ∴ x = -26 ; y=2
∴ x + y = -26 + 2
= -24

34.
Solution
(i) 52x+ 3 = 1
52x+ 3 = 50 (∴ 50 = 10)
N AT IS
∴ 2x + 3 = 0
C N
PY
O C D

2x = -3
O IO
D U AA

3
X=−
O
2
ED PR

(ii) (13)√𝑥 = 44 − 34 − 6
T

(13)√𝑥 = 256 − 81 − 6
©

(13)√𝑥 = 169
(13)√𝑥 = (13)2

√𝑥 = 2
1
x=2 2
 𝑥+1
3 125
(iii) (√ ) =
5 27

𝑥+1
3 2 53
( ) =
5 33
𝑥+1
3 2 3 −3
( ) =( )
5 5

𝑥+1
= -3
2

x + 1 = -6
N AT IS
x = -6 – 1
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
x = -7
D U AA

O
ED PR

1
3 2𝑥+ 1
2
(iv) ( √4) =
T

32
©

1
1 4𝑥+
2 1
[(22 ) ] 3 =
32

1
2 4𝑥+
2 1
(2 ) 3 =
25

4𝑥+1
2 = 2−5
3
4𝑥+1
= = -5
3
 4x + 1 = -15
4x = -15 -1
4x = -16
16
x=−
4

x=-4

35.
Solution
N AT IS
𝑝 𝑞 1−2𝑥
(i) √ = ( )
C N
PY
O C D

𝑞 𝑝
O IO
D U AA

1
𝑝 2 𝑝−(1−2𝑥)
( ) =
O
𝑞 𝑞
ED PR

1
𝑝 𝑝 −1+2𝑥
©

2
( ) = ( )
𝑞 𝑞

1
= −1 + 2𝑥
2
1
-1 +2x =
2
1
2𝑥 = + 1
2
1+2
2𝑥 =
2
3
2𝑥 =
2
 3
𝑥=
2×2
3
𝑥=
4

𝑥−1 3−2𝑥 1 𝑥
(ii) 4 × (0.5) = ( )
8

1 3−2𝑥 1 𝑥
22(𝑥−1) ×( ) = ( 3)
2 2
1 1
22𝑥−2 × =
22𝑥−3 23𝑥

22𝑥−2 × 22𝑥−3 = 2−3𝑥

N AT IS
C N
PY
2x-2 + 2x -3 = -3x
O C D
O IO
D U AA

4x – 5 = -3x O
4x + 3x = 5
ED PR

7x = 5
T

5
𝑥=
©

36.
Solution
Given 53x = 125
10y = 0.001
= 53x = 125
53x = 53
3x = 3
 3
X=
3

X=1
10y = 0.001
10
10y = ( )
1000
1
10y = ( )
103

10y = 10-3
Y = -3
N AT IS
∴ x = 1 ; y = -3
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

