Chapter No 7

Sequences and
Series
Series
If a1+a2+a3+……..an be the term of the
sequence, then by simply adding the
terms of the sequence from a series. For
any sequence {an}, we have
Sn=a1+a2+a3+……+an
If the number of terms in a series is
finite, then the series is called finite,
otherwise infinite.
Sum of n terms Arithmetic
Series
Let Sn denote the sum of n terms and
{an} be an A.P, then
Sn= an+ (a1+d) +(a1+2d)+....+(an-2d)
+(an-d)+an………….
By reversing the order of terms on R.H.S,
we have
Sn= an+(an-d)+(an-2d)+….+(a1-2d)+(a1-d)
+an……………
Adding (1) and (2), we get
Sn= (a1+an) + (a1+an) + (a1+an) +…. +
(a1+an)
Since (a1+an) occurs in times, so
2Sn=n (a1+an)
Sn=n/2(a1+a2)
Since an= a1+ (n-1) d for an A.P,
Therefore
Sn=n/2[a1 +a1 + (n-1) d]
 Formula:
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]

Some of n terms of geometric series

Let Sn be the sum of n terms and {an} be
a geometric sequence then,
Sn=a1+ a1r+a1r2+…..+a1rn-1 ………………..(1)
Multiply both sides by r
RSn =a1r+a1r2+a1r3+…..+a1rn-1+a1rn………
(2)
Subtract 2 from 1, we have
Sn-rSn=a1-a1rn
Sn (1-r) =a1 (1-rn)
Sn=a1 (1-rn)/1-r If |r|
<1
And Sn=a1 (rn-1)/r-1
if |r|>1
Infinite geometric series
Consider an infinite geometric series
a1+a1r+a1r2+……a1rn-1+….
We know that Sn=a1+a1r+….a1rn-1
Sn=a1 (1-rn)/1-r,
When we add finite many terms to the
series and the sum of infinite geometric
series is a definite number, then the
series is said to be convergent.
S∞ =a1/1-r, |r|<1
 Exercise
No 7.5
Question No 1:
Find the sum 18 terms: 2+5+8+……
Solution:
Here a1=2, d=3, n=18
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]
=18/2[2(2) + (18-1) (3)]
=9[4+51] =9(55)
Sn=495

Question No 2:
Find the 12th term and sum the 12th terms 1+3/2+
…….
Solution:
Here a1 = 1, d=3/2 -1 =1/2
a12=a1+11d
=1+11(1/2) =1+11/2=2+11/2
a12=13/2
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]
S12=12/2[2(1) + (12-1) (1/2)]
=6(2+11/2) = 6(4+11/2) = 6(15/2)
Sn=45

Question No 3:
Sum the series:-7+ (-5) + (-3) +……. + a14
Here a1=-7, d= -5-(-7) =2, n=14
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]
=14/2[2(-7) + (n-1) d]
=7[-14+13(2)] =7(12)
Sn=84
Question No 4:
Find the sum of even integers between 1 and 49
Solution:
dy
The even integers between 1 and 49 are dx
2+4+6+……48
Here a1=2, d=2, an=48
An = a1 + (n-1) d
48=2+ (n-1) (2)
48=2+2n-2
48=2n
N=48/2 =24
Now,
Sn=n/2[2a1 + (n-1) d]
S24=24/2 [2 (2) + (24-1) (2)]
=12[4+23(2)] =12[4+46] =12(50)
S24 = 600
Question No 5:
Find all the integrals multiple of 3 between 1 and
100
Solution:
The integral multiples of 3 between 1 and
100 are
3+6+9+……+99
Here a1=3, d=3, an=99
An=a1+ (n-1) d
99=3+ (n-1) (3)
99=3+3n-3
99=3n, n=99/3
n=33
Now,
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]
=33/2[2(3) + (33-1) (3)]
=33/2[6+32(3)] =33/2[6+96]
=33/2(102) =33(51) =1683

