MULTIPLE INTEGRALS - DOUBLE INTEGRATION

Double Integrals

Consider a function of two independent variables z  f ( x, y) . Geometrically, for each ( x, y)

in the xy plane, z  f ( x, y) is defined, and represents a surface in the space.

Let R be a region in the xy plane. To define the double integral of z  f ( x, y) over the
region R , divide R into finite number of sub-regions, say n .

Let i th sub-region has area Si . Let ( xi , yi ) be a point on the i th sub-region. Let
n height area
zi  f ( xi , yi ) . Consider  f ( x , y )S . As
i 1
i i i n   such that maximum value of Si  0 ,

the above sum converges to a value called the double integral of z  f ( x, y) over the region
R denoted by  f ( x, y)dS .
R

n
  f ( x, y )dS  lim
n 
 f ( x , y )S
i i i
R Max.Si 0 i 1

Note that f ( xi , yi )Si is the volume of a cylindrical solid region with the base Si and
height f ( xi , yi ) .

Z=f(x,y)
z

Z=f(x,y)

R
(x,y)
x


Geometrically  f ( x, y)dS
R
is the volume of the cylindrical region with the base R in the xy

plane and the top surface is cut off by the surface z  f ( x, y) .

If f ( x, y)  1 , then  f ( x, y)dS   dS
R R
n
 lim
n 
 S i
Si 0 i 1

 Area of the region R in the xy plane

Z=f(x,y)

volume

Evaluation of double integrals

Let the elementary area dS be the area of a rectangle with sides dx and dy parallel to the
co-ordinate axes.

 dS  dxdy

  f ( x, y)dS   f ( x, y)dxdy
R R

A double integral can be considered as an iterated integral.

i.e. ,  f ( x, y )dxdy     f ( x, y )dy dx

 
R
inner integral

outer integral
 y

ds
dy
dx

o x

The dependent variable among x and y is considered as the variable of the inner integral and
the independent variable is the variable of the outer integral. While evaluating the inner
integral, the variable of the outer integral is treated as a constant (i.e. the inner integration is
the partial integration w.r.t the corresponding variable), then the outer integral is evaluated.

If the region R is bounded by the curves y  g1 ( x) , y  g2 ( x) for a  x  b , then

x b y  g 2 ( x )

 f ( x, y)dxdy   
R x  a y  g1 ( x )
f ( x, y )dydx .

Y
y=g(x)

A B

X
x=a y=b
If R is bounded by the curves x  h1 ( y) , x  h2 ( y) for c yd, then
y  d x  h2 ( y )

 f ( x, y)dydx   
R y  c x  h1 ( y )
f ( x, y )dxdy

Y
D

x=h(x,y)

Properties of the double integrals

1) If f ( x, y) and g ( x, y) are functions of x and y defined over R , c1 and c2 are

constants, then
 (c f ( x, y)  c g ( x, y))dS  c  f ( x, y)dS  c  g ( x, y)dS
R
1 2 1
R
2
R

2) If the region R is the union of two non-overlapping regions R1 and R2 i.e.

R  R1 R2 , then

 f ( x, y)dS   f ( x, y)dS   f ( x, y)dS

R R1 R2

3) If f ( x, y)  g ( x).h( y) where g ( x) is a function of x alone and h( y ) is a function of

y alone and if c & d are independent of x and a & b are independent of y , then
x b y  d x b y d

 
x  a y c
f ( x, y )dS  
x a
g ( x)dx  
y c
h( y )dy

4)  f ( x, y)dS  Volume of the cylindrical region with base

R
R in the xy plane and top

surface is cut off by the surface z  f ( x, y) .