37. O
Solution
ED PR

Given
T

9𝑛 32 .3𝑛 −27𝑛 1
©

=
33𝑚 .23 27

32𝑛 32 .3𝑛 −33𝑛 1

=
33𝑚 .23 33

32𝑛+2+𝑛 −33𝑛 1
=
33𝑚 .8 33

33𝑛+2 −33𝑛 1
=
33𝑚 .8 33
33𝑛 .(32 −1) 1
=
33𝑚 .8 33

33𝑛 (9−1) 1
=
33𝑚 .8 33

33𝑛 .8 1
=
33𝑚 .8 33

33n.33 = 33m
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

33(n+1) = 33m
O IO
D U AA

∴ m = n +1
O
ED PR

38.
©

Solution
Given
34x = (81)-1
34x = (34)-1
4x = -4
4
x=−
4

x = -1
and
 1
10 = 0.0001
𝑦

1
1
10 = 𝑦
10000
1
1
10 = 𝑦
104
1
10 = 10-4
𝑦

1
= −4
𝑦
1
y= −
4
N AT IS
2-x .(16)y
C N
PY
O C D

1
−
O IO
-(-1)
2 (16) 4
D U AA

O
ED PR

1
2 . 1
(24 )−4
T

21. 2-1
©

1
2.
2

39
Solution
Given 3x+1 = 9x-2
3x+1 = 32(x-2)
3x+1 = 32x-4
x + 1 = 2x – 4
2x – x = 1+ 4
x=5

21+x = 21+5
= 26
= 64
N AT IS
40.
C N
PY
Solution
O C D
O IO
D U AA

(i) 3(2x +1) – 2x+2 + 5 = 0

O
3.2x + 3 - 2x . 22 + 5 = 0
ED PR

3. 2x + 3 – 2x . 4 + 5 = 0
T

3.2x – 4.2x + 8 = 0
©

-2x + 8 = 0
2x = 8
2x = 23
x=3

(ii) 3x = 9.3y
3x = 32 . 3y
3x = 32+y
x = 2 +y

and 8.2y = 4x
23.2y = 22x
3 + y = 2x
3+𝑦
X=
2

N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

T
©
 Chapter test

1. if 2x. 3y.5z = 2160 find the value of x,y and z hence

compute the value of 3x . 2-y . 5-z

Solution
2x. 3y.5z = 2160
2x. 3y.5z = 2×2×2×2×3×3×3×5
2x. 3y.5z = 24 .33 . 51
N AT IS
C N
PY
Comparing powers of 2,3 and 5 on both sides of above equation
O C D
O IO
D U AA

we get x = 4 , y =3 , z = 1
O
Also 2x. 3 -y.5 -z = (3)4 × (2)-3 × (5)-1
ED PR

1 1 81 1
= 3×3×3×3× × = =2
T

2×2×2 5 40 40
©

2 2160
2 1080
2 540
2 270
3 130
3 45
3 15
5 5
2.
If x = 2 and y = -3 find the values of
(i) xx + yy
(ii) xy + yx

Solution
(i) xx + yy given that x =2 and y = 3
1
Then xx + yy = (2)2 + (-3)-3 = 2 × 2 + (
−3)3
N AT IS
1 1
=4+ =4+
C N
PY
−3×(−3)×(−3) −27
O C D
O IO
1 108−1 107 26
D U AA

=4– = = =3
27 27 27 27
O
ED PR

T
©

1
(ii) xy + yx =(2)-3 + (-3)2 = ( + (−3) × (−3)
2)3
1 1 1+9 ×8 1+72
= + 9= + 9= =
2×2×2 8 8 8
73 1
= =9
8 8
3. if p = xm+n . yt , q = xn+1 . ym and r = xl + m . yn . prove that
pm-n . qn-1 . rl-n = 1

solution
given that p = xm+n . yt .........(1)
q = xn+l . ym ..........(2)
r = xl+m . yn .........(3)
L.H.S = pm-n . qn-1 . rl- m ......(4)
N AT IS
Putting the value of a, b, c from (1) (2) (3) respectively in (4)
C N
PY
we get
O C D
O IO
D U AA

L.H.S = (xm+nyt)m-n , (xn+1 , ym)n-1 . (xl+m yn)l-m

O
= (xm+n)m –n . yl(m-n) . (x)(n+l)(n-1) . ym(n-1) . (x)(l+m)(l-m) . ym(l-m)
ED PR

= (x(m+n)(m-n) . ylm + ln (x)(n+l)(n-1) . ymn- l . (x)(l+m)(l-m) . yln + nm

T

2 −𝑛2 2 −𝑙 2 2 −𝑚 2
= (𝑥)𝑚 . 𝑦 𝑙𝑚−𝑙𝑛 . (𝑥)𝑛 . 𝑦 𝑚𝑛−𝑚𝑙 . (𝑥)𝑙 . 𝑦 𝑛𝑙−𝑛𝑚
©

2 −𝑛2 +𝑛2 −𝑙 2 +𝑙 2 = 𝑚 2
=(x)𝑚 (𝑦)𝑙𝑚−ln +𝑚𝑛−𝑚𝑙+𝑛𝑙−𝑛𝑚
= (x)o (y)o = 1×1 = 1
Hence proved L.H.S = R.H.S
4. if x = am+n , y = an+1 and z = al + m , prove that xm . ynzl =
xnytzm

