Multiple Integrals

Multiple Integrals 1 / 58
Function of Two Variables

Let

z = f (x, y )

Represents a surface in 3D space

(x, y ) lies in the xy -plane
z gives height above the plane

Multiple Integrals 2 / 58
Definition of Double Integral
Let
z = f (x, y )
be a function of two independent variables. For each point (x, y ) in the
xy -plane, z = f (x, y ) defines a point on a surface in space.

Partition of the Region

Let R be a region in the xy -plane. Divide R into n small subregions.
Area of i th subregion = ∆Si
Choose a point (xi , yi ) in the i th subregion
Corresponding height = f (xi , yi )

Consider the sum

n
X
f (xi , yi ) ∆Si
i=1

Multiple Integrals 3 / 58
Geometrical Meaning
Each term f (xi , yi )∆Si represents the volume of a small cylindrical solid
with:
Base area = ∆Si
Height = f (xi , yi )
Multiple Integrals 4 / 58
Definition of Double Integral

As n → ∞ and max(∆Si ) → 0,
ZZ n
X
f (x, y )dS = lim f (xi , yi )∆Si
R n→∞
i=1

Geometrical Meaning
Represents volume bounded by:
Base region R
Surface z = f (x, y )

Multiple Integrals 5 / 58
Special Case

If

f (x, y ) = 1
Then
ZZ
dS = Area of region R
R
Hence double integration generalizes area calculation.

Multiple Integrals 6 / 58
Elementary Area Element

For rectangular coordinates:

dS = dx dy
Hence
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y )dS = f (x, y ) dx dy
R R
Double integral is evaluated as an iterated integral.

Multiple Integrals 7 / 58
Standard Regions for Double Integration

1) Rectangular Region
If R is a rectangle:

a ≤ x ≤ b, c≤y ≤d
then
ZZ Z b Z d
f (x, y ) dS = f (x, y ) dy dx
R a c

Multiple Integrals 8 / 58
2) x Independent, y Dependent (Type I Region)
If region R is bounded by

y = g1 (x), y = g2 (x), a≤x ≤b

then
ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y ) dS = f (x, y ) dy dx
R a g1 (x)

Multiple Integrals 9 / 58
3) y Independent, x Dependent (Type II Region)
If region R is bounded by

x = h1 (y ), x = h2 (y ), c≤y ≤d
then
ZZ Z d Z h2 (y )
f (x, y ) dS = f (x, y ) dx dy
R c h1 (y )

Inner integral → Partial integration Outer integral → Ordinary integration

Multiple Integrals 10 / 58
Properties of Double Integrals
Linearity
If f (x, y ) and g (x, y ) are defined over a region R and c1 , c2 are constants,
then
ZZ ZZ ZZ


c1 f (x, y ) + c2 g (x, y ) dS = c1 f (x, y ) dS + c2 g (x, y ) dS
R R R

Additivity of Regions
If R = R1 ∪ R2 where R1 and R2 do not overlap, then
ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y ) dS = f (x, y ) dS + f (x, y ) dS
R R1 R2

Product of Functions
If f (x, y ) = g (x)h(y ), where g (x) depends only on x and h(y ) depends only
on y , and if
a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d,
then ! Z !
ZZ Z b d
f (x, y ) dS = g (x) dx h(y ) dy
R a c

Multiple Integrals 11 / 58
Volume Interpretation
ZZ
f (x, y ) dS
R
represents the volume of the cylindrical solid with base R in the xy -plane
and top surface
z = f (x, y ).

Area Property
ZZ
dS = Area of region R
R

Multiple Integrals 12 / 58
Example 1:
Evaluate
Z π/2 Z 1
y sin x dy dx
0 0

Multiple Integrals 13 / 58
Example 1:
Evaluate
Z π/2 Z 1
y sin x dy dx
0 0
Solution:
Z π/2  2 1
y
= sin x dx
0 2 0
Z π/2
1
= sin x dx
0 2
1 π/2
= − cos x 0
2
1
=
2
Multiple Integrals 13 / 58
OR Using the property

π
Z
2
Z 1 Z x= π2 Z y =1
(y sin x)dydx = sin xdx × ydy
0 0 x=0 y =0
1
y2 π
= − cos x|0 × 2
2 0
1
=
2