5)  dS  Area of
R
R
Double integral in the polar co-ordinates

If the region R in the plane is bounded by the polar curves r  f1 ( ) and r  f 2 ( ) for
c1    c2 , then

  c2 r  f 2 ( )

 f (r, )dS     
R  c1 r  f1 ( )
f (r ,  )drd

Problems:

2 1
1. Evaluate   ( y sin x)dydx .
0 0

Solution:
 
x 1
2 1 2
y2
  ( y sin x)dydx  
0 0 x 0
2
sin x dx
0

x
2
1
 
x 0
2
sin xdx


 cos x 2

2 0
1
 or
2
 
x
2 1 2 y 1

  ( y sin x)dydx 
0 0

x 0
sin xdx  
y 0
ydy


x
2
1
 
x 0
2
sin xdx

1
y2 
  cos x 02 
2 0

1

2
 2 x
2. Evaluate  
x 0 y  x2
( y 2 x)dydx

Y
y=x²

y=x

y=1

X
x=0 x=1

2 x 2 x
y3 x
  ( y x)dydx  
2
dx
x 0 y  x 2 x 0
3 yx 2

2
x 3
 
x 0
3
( x  x 6 )dx

2
 x4 x7 
   3  3  dx
x 0 
2
x 5 x8 32 256 128
    
15 24 0 15 24 15

3. Evaluate  ( xy  y )dS
3
where R  ( x, y) / 0  x  y  1
R

y=x
y=1

revise limits in this question

X
x=0 x=1
 1 1

 ( xy  y )dS    ( xy  y )dydx
3 3

R x 0 y  x
1
 xy 2 y 4 
1
    dx
x 0 
2 4 x
1
x 1 
   2 (1  x )  (1  x 4 )  dx
2

x 0
4 
 x x3 1 x 4 
1
x0  2  2  4  4  dx
1 1 1 1 2  5 3
     
4 8 4 20 40 40

4. Evaluate  xydS
R
where R is bounded by y   x , x  y and y  1 .
Rewrite inequalities clearly.

Sketch region.

Y Find intersection points.

Choose easier order.

y=1 Outer limits are constants.

x=-y x=v y Inner limits are functions.

y=x² Split if necessary.

X

y=-x

1 y

 xydS   
R y  0 x  y
( xy )dxdy

y
1
 x2 y 
    dy
y 0 
2  y
1
y y 2 
  2  2  dy

y 0 
y 

1
 y 2 y3  1 1 5
 y 0  2  4  dy  6  16  48

 ( x  e
y
)ds
5. Evaluate D when D  ( x, y) / y  x 
 Y

y=-x y=x

X
y=0
If I freeze one variable, does the other move nicely between two clean boundaries?
When a variable has no natural upper/lower bound, it often works better as outer.

 y

 ( x  e )ds   
y
( x  e  y )dxdy
D y  0 x  y
y

 x2 
    xe  y  dy
y 0 
2  y

1 2
 
y 0
2
( y  y 2  2 ye  y )dy


2 
y 0
ye  y dy
byparts integration
y y 
 2[ y (e )  (1)(e )] 0

 2[0  (0  1)]  2

6. Evaluate  rdrd over the region

D
D bounded by x2  y 2  2ax and y  x in the first

quadrant.

?=p/2

?=p/4

(a,a)

a
keep in mind the limits of r needs to have theta variable and no x and y


2 2 a cos To visualize how r varies, it helps to stop thinking about "up, down, left,
 rdrd 
R
  r 0
rdrd right" and start thinking about "outward from the center."
How to Visualize r for a Fixed θ
 Imagine you are standing at the Origin (0,0).
4
Fixing θ: Pick an angle (e.g., 45 or π/4). You are now pointing your body

2 a cos in that specific direction.
2
r2

The "Laser Beam": Imagine a laser beam shooting out from your chest
 d in that direction. This beam is your fixed θ line.
2 0 The Variation of r: As the laser beam travels outward, r is the distance

4 from you.
 The Lower Limit: This is the point where the laser beam first enters the
2
4a 2 cos 2  shaded region.
  2
d The Upper Limit: This is the point where the laser beam leaves the
shaded region.
 Why do we see these specific boundaries?
4
In Cartesian coordinates (x,y), we use a "scanning" motion (like a

printer head). In Polar coordinates (r,θ), we use a "sweeping" motion
2
(like a radar screen).
 a2  (1  cos 2 )d 1. If the origin is INSIDE the shape (Example: Cardioid)
If you are standing inside the shape, your laser beam starts at your feet

4 (r=0) and doesn't leave the shape until it hits the outer boundary curve.
 Lower boundary: r=0.
 sin 2  2 Upper boundary: The equation of the curve (e.g., r=a(1+cosθ)).
 a 2   2. If the origin is OUTSIDE the shape (Example: Region between two
 2   circles)
4 If you are standing away from the shape, your laser beam travels
  1   through empty space first.
 a 2     sin   sin   Lower boundary: The distance where the beam hits the near edge of
 4 2 2 2  the shape.
Upper boundary: The distance where the beam leaves the far edge of
 1 the shape
 a2   
 4 2

a a  y2 
7. Change the order of the integration and evaluate    y 4  a2 x2
 dydx .

