VRAJBHOOMI
INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL
PHYSICS PROJECT
RADAR SYSTEM
NAME: Daivik Chirag Shah
CLASS: 12thScience
YEAR: 2025-2026
ROLL NO: 02
EXAMINATION NO:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Daivik
Chirag Shah of Class 12
science , Roll no: 02 has
successfully submitted his
project work on Radar system
as a part of Physics project for
the year 2025-26 under the
guidance of Mr. Badal
Makwan
__________ __________
Teacher’s sign
Examiner’s sign
__________ __________
Principal’s sign School
seal
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T
I wish to express my deep gratitude and
sincere thanks to the Principal Mrs.
Bindu Bhatt for their encouragement
and for all the facilities that they have
provided for project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to my physics
teacher Mr. Badal Makwan who guided
me to successfully complete this project.
I take this opportunity to express my
deep sense of gratitude for his valuable
guidance, constant encouragement,
immense motivation which has sustained
my efforts at all stages of this project.
I would also like to thank our laboratory
assistant Mr. Dharmesh Sharma who
helped us with various instrument in the
laboratory.
I cannot forget to offer my sincere thanks
to my parents and classmates for their
advice and support that I received from
throughout.
Daivik Chirag Shah
Table of
contents
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Aim of project
Theory
Apparatus required
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Model
Output
Application&Advantage
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Radar is a system that uses radio waves
to determine the distance (ranging),
direction (azimuth and elevation
angles), and radial velocity of objects
relative to the site. It is a
radiodetermination method used to
detect and track aircraft, ships,
spacecraft, guided missiles, motor
vehicles, map weather formations, and
terrain.
A radar system consists of a transmitter
producing electromagnetic waves in the
radio or microwaves domain, a
transmitting antenna, a receiving
antenna (often the same antenna is
used for transmitting and receiving) and
a receiver and processor to determine
properties of the objects. Radio waves
(pulsed or continuous) from the objects
and return to the transmitter reflect off
the objects and return to the receiver,
giving information about the object's
locations and speeds.
Aim
To construct a working radar system
which uses microwave to detect any
kind of object present within its range.
Theory
WHAT IS RADAR?
The word radar comes from the
acronym radio detection and ranging.
As the name implies, radars use radio
waves to determine the distance and
velocity of the targets they hit. A radar
system usually consists of a transmitter
to send out radio signals and a receiver
to catch any reflected energy from
targets.
What are the three types of radar?
Accordingly, there are various radar
functions that use the properties of
electromagnetic waves in different
ways.
1. Pulse Radar
2. Continuous Wave Radar (CW Radar)
3. Frequency-Modulated Continuous
Wave Radar (FMCW Radar)
The basic principle behind radar is
simple - short bursts of radio energy
(traveling at the speed of light) are
transmitted, reflected off a target and
then returned as an echo. Radar makes
use of a phenomenon we have all
observed, that of the ECHO PRINCIPLE.
Working
The radar transmits a focused pulse of
microwave energy (just like a
microwave oven or a cell phone, but
stronger) at an object, most likely a
cloud. Part of this beam of energy
bounces back and is measured by the
radar, providing information about the
object.
Apparatus Require
1. Arduino UNO:
Arduino UNO is a low-cost, flexible, and easy-to-
use programmable open-source microcontroller
board that can be integrated into a variety of
electronic [Link] board can be interfaced
with other Arduino boards, Arduino shields,
Raspberry Pi boards and can control relays, LEDs,
servos, and motors as an output.
2. Sonar Sensor:
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses SONAR to
determine the distance of an object just like the
bats do. It offers excellent non-contact range
detection with high accuracy and stable readings in
an easy-to-use package from 2 cm to 400 cm or 1”
to 13 feet.
[Link] Motor:
A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism
that uses position feedback (either linear or
rotational position) to control its motion and final
position. The input to its control is a signal (either
analog or digital) representing the desired position
of the output shaft.
4. Male-Female Jumper Wire:
These are male to female jumper wires used in
connecting the female header pin of any
development board to other development boards
having a male connector. They are simple wires
that have connector pins at each end allowing
them to be used to connect two points to each
other.
5. Breadboard:
A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a
bunch of tiny holes in it. These holes let you easily
insert electronic components to prototype.
6. Battery or external Voltage source:
A cell or batteries are used to provide the potential
difference necessary for flowing of current and
generation of electric field which runs the whole
circuit. We needed high voltage (12 V), so we have
directly used electricity board for applying voltage
and for that we have also used adapter.
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
1.) Bring all the required material mentioned
above for building a working radar system.
2.) Connect sonar, servo with arduino uno
through breadboard using few jumper wires to
the pins mentioned in the circuit diagram.
3.) Now write the code for radar programing
and upload it in the arduino using ARDUINO
IDE app
4.) For getting the graph ready use app
PROGRAMING 3 and paste the codes made
with the help of pygame and upload it
5.) Your radar system is now ready try placing
few objects within the range of sonar and see
whether the plotting of graph is correct
Model
Output
APPLICATION AND
ADVANTAGES
Applications :
Applications and uses of Radar are given
below:
- Military
- Law enforcement
- Space
- Remote sensing of environment
- Aircraft navigation
- Ship Navigation
- Air Traffic Controller
Radars Used In Military
RADARs have a wide range of usage in military
operations. They are used in Naval, Ground as
well as Air defence purposes. They are used
for detection, tracking and surveillance
purposes also. Weapon control and missile
guidance often use various types of RADARs.
RADARs Used In Law Enforcement
Law enforcement, especially highway police,
has extensive use of RADARs during a pursuit
to measure the speed of a vehicle. Due to bad
weather conditions, when the satellite cannot
get a clear image of traffic and barricades,
RADARs are used to get the desired results.
RADARs Used In Space
RADARs in satellites are used for remote
sensing. RADARs are used to track and detect
satellites and spacecraft. They are also used
for safely landing and docking spacecraft.
RADARs Used For Remote Sensing of
Environment
Just like various types of waves are received by
an antenna, this technology is also used to
detect weather conditions of the atmosphere.
It is also used for tracking the motions of
planets, asteroids and other celestial bodies in
the solar system.
RADARs Used In Aircraft Navigation
Ground mapping and weather avoidance
RADARs are used in aircraft to navigate them
properly. This technology enables an aircraft
to ensure the location of obstacles that can
threaten the flight plan.
RADARs Used In Navigating Ships
Ships are guided through high resolution
RADARs situated on the shores. Because of
poor visibility in bad weather conditions,
RADARs provide safety by warning threats.
These ships often use this technology to
measure the proximity of other ships and their
speed on the water.
RADARs Used In in Air Traffic Controller
RADARs are used to safely control air traffic. It
is used to guide aircraft for proper landing and
take-off during bad weather conditions. These
RADARs also detect the proximity and the
altitude of the aircraft.
Advantages :
RADAR can accurately measure the speed of a
[Link] can assist in determining the
distance to an [Link] can differentiate
between stationary and moving targets.
RADAR signals do not require a medium to
propagate.
Conclusion
s do not reMy research focused on developing
a radar system concept: radar systems detect
objects and find their locations in space by
transmitting electromagnetic waves in the
radio-frequency (RF) and microwave ranges.
The system emits short bursts of energy and
detects the echo signal returned by objects of
interest.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Class 12 NCERT textbook
- Atmospheric research and radar - SRI
International
- Electronics & Radar Development
Establishment (LRDE)
- Advanced Radar Research Center
- RADAR Systems and RADAR Sub-systems
Thank you