Multiple Integrals 14 / 58
Example 2

Evaluate:
Z 1Z x
y 2 x dy dx
0 x2

Multiple Integrals 15 / 58
Example 2

Evaluate:
Z 1Z x
y 2 x dy dx
0 x2

Multiple Integrals 15 / 58
Solution: x
1
y3
Z 
= x dx
0 3 y =x 2
Z 1
x 3
x − x 6 dx


=
0 3
Z 1 4
x7

x
= − dx
0 3 3
1
x5 x8

= −
15 24 0

1 1 1
= − =
15 24 120

Multiple Integrals 16 / 58
Example 3:
Evaluate:
ZZ
(xy − y 3 ) dS
R
Where

R = {(x, y ) : 0 < x < y < 1}

Multiple Integrals 17 / 58
Example 3:
Evaluate:
ZZ
(xy − y 3 ) dS
R
Where

R = {(x, y ) : 0 < x < y < 1}

Multiple Integrals 17 / 58
Solution

Solution:
Z 1 Z 1
= (xy − y 3 ) dy dx
x=0 y =x

1 1
xy 2 y 4
Z
= − dx
0 2 4 x
Z 1 
x 1
= (1 − x 2 ) − 4
(1 − x ) dx
0 2 4
Z 1
x3 1 x4

x
= − − + dx
0 2 2 4 4
1 1 1 1 2−5 3
= − − + = =−
4 8 4 20 40 40

Multiple Integrals 18 / 58
Example 4:
Evaluate
ZZ
xy dS
R
where region R is bounded by
√
y = −x, x= y, y =1

Multiple Integrals 19 / 58
Example 4:
Evaluate
ZZ
xy dS
R
where region R is bounded by
√
y = −x, x= y, y =1

Multiple Integrals 19 / 58
Solution:
√
ZZ Z 1 Z y
xy dS = xy dx dy
R y =0x=−y
√
Z 1 2  y
x y
= dy
0 2 −y
Z 1
y
y − y 2 dy


=
0 2
Z 1 2
y3

y
= − dy
0 2 2
1
y3 y4

1 1 1
= − = − =
6 8 0 6 8 24

Multiple Integrals 20 / 58
Example 5:
Evaluate ZZ
(x + e −y ) dS
D
where
D = {(x, y ) | y > |x|}

Multiple Integrals 21 / 58
Example 5:
Evaluate ZZ
(x + e −y ) dS
D
where
D = {(x, y ) | y > |x|}

Multiple Integrals 21 / 58
Solution:
ZZ Z ∞ Z y
−y
(x + e ) dS = (x + e −y ) dx dy
D y =0 x=−y
Z ∞ 2 y
x −y
= + xe dy
0 2 −y
Z ∞
1 2
= (y − y 2 ) + 2ye −y dy
0 2
Z ∞
=2 ye −y dy
0
 Z ∞
−y −y
= 2 y (−e ) − (−e )dy
0
 
= 2 0 − (0 − 1) = 2

Multiple Integrals 22 / 58
Example 6:

Multiple Integrals 23 / 58
Multiple Integrals 24 / 58
Multiple Integrals 25 / 58
Multiple Integrals 26 / 58
Multiple Integrals 27 / 58
Multiple Integrals 28 / 58
Multiple Integrals 29 / 58
Multiple Integrals 30 / 58
Multiple Integrals 31 / 58
Multiple Integrals 32 / 58
Multiple Integrals 33 / 58
Multiple Integrals 34 / 58
Multiple Integrals 35 / 58
Multiple Integrals 36 / 58
Multiple Integrals 37 / 58
Multiple Integrals 38 / 58
Multiple Integrals 39 / 58
Double Integral in Polar Coordinates

Double integral in the polar co-ordinates If the region R in the plane is

bounded by the polar curves r = f1 (θ) and r = f2 (θ) for c1 ≤ θ ≤ c2 , then
ZZ Z θ=c2 Z r =f2 (θ)
f (r , θ)dS = f (r , θ)drdθ
R θ=c1 r =f1 (θ)

Multiple Integrals 40 / 58
Example 6:
Evaluate
ZZ
r dr dθ
D
over the region D bounded by

x 2 + y 2 = 2ax and y =x
in the first quadrant.

Multiple Integrals 41 / 58
Example 6:
Evaluate
ZZ
r dr dθ
D
over the region D bounded by

x 2 + y 2 = 2ax and y =x
in the first quadrant.