0 ax  

Step 1

Identify boundaries and draw region.

Step 2
y=a
Rewrite curves solving for the other variable.
x=0 (a,a)
x=y² Step 3

Find new outer limits (constant numbers).

y=a
Step 4

Find inner limits (functions).

y²=ax
Step 5

Check if splitting needed.

Step 6

Rewrite integral.
 y2
a 2
y2
Changing the order of integration we get  
y 0 0 y 4  a2 x2
dxdy

y 2 /2
a
y2
 ax 
 
y 0
a
sin 1  2 
 y 0
dy

a
y2
  a

sin 1 1  sin 1 0 dy 
y 0
a
a
 y2  y3  a2
 
y 0
2 a
dy 
2a 3

6
0

2 3 y

  x 
 y 2 dxdy by changing the order of integration.
2
8. Evaluate
0 y 2 /4

(0,3)
y²=4x at 1,2 only parabola and line intersect , x=2 doesn’t

(1,2)

y=3-x
(3,0)
x=1
x+y=3

1 2 x 3 3 x

  ( x  y )dydx    (x  y 2 )dydx
2 2 2

x 0 y 0 x 1 y  0

172 22 942 314

   
105 3 105 35

1 1 x 2
dydx
9. Evaluate  
0 0 (1  e y )( 1  x 2  y 2 )
by changing the order of integration.
 Y

y=1
x=1-y²
x=0

x=1 x
y=0

2
1 1 y
dydx
 
0 0 (1  e )( 1  x 2  y 2 )
y
Multiplying by a reciprocal (like e^{-y}) is a standard strategy to turn the numerator into
1 y 2 the derivative of the denominator, allowing for a quick natural log (ln) solution.
1
1  x 
x0 1  e  
1
 .sin dy
y
 1 y2 
 0

1
1 
  1 e
x 0
y   0  dy
2  TRICK : MULTIPLY NUM AND DENOMINATOR BY e^-y

 1
e y
2 x0 1  e  y
 dy

 
  log(1  e  y )    log 2  log(1  e 1 ) 
1

2 0 2

2 a 2 ax  x 2

10. Evaluate  
0 0
dydx by reversing the order of integration.

y=a

x=a-(a²-y²) x²+y²=2ax

x=a
 revise limits

2 a 2 ax  x 2
a a  a2  y2
WRONG INTEGRATION HERE ASK SOMEONE

 
0 0
dydx   
y 0 x  a  a 2  y 2
dydx ALSO APPARENTLY THIS IS Semicircle something idk

   
a
  a  a 2  y 2  a  a 2  y 2 dy use formula here or
standard trig substitution
0 for root(a2-x2) , x=asin theta
a a for root(a2+x2) , x=atan theta
 y
 2 a  y dy  2sin  
2 2 1 for root(x2-a2) , x=asec theta

0  a0


Jacobians

Let u = u(x, y) and v = v(x, y) be continuous functions of x and y having continuous

 (u , v)
partial derivatives. Then Jacobian of u, v w.r.t. x & y denoted by J or is defined
 ( x, y )
as

u u
 (u, v) x x
J= =
 ( x, y ) u u
x x

The definition can be extended to any number of variables.