Question No 6:
How many terms of the series -9 -6 -3 + 0 +….
Amounts to 66
Solution:
-9 -6 -3 +…..+an ….66
Here a1=-9, d= -6-(-9) =-6+9 =3, Sn=66
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]
66=n/2[2(-9) + (n-1) (3)]
66*2=n [3n-21]
132=3n2-21n
3n2 - 21n -132 =0
Dividing by 3 on both sides
n2 -7n -44 = 0
n2 -11n +4n -44 =0
N (n-11) +4(n-11) = 0
(N+4) (N-11) =0
N-11 =0 , n+4 =0
N = 11 , n= -4 (not admissible)
Question No 7:
How many terms of the series -7 -4 -1 +……
amount to 114?
Solution:
-7 -4 -1 +…. +an…..114
Here a1=-7, d=-4-(-7) = -4+7 =3, Sn=114
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]
114=n/2[2(-7) + (n-1) (3)]
228=3n2 -17n
3n2 – 17n -228 = 0
3n2-36n+19n-228 = 0
3n (n-12) +19(n-12) = 0
(3n+19) (N-12) = 0
3n+19=0 , n-12 =0
N = -19/3 , n = 12
(Not admissible)
Question No 8:
1+2+3+….Find S100
SOLUTION:
Here a1=1, d=1, n=100
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]
S100 =100/2[2(1) + (100-1)]
=50[2+99] = 50(101)
S100 =5050
Question No 9:
Find the sum of all integers between 0 and 1000
which are neither divisible by 2 or 5
Solution:
The integers between 0 and 1000 which
are neither divisible by 2 nor by 5 are
1+3+7+9+11+13+17+19+21+23+27+
29+
…………+991+993+997+999
= (1+3+7+9) + (11+13+17+19) +
(21+23+27+29) +…+
(991+993+997+999)
=20+60+100+…..+3980
a1= 20, d = 40, an =3980

An = a1 + (n-1) d
3980=20+ (n-1) 40
3980=20+40n-40
3980+20=40n
4000/40=n
N=100
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]
S100=100/2[2(20) + (100-1) 40]
=50[40+3960]
=50(4000)
S100 = 200,000
Question No 10:
Sum the series 1+4-7+10+13-16+19+22-25+…..30
terms.
Solution:
= (1+4-7) + (10+13-16) + (19+22-25) +
….30 terms
= -2 +7 +16 +…..10 terms
A1 = -2, d=9, n=10
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]
Sn=10/2[2(-2) + (10-1) 9]
Sn = 5[-4 +9(9)] = 5[-4 + 81]
Sn= 5(77) = 385
Question No 11:
Find the sum of the following
geometric series.
(1):2+4+8+….to 7 terms.
(2):125+25+5+…. to 6 terms.
(3):1+1/3+1/9+….ton terms.
Solution:

(1) 2+4+8+…….to 7 terms

A1=2, r=2, n=7
Sn =a1 (rn-1)/r-1 |r|>1
Sn =2(27 -1)/2-1
=2(128-1) =2(127) =254
(2) 125+25+5+….6 terms
A1=125, r=1/5, n=6
Sn =a1 (1-rn)/1-r |r|<1
S6 =125[1-(1/5)6]/1-1/5
=125[1-1/15625]/4/5
=125[15625-1/15625]
=125*5/4[15624/15625]
=3906/25
(3): 1+1/3+1/9+……to n terms.
A1=125, r=1/3, n=n
Sn =a1 (1-rn)/1-r , |r|<1
=1[1-(1/3) n]/1-1/3
= [1-1/3n]/3-1/3
=3/2(1-1/3n) s
Question No 12:
Sum the series 2+22+222+…. +a5
Solution:
=2[1+11+111+…..a5]
=2/9[9+99+999+…..a5]
= 2/9[(10-1) + (100-1) + (1000-1) +
…..a5]
= 2/9[(10+100+1000+……a5)-(1+1+1+
…..a5)]
=2/9[(a1=10, r=10,n=5)-5]
=2/9[{10(105-1)/10-1}-5]
=2/9[{10(100000-1)/9} -5]
=2/9[{10(99999)/9}-5]
=2/9[10(11111)-5] =2/9[111110-5]
=2/9(111105) =24690

Question No 13:
Sum the series 3+33+333+….+an
Solution:
3+33+333+……n terms
=3[1+11+111+…..n terms]
=3/9[9+99+999+……n terms]
=3/9[(10-1) + (100-1) + (1000-1) +…….n
terms]
=3/9[(a1=10, r=10, n=n)-n]
=1/3[{10(10n-1)/10-1}-n]
=1/3[{10(10n-1)/9}-n]

Question No 14
Sum the series:
0.2 +0.22+0.222+….+an
Solution:
=2[0.1+0.11+0.111+……n terms]
=2/9[0.9+0.99+0.999+…..n terms]
=2/9[9/10+99/100+999/1000+…..n
terms]
=2/9[(1-1/10) + (1-1/100) + (1-1/1000) +
…..n terms]
=2/9[(1+1+1+…..n terms)-
(1/10+1/100+1/1000+….n terms]
=2/9[n-(a1=1/10, r=1/10, n=n]
=2/9[n-{1/10(1-1/10n)/9/10}
=2/9[{n-(1-1/10n)/9}]