Multiple Integrals 41 / 58
Solution: Given,

x 2 + y 2 = 2ax ⇒ r = 2a cos θ
and
π
y =x ⇒ θ=
4
In the first quadrant,
π π
≤θ≤ , 0 ≤ r ≤ 2a cos θ
4 2
ZZ Z π/2 Z 2a cos θ
r dr dθ = r dr dθ
D θ=π/4 r =0
Z π/2  2 2a cos θ
r
= dθ
π/4 2 0
π/2
4a2 cos2 θ
Z
= dθ
π/4 2
Multiple Integrals 42 / 58
 Z π/2
2
=a (1 + cos 2θ) dθ
π/4

sin 2θ π/2
 
2
=a θ+
2 π/4
 
π 1
= a2 −
4 2

Multiple Integrals 43 / 58
Why Change the Order?

Simplifies complicated integrals

Converts difficult integrals into solvable form
Helpful for curved boundaries

Multiple Integrals 44 / 58
General Form

Original order:
Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y ) dy dx
a g1 (x)

After changing order:

Z d Z h2 (y )
f (x, y ) dx dy
c h1 (y )

Multiple Integrals 45 / 58
Example 1

Change the order ofthe integration and evaluate

RaRa 2
0
√
ax
√ y dydx.
4 2 2
y −a x

Multiple Integrals 46 / 58
Example 1

Change the order ofthe integration and evaluate

RaRa 2
0
√
ax
√ y dydx.
4 2 2
y −a x

Multiple Integrals 46 / 58
Solution:
y2
a
y2
Z Z
a
p dx dy
y =0 x=0 y 4 − a2 x 2
a  y 2 /a
y2
Z 
−1 ax
= sin dy
0 a y2 0
a
y2
Z
= (sin−1 1 − sin−1 0) dy
0 a
Z a
π y2
= dy
0 2 a
 a
π y3 πa2
= =
2a 3 0 6

Multiple Integrals 47 / 58
Example 2
Evaluate Z 2 Z 3−y
(x 2 + y 2 ) dx dy
0 y 2 /4

by changing the order of integration.

Multiple Integrals 48 / 58
Example 2
Evaluate Z 2 Z 3−y
(x 2 + y 2 ) dx dy
0 y 2 /4

by changing the order of integration.

Multiple Integrals 48 / 58
Solution: The region splits into two parts:
√
Z 1Z 2 x Z 3 Z 3−x
2 2
(x + y ) dy dx + (x 2 + y 2 ) dy dx
0 0 1 0

Evaluating,
172 22 942 314
= + = =
105 3 105 35

Multiple Integrals 49 / 58
Example 3
Evaluate √
Z 1Z 1−x 2
dy dx
p
0 0 (1 + e y ) 1 − x 2 − y 2
by changing the order of integration.

Multiple Integrals 50 / 58
Example 3
Evaluate √
Z 1Z 1−x 2
dy dx
p
0 0 (1 + e y ) 1 − x 2 − y 2
by changing the order of integration.

Multiple Integrals 50 / 58
Solution:
Changing the order,
√
Z 1Z 1−y 2
dx dy
= p
0 0 (1 + e y ) 1 − x 2 − y 2

Integrating with respect to x,

" !#√1−y 2
Z 1
1 x
= sin−1 p dy
0 1 + ey 1 − y2 0
Z 1
π dy
=
2 0 1 + ey

π
log 2 − log(1 + e −1 )


=
2

Multiple Integrals 51 / 58
Example 4

Evaluate √
Z 2a Z 2ax−x 2
dy dx
0 0
by reversing the order of integration.

Multiple Integrals 52 / 58
Example 4

Evaluate √
Z 2a Z 2ax−x 2
dy dx
0 0
by reversing the order of integration.

Multiple Integrals 52 / 58
Solution: Changing the order,
√
Z a Z a+ a2 −y 2
= √ dx dy
0 a− a2 −y 2

Z ah p p i
= (a + a2 − y 2 ) − (a − a2 − y 2 ) dy
0
Z ap
=2 a2 − y 2 dy
0

a
a2 −1  y  y p 2

=2 sin + a − y2
2 a 2 0

πa2
=
2

Multiple Integrals 53 / 58
Example 5

Multiple Integrals 54 / 58
Example 6:

Multiple Integrals 55 / 58
Example 7:

Multiple Integrals 56 / 58
Multiple Integrals 57 / 58
Multiple Integrals 58 / 58
Jacobian