If ui  ui ( x1, x2 ,...xn ) is a function of x1 , x2 ,...xn having continuous partial derivatives , I

(u1 , u2 ,...un )
= 1,2,…n then Jacobian of u1 , u2 ,...un w.r.t. x1 , x2 ,...xn denoted by is
( x1 , x2 ,...xn )
defined as

u1 u1 u1

x1 x2 xn
u2 u2 u2
(u1 , u2 ,...un )
J= = x1 x2 xn
( x1 , x2 ,...xn )

un un un

x1 x2 xn

Properties of Jacobians:

 (u, v)  ( x, y )
1. If J1  , J2  then J1 J 2  1
 ( x, y )  (u, v)
Proof: Let u  u( x, y) and v  v( x, y) be one-to-one and onto functions of x and y . Then
 ( x, y )
the inverses of these functions are defined and x  x(u, v) and y  y(u, v) . Hence is
 (u, v)
defined.

Consider

u u x x
x y u v
J1 J 2  .
v v y y
x y u v
u x u y u x u y
.  . .  .
x u y u x v y v

v x v y v x v y
.  . .  .
x u y u x v y v
u u
u v 1 0
  1
v v 0 1
u v

Using the total differential formula.

1
Note that if J1  0 , then only J 2 is defined and J 2  .
J1

(u, v) ( z, w)  (u, v)
J1  , J2  J3 
2. If ( z, w) ( x, y ) and  ( x, y ) then J J  J .
1 2 3

 (u, v)  ( z , w)
Proof: Consider J1 J 2  .
 ( z , w)  ( x, y )
u u z z
z w x y
 .
v v w w
z w x y

u z u w u z u w
.  . .  .
z x w x z y w y

v z v w v z v w
.  . .  .
z x w x z y w y
 u u
x y  (u, v)
   J3
v v  ( x, y )
x y

3. If x  x(u, v) and y  y(u, v) are one-one and onto functions of u and v with
 ( x, y )
Jacobian J 
(u, v)
 0 , then  f ( x, y)dxdy   f ( x(u, v), y(u, v)) J dudv .
S S

Examples:

1) Let u  x 2 y and v  5x  sin y .

u u
 (u, v) x y 2 xy x2
Then J     2 xy cos y  5 x 2 .
 ( x, y ) v u 5 cos y
x y
2) Consider the transformation from the Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y) to polar co-
ordinates (r , ) , i.e x  r cos  , 0  r  
y  r sin  , 0    2

x x
 ( x, y ) r  cos  r sin 
J   r0
 (r , ) y y sin  r cos 
r 
  f ( x, y)dxdy   f (r cos  , r sin  )rdrd
R R

3) Consider the transformation from Cartesian co-ordinate system to cylindrical co-

ordinate system, x   cos  , 0    
y   sin  , 0    
z  z,    z  
  c1 , a constant represents a cylinder.
  c2 , a constant represents a half-plane.
z  c3 , a constant represents a plane parallel to xy -plane.
  c1 and   c2 represents a line.
  c1 and z  c3 represents a circle.
  c2 and z  c3 represents a half line (ray).
 x x x
  z
cos    sin  0
 ( x, y, z ) y y y
J   sin   cos  0 
 (  ,  , z )   z
0 0 1
z z z
  z
4) Consider the transformation from Cartesian co-ordinate system to spherical co-
ordinate system, i.e x  r sin  cos  , 0  r  
y  r sin  sin  , 0    
z  r cos  , 0    
r  c1 , a constant represents a sphere with centre at the origin and radius c1 .
  c2 represents a half plane.
  c3 represents a cone with axis as z -axis and semi-vertical angle c3 .
r  c1 and   c2 represents a semi-circle.
r  c1 and   c3 represents a circle.
  c1 and   c2 represents a half line.
x x x
r  
sin  cos  r cos  cos  r sin  sin 
 ( x, y, z ) y y y
J   sin  sin  r cos  sin  r sin  cos   r 2 sin  .
 (r ,  ,  ) r  
cos  r sin  0
z z z
r  

Problems:


e
 ( x2  y 2 )
1) Evaluate the following by changing to polar co-ordinates : dxdy
0 0

Solution: Changing over to polar co-ordinates x  r cos , y  r sin  , x 2  y 2  r 2 for


0  r  , 0    , we get
2

  /2   /2 2
e r
e  e 
 ( x2  y 2 ) r2
dxdy  rdrd   d
0 0 0 0 0
2 0 integration by substitution , t=r2
 /2
1 1 
 
0
2
(0  1)d  .
2 2


4
 2) Evaluate 
R
x 2  y 2 dxdy where R is the region bounded by circles

x 2  y 2  a 2 , x 2  y 2  b2 , a  b .