Question No 15:
Find the sum of infinite geometric
series √ 2 +2+2√ 2 +……
Solution:

A1=√ 2, r=2√ 2 /2 =√ 2
S∞=a1/1-r =√ 2 /1-√ 2
Question No16:
Sum the infinite geometric Series: 2+1+1/2+…….
Solution:
A1=2, r=1/2
S∞=a1/1-r
=2/1-1/2 = 2/ (1/2) =4

Question No 17:
 If a=1- x + x + x 3+…|x|<1 , b=1+ x+ x + x 3+ …|x|<1. Show
2 2

that 2ab =a+b

Solution:
A=1−x + x + x 3+ …
2

A= (a1=1, r= -x)
A=1/1-x
1+x=1/a (1)
Also
b=1+ x + x + x 3+…
2

b= (a1=1, r=x)
b=1/ (1-x)
b=1-x=1/b (2)
Adding (1) and (2)
2=1/a+1/b
2=b+a/ab
2ab=a+b
Question No 18:
If 2
y=1+2 x +4 x +… Show that x= y −1/2 y

Solution:
2
y=1+2 x +4 x +…
y= (a1=1, r=2x)
y=a1/1-r →y=1/1-2x
Y (1-2x) =1
Y-2xy=1
Y-1=2xy→ x=y-1/2y

Question No 19:
A clock strikes once when its hour
hand is at one, twice when it is at
two and so on. How many times does
the clock strike in twelve hours?
Solution:
The series is
1+2+3+……+12
A1=1, d=1, n=12
Sn=n/2[2a1 + (n-1) d]
S12=12/2[2(1) + (12-1)1]
S12 =12/2[2+11] =6(13) =98
So clocks strikes 98 times during 12
hours.
Question No 20:
A rocket rises 20 feet in 1st second,
60 feet in 2nd second, and 100 feet in
3rd second. If it continues at this
rate, how many feet will it rise in the
20th second?
Solution:
The series is
20+60+100+…. +20 terms
A1=20, d=40, n=20
Sn=n/2[2a1+ (n-1) d]
S20=20/2[2(20) + (20-1)40]
=10[40+760] =10(800) =8000
Question No 21:
A 5-days rain caused the Chenab
River to rise. After the first day, the
river rose one inch. Each day the rise
in the river tripled. How much has
the river risen after 5-days.

Solution: Let a1=rise of river first day

a1=1, r=3, n=5
a5=a1r4
= (1) (3)4
= 81

Question No 22:
Suppose that at the beginning of the
year, your savings account contains
Rs 4250.
If you with draw Rs 350 per month
from the account, how much will it
contain at the end of the year?
Solution:
A1=4250, d=-350
A2=the first transaction
A3=the 2nd transaction
A13=the 12th transaction
So we have find a13
A13=a1 +12d
=4250 + (-350)
= 4250 – 4200
= 50
So we have Rs.50 at the end of the year.

Chapter No 8
Introduction To
Mathematical
Induction and
Binomial Theorem
Principal of Mathematical Induction:
Le, p (n) be a preposition or the
statement that is defined for positive
integers n such that
1: p (1) is true.
2: If p (k) is true, then P (k+1) is true for
any positive integer k,Hence P(n) is true
for all positive integers.

Example 4: Prove by mathematical

induction for all n∈N, 22n-1 is divisible
by 3.
Solution:
Let P (n):22n-1 is divisible by 3
C-1: For n=1
P (1):22(1)-1 is divisible by 3
Thus P (1) is true, so C-1 is satisfied.
C-2: Let the statement P (n) is true for
n=k∈N then
P (k):22k-1 is divisible by 3. (Induction
hypothesis)
We show that P (n) is true for n=k+1, so
P (k+1):22(k+1)-1 is divisible by 3 or 2.
Consider,
22(k+1)-1= 22k+2-1
=22k.22-1
=22k.4-1
=22k.4-4+3
=4(22k-1) +3
Since is divisible by 3 by induction
hypothesis and also 3 is divisible by 3,
Hence sum is divisible by 3.
Caution!
Since P (n) is a sentence, not a number,
we write P (n):22n-1 not P (n) =22n-1-1.