Let u(x, y ) and v (x, y ) be continuous functions of x and y having

continuous partial derivatives.
The Jacobian of u, v with respect to x, y is defined as
∂u ∂u
∂(u, v ) ∂x ∂y
J= = ∂v ∂v
∂(x, y )
∂x ∂y

February 17, 2026 1 / 45

Jacobian for n variables

If
u1 , u2 , . . . , un
are functions of
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
having continuous partial derivatives, then the Jacobian is
∂u1 ∂u1 ∂u1
···
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂xn
∂u2 ∂u2 ∂u2
∂(u1 , u2 , . . . , un ) ···
= ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂xn
∂(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) .. .. .. ..
. . . .
∂un ∂un ∂un
···
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂xn
represented by the determinant of partial derivatives.

February 17, 2026 2 / 45

Properties of Jacobian
1 If
∂(u, v ) ∂(x, y )
J1 = , J2 =
∂(x, y ) ∂(u, v )
then
J1 J2 = 1
2 If
∂(u, v ) ∂(z, w ) ∂(u, v )
J1 = , J2 = , andJ3 =
∂(z, w ) ∂(x, y ) ∂(x, y )
exist, then
J1 J2 = J3
3 Change of variables: If x = x(u, v ) and y = y (u, v ), and if
∂(x,y )
J = ∂(u,v ) ̸= 0, then
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y ) dxdy = f (x(u, v ), y (u, v )) J dudv
R R

February 17, 2026 3 / 45

Example 1

Let
u = x 2y , v = 5x + sin y
Compute J.

February 17, 2026 4 / 45

February 17, 2026 5 / 45
Example

February 17, 2026 6 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 7 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 8 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 9 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 10 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 11 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 12 / 45

Change of variables examples

February 17, 2026 13 / 45

Change of variables examples

February 17, 2026 14 / 45

Change of variables examples

February 17, 2026 15 / 45

Change of variables examples

February 17, 2026 16 / 45

Change of variables examples

February 17, 2026 17 / 45

Cartesian to Polar Coordinates

February 17, 2026 18 / 45

Problem 1

Evaluate using polar coordinates:

Z ∞Z ∞
2 +y 2 )
e −(x dxdy
0 0

February 17, 2026 19 / 45

Problem 1

Evaluate using polar coordinates:

Z ∞Z ∞
2 +y 2 )
e −(x dxdy
0 0

February 17, 2026 19 / 45

Problem 2

Evaluate ZZ p
x 2 + y 2 dxdy
R
where R is bounded by

x 2 + y 2 = a2 and x 2 + y 2 = b 2 , a < b.

February 17, 2026 20 / 45

Problem 2

Evaluate ZZ p
x 2 + y 2 dxdy
R
where R is bounded by

x 2 + y 2 = a2 and x 2 + y 2 = b 2 , a < b.

February 17, 2026 20 / 45

Problem 3

Evaluate by changing to polar coordinates:

√
Z 2Z 2x−x 2
x
p dydx
0 0 x2 + y2

February 17, 2026 21 / 45

Problem 3

Evaluate by changing to polar coordinates:

√
Z 2Z 2x−x 2
x
p dydx
0 0 x2 + y2

February 17, 2026 21 / 45

Problem 4

Evaluate Z 1 Z 1−x y
e x+y dydx
0 0
using the transformation

x + y = u, y = uv

February 17, 2026 22 / 45

Problem 4

Evaluate Z 1 Z 1−x y
e x+y dydx
0 0
using the transformation

x + y = u, y = uv

February 17, 2026 22 / 45

February 17, 2026 23 / 45
Problem 5

February 17, 2026 24 / 45

Problem 5

February 17, 2026 24 / 45

Application of Double Integrals

February 17, 2026 25 / 45

Area enclosed by plane curves

Area between curves y = f1 (x) and y = f2 (x) and x = x1 and x = x2 :

Z x2 Z f2 (x)
A= dy dx
x1 f1 (x)

February 17, 2026 26 / 45

Area between curves x = f1 (y ) and x = f2 (y ) and y = y1 and y = y2 :

Z y2 Z f2 (y )
A= dx dy
y1 f1 (y )

February 17, 2026 27 / 45

Problem 1
By double integration, find the whole area of the curve a2 x 2 = y 3 (2a − y )

February 17, 2026 28 / 45

Problem 1
By double integration, find the whole area of the curve a2 x 2 = y 3 (2a − y )

February 17, 2026 28 / 45

Problem 2

Find by double integration, the area included between the curve

y 2 (2a − x) = x 3 and its asymptote.