Solution: Changing over to polar co-ordinates x  r cos , y  r sin  , a  r  b, 0    2 ,

2 b 2 b
r3
 x  y dxdy    r. rdrd   d
2 2

R  0 r  a  0 3 a
2
b3  a 3
we get 
3  d
0

b a
3 3
 .2
3

2 2 x  x2
x
3) Evaluate  
0 0 x2  y 2
dxdy by changing to polar co-ordinates.

Solution: y  2 x  x 2  x 2  y 2  2 x  r  2cos 

Changing over to polar co-ordinates x  r cos , y  r sin  , 0  r  2cos , 0     / 2,

2 x  x2  /2 2cos  /2 2cos
r cos 
2
x r2
 
0 0 x2  y 2
dxdy   
 0 r 0 r
. rdrd  
 0 2
cos  d
0
 /2  /2
1
2  0
 4 cos 2  .cos  d  2  cos3  d
 0

2 4
 2. .1 
3 3

1 1 x y

 e dydx using the transformations x  y  u, y  uv .

x y
4) Evaluate
x 0 y 0

Solution: x  u  y  u  uv  u(1  v) and y  uv

x x
 ( x, y ) u v 1  v u
J   u
 (u, v) y y v u
u v

Now x  0  u  0 or v  1
y  1  x  x  y  1, i.e u  1
y  0  u  0 or v  0

 0  u, v  1
Changing the variables, we get

1 1 x y 1 1 uv

 e  e
x y
dydx  u
udvdu
x 0 y 0 u 0 v 0
1 1
   e udvdu
u

u 0 v 0
1 1
1

u 0
 ev udu  (e  1)
0  udu
u 0
1
u2 (e  1)
 (e  1) 
2 0 2

a a
x2
5) Evaluate  0 y x2  y 2
dxdy by changing over to polar co-ordinates.

Solution: Changing over to polar co-ordinates, x  r cos , y  r sin  ,

x  a  r cos   a or r  a sec 

 0  r  a sec  , 0   
4
a q  /4 a sec
x2 r 2 cos 2 

0 y x2  y 2
dxdy   
 0 r 0 r
.rdrd

 /4 a sec
r3
  cos 2  d
 0 3 0
 /4
1
3  0
 a 3 sec3  cos 2  d

 /4
a3
3  0
 sec  d

a3  /4
 log(sec   tan  )  0
3
a3
 log( 2  1)
3

Exercises:

a a2  x2
1) Evaluate   0 0
y 2 x 2  y 2 dydx by changing over to polar co-ordinates.

x2 y 2
2) Evaluate where R is bounded by  1
a 2 b2
(Hint: Use the transformation x  ar cos , y  ar sin  , 0  r  1, 0    2 )
  ( x  y) dxdy
2
3) Evaluate where R is the parallelogram in the xy -plane with vertices
R

(1,0),(3,1),(2, 2) and (0,1) using the transformations u  x  y, u  x  2 y .

dxdy
4) Evaluate R 1  x2  y 2
where R is the region bounded by one loop of

 
r 2  cos 2 ,    .
4 4
1 2 x2
x
5) Evaluate  
0 x x2  y 2
dydx by transforming into polar co-ordinates.

Area enclosed by plane curves

1. Cartesian co-ordinates

Consider the area enclosed by the curves y  f1  x  and y  f 2  x  and the ordinates

x  x1 and x  x2 as shown in figure 1. Divide this area into vertical strips of width  x .

If P  x, y  and Q  x   x, y   y  be two neighboring points, then the area of the small

rectangle PQ is  x y .