Answer
x = am+n , y = an+l , z = al +m
L.H.S = xm yn zp
= am[m+n] . yx[n+1] . zl[ l + m]
2 + 𝑚𝑛 2 + 𝑛𝑙 2 +𝑙𝑚
= 𝑎𝑚 . 𝑦𝑛 . 𝑧𝑙
N AT IS
2 +𝑚𝑛+𝑛2 +𝑛𝑙+𝑙 2 +𝑙𝑚 2 +𝑚 2 +𝑛2 +𝑙𝑚+𝑚𝑛+𝑛𝑝
= 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑙
C N
PY
O C D

R.H.S = xn . yl .zm
O IO
D U AA

= an(m+n) . al(n+p) . am(l+m)

O
2
= 𝑎𝑚𝑛+𝑛 . 𝑎𝑙(𝑛+𝑝) . 𝑎𝑚(𝑙+𝑚)
ED PR

2 +ln +𝑙 2 +𝑙𝑚+𝑚 2
T

= 𝑎𝑚𝑛+𝑛
©

2 +𝑚 2 +𝑛2 +𝑙𝑚+𝑚𝑛+𝑛𝑙
= 𝑎𝑙
∴ L.H.S = R.H.S

[Link] that
𝟏 𝒎 𝟏 𝒏
[𝒑+ ] ×[𝒑− ]
𝒒 𝒒 𝒑 𝒎+𝒏
𝟏 𝒎 𝟏 𝒏
= ( )
[𝒒+ ] ×[𝒒− ] 𝒒
𝒑 𝒑
Solution
1 𝑚 1 𝑛
[𝑝+ ] ×[𝑝− ]
𝑞 𝑞
L.H.S = 1 𝑚 1 𝑛
[𝑞+ ] ×[𝑞− ]
𝑝 𝑝

𝑝𝑞+1 𝑚 𝑝𝑞−1 𝑛
( ) ×( )
𝑞 𝑞
= 𝑝𝑞+1 𝑚 𝑝𝑞−1 𝑛
( ) ×( )
𝑝 𝑝

(𝑝𝑞+1)𝑚 (𝑝𝑞−1)𝑛
(𝑞)𝑚
× (𝑞)𝑛
=
N AT IS
(𝑝𝑞+1)𝑚 (𝑝𝑞−1)𝑛
(𝑝)𝑚
× (𝑝)𝑛
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

(𝑝𝑞+1)𝑚
O (𝑝)𝑚 (𝑝𝑞−1)𝑛 (𝑝)𝑛
= (𝑞 )𝑚
× (𝑝𝑞+1)𝑚
× (𝑞 )𝑛
× (𝑝𝑞−1)𝑛
ED PR

1 (𝑝)𝑚 1 𝑝𝑛 𝑝𝑚 ×𝑝𝑛 (𝑝)𝑚+𝑛

©

= (𝑞 )𝑚
× × × = =(
1 𝑞𝑛 1 𝑞 𝑚 ×𝑞 𝑛 𝑞 )𝑚+𝑛

𝑝 𝑚+𝑛
= ( ) = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
𝑞

Hence , L.H.S = R.H.S proved the result

6.
If x is a positive real number and exponents are rational
numbers then simplify the following

(𝒙(𝒂+𝒃) )𝟐 (𝒙(𝒃+𝒄) )𝟐 (𝒄(𝒄+𝒂) )𝟐

(i) 𝟒
(𝒙𝒂 𝒙𝒃 𝒙𝒄 )

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝒂+𝒃 𝟐 𝒃+𝒄 𝟐 𝒄+𝒂
N AT IS
𝒙𝒂 𝒙 𝒃 𝒙𝒄
(ii) [ 𝟐 ] [ 𝟐 ] [ 𝟐 ]
𝒙𝒃
C N 𝒙𝒄 𝒙𝒂

PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O 𝒃+𝒄−𝒂
𝒙𝒃 𝒙𝒄 𝒄+𝒂−𝒃 𝒙𝒂 𝒂+𝒃−𝒄
(iii) ( 𝒄 ) ( 𝒂) ( 𝒃)
ED PR

𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
T
©

Solution
(𝑥 (𝑎+𝑏) )2 (𝑥 (𝑏+𝑐) )2 (𝑐 (𝑐+𝑎) )2
(i) 4
(𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 𝑐 )

𝑥 2𝑎+2𝑏 .𝑥 2𝑏+2𝑐 .𝑥 2𝑐+2𝑎 ∴ (𝑎𝑛 )𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

= { 𝑚 𝑛 }
𝑥 4𝑎 .𝑥 4𝑏 .𝑥 4𝑐 𝑥 . 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛

𝑥 2𝑎+2𝑏+2𝑏+2𝑐+2𝑐+2𝑎
=
𝑥 4𝑎+4𝑏+ 4𝑐
 𝑥 4𝑎+4𝑏+4𝑐
= = 𝑥 4𝑎+4𝑏+4𝑐−4𝑎−4𝑏−4𝑐
𝑥 4𝑎+4𝑏+4𝑐

= x0 = 1

1 1 1
2 2 2
𝑥 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑥 𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑥 𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
(ii) [ 2 ] [ 2 ] [ 2 ]
𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑐 𝑥𝑎

1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
= (𝑥 𝑎 −𝑏 )𝑎 +𝑏 × (𝑥 𝑏 −𝑐 )𝑏+𝑐 × (𝑥 𝑐 −𝑎 )𝑐+𝑎
{∵ (𝑥 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛 }
N AT IS
𝑎2 −𝑏2
C N 𝑏2 −𝑐2 𝑐2 −𝑎2

PY
O C D

=𝑥 𝑎+𝑏 × 𝑥 𝑏+𝑐 × 𝑥 𝑐+𝑎

O IO
D U AA

O
(𝑎+𝑏)(𝑎−𝑏) (𝑏+𝑐)(𝑏−𝑐) (𝑐+𝑎)(𝑐−𝑎)
ED PR

=𝑥 𝑎+𝑏 × 𝑥 𝑏+𝑐 ×𝑥 𝑐+𝑎

T

{∵ 𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)}
©

= 𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 . 𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 . 𝑥 𝑐−𝑎

= 𝑥 𝑎−𝑏+𝑏−𝑐+𝑐−𝑎 = 𝑥 0 = 1 {∵ 𝑥 0 = 1}

𝑏+𝑐−𝑎
𝑥𝑏 𝑥 𝑐 𝑐+𝑎−𝑏 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏−𝑐
(iii) ( 𝑐 ) ( 𝑎) ( 𝑏)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

= (𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 )𝑏+𝑐−𝑎 . (𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 )𝑐+𝑎−𝑏 . (𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 )𝑎+𝑏−𝑐

= (𝑥 𝑏−𝑐 )(𝑏+𝑐−𝑎 ) . (𝑥 𝑐−𝑎 )(𝑐+𝑎−𝑏) . (𝑥 𝑎−𝑏 )(𝑎+𝑏−𝑐)
 ∵ 𝑥 𝑚 ÷ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛
{ }
(𝑥 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛

2 −𝑐 2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑐𝑎 2 −𝑎2 −𝑏𝑐+𝑎𝑏 2 −𝑏2 −𝑐𝑎+𝑏𝑐

= 𝑥𝑏 . 𝑥𝑐 . 𝑥𝑎
2 −𝑐 2 −𝑎𝑏+𝑐𝑎+𝑐 2 −𝑎2 −𝑏𝑐+𝑎𝑏+𝑎2 −𝑏2 −𝑐𝑎+𝑏𝑐
= 𝑥𝑏
0 ∵ (𝑥 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛
=x =1 { }
𝑥0 = 1
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

T
©