February 17, 2026 29 / 45

Problem 2

Find by double integration, the area included between the curve

y 2 (2a − x) = x 3 and its asymptote.

February 17, 2026 29 / 45

Problem 3

Find by double integration the area included between the curve

y = 4x − x 2 and the line y = x .

February 17, 2026 30 / 45

Problem 3

Find by double integration the area included between the curve

y = 4x − x 2 and the line y = x .

February 17, 2026 30 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 31 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 32 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 33 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 34 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 35 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 36 / 45

Area in Polar Coordinates

Z Z
A= r drdθ

February 17, 2026 37 / 45

Cardioid

February 17, 2026 38 / 45

Some standard circles in polar

February 17, 2026 39 / 45

Example 1

February 17, 2026 40 / 45

Example 2

February 17, 2026 41 / 45

Example 3

Find the area common to the circles r = a sin θ and r = a cos θ by double
integration.

February 17, 2026 42 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 43 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 44 / 45

Example

February 17, 2026 45 / 45

Volume of Solids

Volume of the solid cylinder on S as base, bounded by the given surface

z = f (x, y )

ZZ
V = f (x, y ) dxdy
S
RR
While using polar co-ordinates, we get the required volume as zrdrdθ.

February 17, 2026 1 / 24

Volumes as solids of revolution

About the x-axis: ZZ

V = 2πy dxdy
A
RR
In polar co-ordinates, V = A 2πr sin θrdθdr
About the y -axis: ZZ
V = 2πx dxdy
A
February 17, 2026 2 / 24
Example 1

Find the volume bounded by

x 2 + y 2 = 4, y + z = 4, z = 0.

February 17, 2026 3 / 24

Example 1

Find the volume bounded by

x 2 + y 2 = 4, y + z = 4, z = 0.

February 17, 2026 3 / 24

Example

February 17, 2026 4 / 24

Example

February 17, 2026 5 / 24

Example

February 17, 2026 6 / 24

Example 2

Volume generated by revolution of the cardioid about its x axis.

r = a(1 + cos θ)

February 17, 2026 7 / 24

Example 2

Volume generated by revolution of the cardioid about its x axis.

r = a(1 + cos θ)

February 17, 2026 7 / 24

Triple Integrals

February 17, 2026 8 / 24

Triple Integral – Definition

Consider a function f (x, y , z) defined over a region V .

ZZZ n
X
f (x, y , z) dV = lim f (xr , yr , zr ) δVr
V n→∞, Max δVr →0
r =1

where δVr are elementary volumes.

February 17, 2026 9 / 24

Volume as a Triple Integral

Divide the solid into rectangular parallelepipeds of volume δx δy δz.

XXX ZZZ
V = lim δxδy δz = dxdydz
δx,δy ,δz→0 V

February 17, 2026 10 / 24

Properties of Triple Integrals

Linearity:
ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
(c1 f (x, y , z)+c2 g (x, y , z)) dV = c1 f dV +c2 g dV
V V V

Additivity over regions: If V = V1 ∪ V2 , where V1 and V2 are

non-overlapping regions, then
ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y , z) dV = f dV + f dV
V V1 V2

Volume of region V : ZZZ

dV
V

February 17, 2026 11 / 24

Example 1

Evaluate: Z 1 Z z Z x+z
(x + y + z) dx dy dz
−1 0 x−z
Solution:

February 17, 2026 12 / 24

Example 1

Evaluate: Z 1 Z z Z x+z
(x + y + z) dx dy dz
−1 0 x−z
Solution: Integrating w.r.t y first,
Z 1Z z
y2
= [xy + + zy ]x+z
x−z dx dz
−1 0 2
Z 1 Z z Z 1
= (2z 2 + 4zx)dxdz = 4z 3 dz = 0.
−1 0 −1

February 17, 2026 12 / 24

Example 2

Evaluate:
Z 1Z
√
1−x 2 Z √1−x 2 −y 2
xyz dxdydz
0 0 0

February 17, 2026 13 / 24

Example 2

Evaluate:
Z 1Z
√
1−x 2 Z √1−x 2 −y 2
xyz dxdydz
0 0 0
Solution: √ √
1Z 1−x 2 1−x 2 −y 2
xyx 2
Z  
= dydx
0 0 2 0
Z 1
1 1
= x(1 − x 2 )2 dx =
8 0 48