Figure 1:

 The area of the strip KL  Lt   x y Since for all rectangles in the strip,  x is the
 y 0

same and y varies from y  f1  x  to y  f 2  x  , the area of the strip

f2  x  f2  x 

KL   x Lt  dy   x 
 y 0 f1  x 
dy .Adding up all such strips from x  x1 to x  x2 , we get
f1  x 

x2 f2  x  x2 f2  x  x  x2 y  f 2  x 

The area ABCD  Lt   x

 x 0 x1
 dy   dx  dy    dxdy .
f1  x  x1 f1  x  x  x1 y  f1  x 

Similarly, dividing the area ABCD (figure 2) into horizontal strips of width  y , we
y2 f 2  y 

get the area ABCD   

y1 f1  y 
dxdy .
 Figure 2:

Illustration:

1. By double integration, find the whole area of the curve a 2 x 2  y3  2a  y  .

Solution:

since it is x2 it means curve is symmetric about y

to find y limits we find out equation of x and equate it to 0 , and then limits of x are just 0 to f(y)

y
y 2a  y 
2a f  y 2a a 2a
y
The required area is A  2   dxdy  2   dxdy  2  y  2a  y dy
y 0 x 0 y 0 x 0 y 0
a

Put y  2a sin 2  .Then dy  2a.2sin  cos  d


2
A 2  2sin  2a sin 2  2a cos 2  .4a sin  cos  d
2

0


2
 32a 2   cos 2  d
4
sin
0

3 1 1 
 32a 2 . . . .
6 4 2 2
  a 2 [Link]
2. Find by double integration, the area included between the curve y 2  2a  x   x3 and

its asymptote.

Solution: The required area is

x x
f  x 
2a 2a x
A2   d ydx
x 0 y 0

2a
x3
=2 dx
0
2a  x


 2a sin  
3
2 2

2 4a sin  cos  d

0
2a cos 2 
by putting x  2a sin 2 

2
 16a  sin 
2 4

3 1 
 16a 2 . . .
4 2 2
 3 a [Link]
2

3. Find by double integration, the area included between the curve y  4 x  x 2 and the
line y  x .
Solution: The required area is
3 4 x  x2
A  
x 0 y  x
d ydx


  4 x  x 2  x dx  [Link] 
0
Self-learning exercise:

1. Find using double integrals, the area of a plate in the form of a quadrant of the

ellipse
x2 y 2
 1
a 2 b2

2. Using double integrals, find the area between the parabolas

y 2  4ax
and

x 2  4ay

Solutions:
 ab
4
1.

2. (16/3)πa2

Polar Co-ordinates

Consider an area A enclosed by a curve whose equation is in polar co-ordinates. Let P  r ,  ,

Q  r   r ,    be two neighbouring points. Mark circular areas of radii r and r   r
meeting OQ in R and OP (produced) in S. Since arc PR= r and PS=  r , area of the
curvilinear rectangle PRQS is approximately=PR. PS= r .  r .

 r r taken for all

If the whole area is divided into such curvilinear rectangles, the sum
these rectangles gives in the limit the area A. Hence A= Lt  r r   rd dr where
  r, 0

the limits are to be so chosen as to cover the entire area.

Illustration:

1. Find the area of the cardioid r  a 1  cos   , by double integration.

Solution:
For each fixed θ,

we must include all points from the origin up to the curve.

:
 a 1 cos  
Area A  2    a 1  cos 
2
rdrd  2
d = 3 a 2 / 2 [Link]
 0 r 0 0

2. Find by double integration, the area lying inside the circle r  a sin  and outside the
cardioid r  a 1  cos   .

 /2 a sin 
Solution: Area A    rdrd = a 2  4    / 4 [Link].
 0 r  a 1 cos 

3. Find the area common to the circles r  a sin  and r  a cos by double integration.

theta = 0 to pi/4 and r = 0 to acos theta

area = 2X A

 /4 a cos
Solution: Area A    rdrd = a 2
/ 4 [Link].
 
 0 r  a sin
Exercise:

1. Calculate the area included between the curve r  a  sec  cos   and its asymptote,
using double integration.
2. Find by double integration, the area lying inside the cardioid r  a 1  cos   and the
circle r  a
Solutions:
5 a 2
1.
4
a2
2.   8 
4

Volumes of solids

1. Volumes as double integrals:

Consider a surface z  f  x, y  . Let the orthogonal projection on XY-plane of its

portion S  be the area S. Divide S into elementary rectangles of area  x y by
drawing lines parallel to X and Y axes. With each of these rectangles as base, erect a
prism having its length parallel to OZ.
 volume of this prism between S and the given surface z  f  x, y  is  x y
Hence the volume of the solid cylinder on S as base, bounded by the given surface
with generators parallel to Z-axis is = Lt  z x y   zdxdy  f  x, y  dxdy
 x , y 0

where the integration is carried over the area S.