February 17, 2026 13 / 24

Example 3

Using triple integral, find the volume of a solid bounded by planes

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x + y + z = a

February 17, 2026 14 / 24

Example 3

Using triple integral, find the volume of a solid bounded by planes

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x + y + z = a
Solution: Z a Z a−x Z a−x−y
a3
dzdydx =
0 0 0 6

February 17, 2026 14 / 24

4. Evaluate Z log 2 Z x Z x+log y
e x+y +z dzdydx
0 0 0
5. Evaluate Z 1Z x Z x+y
(x + y + z)dxdydz
0 0 0
6. Find area of tetrahedron bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and
x y z
a + b + c = 1.
7. Using triple integral, find the volume of a sphere with radius a, centre
at origin in the positive octant.
8. Using triple integral, find the volume of a sphere with radius a, centre
at origin.

February 17, 2026 15 / 24

Change of Variables

If x = x(u, v , w ), y = y (u, v , w ), z = z(u, v , w ), then

ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y , z)dxdydz = f (x(u, v , w ), y (u, v , w ), z(u, v , w ))Jdudvdw
V V

∂(x,y ,z)
where J = det( ∂(u,v ,w ) )

February 17, 2026 16 / 24

Change of Variables-Cylindrical coordinates

ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y , z) dxdydz = f (r cos θ, r sin θ, z) rdrdθdz
V V

February 17, 2026 17 / 24

Example 1
By transforming into cylindrical coordinates, evaluate the integral
ZZZ
(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz

over the region 0 ≤ z ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1.

February 17, 2026 18 / 24

Example 1
By transforming into cylindrical coordinates, evaluate the integral
ZZZ
(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz

over the region 0 ≤ z ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1.

February 17, 2026 18 / 24

Example 2

Find by triple integration, the volume of the region bounded by the

paraboloid az = x 2 + y 2 and the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = R 2 .

February 17, 2026 19 / 24

Example 2

Find by triple integration, the volume of the region bounded by the

paraboloid az = x 2 + y 2 and the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = R 2 .

February 17, 2026 19 / 24

Change of Variables-Spherical coordinates

ZZZ
f (x, y , z) dxdydz
V
ZZZ
= f (r sin θ cos ϕ, r sin θ sin ϕ, r cos θ) r 2 sin θdrdθdϕ
V

February 17, 2026 20 / 24

Example 1

Evaluate using spherical coordinates,

ZZZ
dxdydz
x2 + y2 + z2

throughout the volume of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2

February 17, 2026 21 / 24

Example 1

Evaluate using spherical coordinates,

ZZZ
dxdydz
x2 + y2 + z2

throughout the volume of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2

Solution: Z π/2 Z π/2 Z 2
1 2
8 2
r sin θdrdθdϕ = 4πa
0 0 0 r

February 17, 2026 21 / 24

Example 2

Find by triple integration, the volume of a sphere of radius a

February 17, 2026 22 / 24

Example 2

Find by triple integration, the volume of a sphere of radius a

February 17, 2026 22 / 24

Example 3

Evaluate using triple integral,

ZZZ
n
xyz(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 dxdydz
V

where the region is taken through the positive octant of the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = b 2 provided n + 5 > 0.

February 17, 2026 23 / 24

Example 3

Evaluate using triple integral,

ZZZ
n
xyz(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 dxdydz
V

where the region is taken through the positive octant of the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = b 2 provided n + 5 > 0.
Solution:
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z b
(r sin θ cos ϕ)(r sin θ sin ϕ)(r cos θ)(r 2 )n/2 r 2 sin θdrdθdϕ
0 0 0

February 17, 2026 23 / 24

Example 3

Evaluate using triple integral,

ZZZ
n
xyz(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 dxdydz
V

where the region is taken through the positive octant of the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = b 2 provided n + 5 > 0.
Solution:
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z b
(r sin θ cos ϕ)(r sin θ sin ϕ)(r cos θ)(r 2 )n/2 r 2 sin θdrdθdϕ
0 0 0

b n+6
=
8(n + 6)

February 17, 2026 23 / 24

Volume as Triple Integral

RRR
The volume of a 3D region V is V dxdydz
RRR
In cylindrical co-ordinates, the volume is rdrdθdz
RRR V 2
In spherical co-ordinates, the volume is V r sin θdrdθdϕ

February 17, 2026 24 / 24

Beta and Gamma functions

February 17, 2026 1 / 20

Improper Integrals

Rb
Proper Integrals: a f (x)dx is called a proper integral if
1. [a, b] is finite,
2. f (x) is bounded in [a, b]
d
3. f (x) is integrable in [a, b], i. e., dx [ϕ(x)] = f (x) so that
Rb
a f (x)dx = ϕ(b) − ϕ(a).
Rb
If (1) is not satisfied, then a f (x)dx is called an improper integral of
first kind.