Note: While using polar co-ordinates, divide S into elements of area r .  r .
Therefore replacing dxdy by r .  r , we get the required volume as  zrd dr
2. Volumes as solids of revolution

Consider an elementary area  x y at the point P  x, y  of a plane area A. As this

elementary area revolves about x-axis, we get a ring of volume = 2 y x y . Hence the
total volume of the solid formed by the revolution of the area A about the x-axis =
 A
2 ydxdy .

In polar co-ordinates, the above formula for the volume becomes 

A
2 r sin  .rd dr .

Similarly, the volume of the solid formed by the revolution of the area A about the y-axis
is  A
2 xdxdy

1. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x 2  y 2  4 and the planes y  z  4 and
z  0 using a double integral.

Solution

2 4 y 2

V  2  zdxdy
2 0

2 4 y 2

 2
2
  4  y dxdy
0

 16 cubic units

2 4 y 2 4 y

Using a triple integral, V  2    dzdxdy

2 0 0

2. Using a double integral, find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the co-
x y z
ordinate planes and the plane    1 .
a b c
Solution:
 x
b1 
a  a
V   zdydx
0 0
 x
b1 
a  a
 x y
  c 1   dydx
0 0  a b
1
 abc cubic units
6
Using a triple integral, V
  x  x y
b1  c 1  
a  a  a b
V    dzdydx
0 0 0

3. Using a double integral, find the volume

generated by the revolution of the
cardioid r  a 1  cos   about its axis.

Solution:
 a 1 cos 
V   2 r 2 sin  drd
0 0

8
  a 3 cubic units
3
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS - TRIPLE INTEGRATION
Triple Integral

Consider a function f ( x, y, z ) defined at every point of a region V in the space. To define

the triple integral of f(x, y, z ) over the region R, divide V into n elementary regions having
volumes V1 ,V2 ,..., Vn . Let ( xr , yr , zr ) be any point within the rth sub-division  Vr . Then
n
the limit of the sum  f ( x , y , z )V , if it exists, as n   and maximum of V
r 1
r r r r r 0

is called the triple integral of f ( x, y, z ) over the region V and is denoted by

 V
f ( x, y, z )dV .

n
Thus  V
f ( x, y, z )dV =
n
lim  f ( xr , yr , zr )Vr
Max Vr 0 r 1

Volume as triple integral:

Divide the given solid by planes parallel to the co-ordinate planes into rectangular
parallelepipeds of volume  x y z .

Therefore, the total volume is Lt  x y z    dxdydz with

 x , y , z 0
appropriate

limits of integration.

Properties of the Triple integrals

1) If f ( x, y, z ) and g ( x, y, z) are functions of x ,y and z defined over V , c1 and c2 are

constants, then
 (c f ( x, y, z)  c g ( x, y, z)) dV  c 
V 1 2 1 V
f ( x, y, z )dV  c2  g ( x, y, z )dV
V

2) If the region V is the union of two non-overlapping regions V1 and V2 i.e. V  V1 V2 ,

then

 V
f ( x, y, z )dV   f ( x, y, z )dV1   f ( x, y, z )dV2
V1 V2
 3) Volume of the region V =  V
dV

4)  V
f ( x, y, z )dxdydz   f (  cos ,  sin  , z ) d  d dz
V

where (  ,  , z ) are the cylindrical polar coordinates of (x,y,z).


V
f ( x, y, z)dxdydz   f (r sin cos ,  sin sin  , r cos )r 2 sin drd d
V

where (r , ,  ) are the spherical polar coordinates of (x,y,z).