February 17, 2026 2 / 20

Beta function

For m > 0, n > 0, the Beta function is defined as

Z 1
B(m, n) = x m−1 (1 − x) n−1 dx
0

February 17, 2026 3 / 20

Beta function

For m > 0, n > 0, the Beta function is defined as

Z 1
B(m, n) = x m−1 (1 − x) n−1 dx
0
If m and n are both greater than or equal to 1, then the above integral is a
proper integral.
If either m or n is less than 1, then the integral becomes improper but may
be convergent.

February 17, 2026 3 / 20

Properties:

Symmetry Property:

B(m, n) = B(n, m)

If p > −1, q > −1,

Z π/2  
p q 1 p+1 q+1
sin θ cos θdθ = B ,
0 2 2 2

B(m, n + 1) + B(m + 1, n) = B(m, n)

B(m, n + 1) B(m + 1, n) B(m, n)

= =
n m m+n

February 17, 2026 4 / 20

Gamma Function – Definition

If n > 0,
Z ∞
Γ(n) = e −x x n−1 dx
0

February 17, 2026 5 / 20

Properties of Gamma Function

Γ(1) = 1

Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n)
For positive integer n
Γ(n) = (n − 1)!

February 17, 2026 6 / 20

Relation between Beta and Gamma

Γ(m)Γ(n)
B(m, n) =
Γ(m + n)

February 17, 2026 7 / 20

Relation between Beta and Gamma

Γ(m)Γ(n)
B(m, n) =
Γ(m + n)

1 √
Γ( ) = π
2
1 √
Γ(− ) = −2 π
2

February 17, 2026 7 / 20

Relation between Beta and Gamma

Γ(m)Γ(n)
B(m, n) =
Γ(m + n)

1 √
Γ( ) = π
2
1 √
Γ(− ) = −2 π
2

Duplication formula:
  √
1 π
Γ(m)Γ m + = 2m−1 Γ(2m)
2 2

February 17, 2026 7 / 20

Problems

R1
1. Evaluate 0 x 4 (1 − x)3 dx

February 17, 2026 8 / 20

Problems

R1
1. Evaluate 0 x 4 (1 − x)3 dx

February 17, 2026 8 / 20

 π
sin5 θ cos7 θdθ
R 2
2. Evaluate 0

February 17, 2026 9 / 20

 π
sin5 θ cos7 θdθ
R 2
2. Evaluate 0

February 17, 2026 9 / 20

 Rb
3. Evaluate a (x − a)p (b − x)q dx

February 17, 2026 10 / 20

 Rb
3. Evaluate a (x − a)p (b − x)q dx

February 17, 2026 10 / 20

 π √ π
√dθ
R 2
R 2
4. Show that 0 sin θdθ 0 sin θ
=π

February 17, 2026 11 / 20

 π √ π
√dθ
R 2
R 2
4. Show that 0 sin θdθ 0 sin θ
=π

February 17, 2026 11 / 20

 R∞ √
2 π
5. Show that 0 e −x dx = 2

February 17, 2026 12 / 20

 R∞ √
2 π
5. Show that 0 e −x dx = 2

February 17, 2026 12 / 20

 Ra √
6. Evaluate 0 x 4 a2 − x 2 dx

February 17, 2026 13 / 20

 Ra √
6. Evaluate 0 x 4 a2 − x 2 dx

February 17, 2026 13 / 20

 R π √ π
2
[Link] that 0 tan θdθ = √
2

February 17, 2026 14 / 20

 R π √ π
2
[Link] that 0 tan θdθ = √
2

February 17, 2026 14 / 20

 R1
8. Express √ dx in terms of gamma function.
0 1−x 4

February 17, 2026 15 / 20

 R1
8. Express √ dx in terms of gamma function.
0 1−x 4

February 17, 2026 15 / 20

Example

February 17, 2026 16 / 20

Example

February 17, 2026 17 / 20

Example

February 17, 2026 18 / 20

Example

February 17, 2026 19 / 20

Example

February 17, 2026 20 / 20