Evaluation of triple integrals

Let the elementary volume dV be the area of a rectangular parallelepiped with sides
dx dy and dz parallel to the co-ordinate planes.

 dV  dxdydz

  f ( x, y, z )dV   f ( x, y, z )dxdydz

v V

A triple integral can be considered as an iterated integral.

   
 f ( x, y, z )dxdydz       f ( x, y, z )dz  dy dx
i.e. ,
   
V
  inner int egral  
middle integral

outer integral

In the inner integral the variable of middle and outer integrals are treated as conststants

and in the middle integral the variable of outer integral is treated as a constant.
 If R is the projection of V in the xy-plane, the region V is bounded by the surfaces z =

g1(x, y) and z = g2(x, y) in the vertical direction then

 g2 ( x , y ) 
 f ( x, y, z )dxdydz     f ( x, y, z )dz dydx
R  
V  g1 ( x , y )

1 z x z
Example 1. Evaluate    ( x  y  z)dxdydz .
1 0 x  z

Soln: Integrating first [Link] y treating x and z constant, we get

1 z 1

  (2(x  z) z  2 xz)dxdz  2  2 z dz  0 .
3

1 0 1

2 2
1 1 x 2 1 x  y
Example [Link]  
0 0

0
xyzdxdydz .

Soln: Integrating first [Link] z treating x and y constant, we get

1 1 x 2 1
1 1 1
2 0  xy (1  x  y )dydx   ( x  2 x3  x5 )dx  .
2 2

0
80 48

Exercise.
a a a
1.  ( xy  yz  zx)dxdydz .
0 0 0
2 2
1 1 x 2 1 x  y
1
2.  
0 0

0 1  x2  y 2  z 2
dxdydz .
 1 1 1 x
3.    xdxdydz
0 y2 0
a x x y

  e
x y  z
4. dxdydz .
0 0 0

Volume as Triple Integral

The volume V of a 3-dimensional region is given by  dxdydz .
V
The order of integration may be changed with a suitable change in the limits of integration.
In cylindrical co-ordinates the volume is given by  rdrd dz .
V

 r sin  drd d .

2
In spherical polar co-ordinates, we have
V

Example 1. Find by triple integration, the volume of the solid bounded by the planes
x  0, y  0, x  y  z  1and z  0 .
1 1 x 1 x  y
Soln: Required volume =  
0 0 0
dzdydz .

1 1 x 1
1 1
= 
0 0
(1  x  y )dydx   (1  x) 2dx  .
20 6

Example 2. Find by triple integration, the volume of the region bounded by the paraboloid
az  x 2  y 2 and the cylinder x 2  y 2  R 2 .

Solution: Changing to cylindrical co-ordinates by putting x  r cos , y  r sin  the

equation of the paraboloid becomes z  r / a and the equation of the cylinder becomes
2

r  R . On account of symmetry, the required volume is four times the volume in the positive
octant.

Thus in the common region, z varies from 0 to r / a , r varies from 0to R and
2
 varies

from 0 to .
2
 r2  
2 R a
r 12 4  R4 2 R 3
Required volume = 4    rdzdrd = 4   drd   R d  .
0 0 0 0 0
a a 0
2 a

Example 3. Find by triple integration, the volume of a sphere of radius a.

Soln: Changing to spherical polar co-ordinates by putting x  r sin  cos , y  r sin  sin 
the equation of the sphere becomes r  a . On account of symmetry, the required volume is 8
times the volume of the sphere in the positive octant for which r varies from 0 toa ,  varies
 
from 0 to and and  varies from 0 to .
2 2
    
2 2 a
a 2 2 3
8a 3 2
4 a3
Required volume = 8   r sin  drd d = 8  sin  d d   d 
2
.
0 0 0 0 0
3 3 0
3

Exercise:

1. Find by triple integration, the volume in the positive octant bounded by the co-
ordinate planes and the plane x  2 y  3z  4 .
2. Find the volume of the portion of the sphere x  y  z  a lying inside the
2 2 2 2

cylinder x  y  ax .
2 2

3. Find the volume bounded above by the sphere x  y  z  2a and below by the
2 2 2 2

paraboloid x  y  az .
2 2

4. Find by triple integration, the volume of the paraboloid of revolution x  y  4 z

2 2

cut off by the plane z  4 .