Exercise
No 8.1
In exercise (1-6), use Mathematical
induction to prove the statement P
(n) for n=1, 2.
Solutions:
Question No 1:
3+6+9+…..3n=3n (n+1)/2
Let P (n) be the given statement then
P (n): 3+6+9+…. +3n=3n (n+1)/2
For n=1
P (1):3=3(1+1)/2

3=3(2)/2 → 3=3, true

For n=2
P (2): 3+6=3(2) (2+1)/2
9=6(3)/2→ 9=9, true
Hence statement is true for n = 1, 2.

Question No 2:
2+6+18+…+2.3n-1 =3n-1
Let P (n) be the given statement then
P (n):2+6+18+…. +2.3n-1 =3-1
For n=1
P (1): 2 =31-1
2=2, true
For n=2
P (2):2+6=32-1
8=9-1
8=8, true
Hence statement is true for n =1, 2.
Question No 3:
1.3 +2.5+3.7+…+n (2n-1) = n (n+1)
(4n+5)/6
Let P (n) be the given statement then
P (n):1.3+2.5+3.7+…. +n (n+1) (4n+5)/6
For n=1
P (1):1.3=1(1+1) (4+5)/6
3=18/6
3=3, true
For n=2
P (2): 1.3+2.5=2(2+1) (8+5)/6
3+10=2(3) (13)/6
13=13, true
Hence statement is true for n=1, 2.
Question No 4:
n3+2n/3 represents an integers.
Let P (n):n3 +2n/3 represents an integer
For n=1
P (n): 13+2(1)/3 =1+2/3=1, integer
For n=2
P (2):23+2(2)/3=8+4/3 =12/3 =4, integer
Hence statement is true for n=1, 2
Question No 5:
n (n+1) is divisible by 2.
Let P (n): n (n+1) is divisible by 2
For n=1
P (1):1(1+1) =2 is divisible by 2, true
For n=2
P (2):2(2+1) =6 is divisible by 2, true
Hence statement is true for n =1, 2.
In Exercises (7-14),use mathematical induction to
prove the following formulae for positive integer
n.
Question No 7:
2+4+6+…2n= n2+n

Let P (n) be the given statement

P (n): 2+4+6+…+2n=n2+n
C-1 For n=1
P (1):2=12 +1
2=2
Thus P (1) is true, so c-1 is satisfied
C-2 : Let the statement P (n) is true for
n=k∈N. then
P (k) =2+4+6+…..+2k= k2+ k …………….
(1)
We have to prove the formula is true for
n=k+1, so
P (k+1): 2+4+6+…..+2(k+1) = (k+1)2 +
(k+1)
Adding 2(k+1) on both sides of (1)
2+4+6+…. +2k+2(k+1) =K2+k+2(k+1)
=k2+k+2k+2
=k2+2k +1+k+1
= (k+1) + (k+1)
Thus P (k+1) is true, so c-2 is satisfied.
Hence P (n) is true for all positive
integers.
Question No 8:
1+5+9+…. + (4n-3) = n (2n-1)
Let P (n) be the given statement
P (n):1+5+9+… + (4n-3) =n (2n-1)
C-1 For n=1
P (1):1=1(2-1)
1=1
Thus P (1) is true, so c-1 is satisfied
C-2 Let the statement P (n) is true for n=k
∈N, then

P (k) =1+5+9+…..+ (4k-3) =k (2k-1)

…………….. (1)
We have to prove that formula is true for
n=k+1, so
P (k+1): 1+5+9+…… + (4k -3) + 4(k+1) -
3= (k+1) (2k+1)
Adding 4(k+1)-3 on both sides of (1)
1+5+9+…. +4(k+1) -3 =k (2k-1)
+4(k+1)-3
=2k2 –k+4k+4-3
=2k2 +3k +1
=2k2+2k+k+1
=2k (k+1) + 1(k+1)
= (k+1) (2k+1)
Thus P (k+1) is true, so c-2 is satisfied.
Hence P (n) is true for all positive
integers.
Question No 9:
12 +22+32+…. +n2=n (n+1) (2n+1)/6
Let P (n) be the given statement
P (n):12+22+32+……. +n2 =n (n+1)
(2n+1)/6
C-1 for n=1
P (n): 12 =1(1+1) (2+1)/6
1=6/6 1=1
Thus P (1) is true, so c-1 is satisfied
C-2: let the statement P (n) is true for n=k
∈ N, then

P (k) =12+22+32+….. +k2=k (k+1)

(2k+1)/6 ……….. (1)
We have to prove that formula is true for
n=k+1, so
P (k+1):12+22+32+….. +k2+ (k+1)2 =
(k+1) (k+2)(2k+3)/6
Adding (k+1)2 on both sides of (1)
12+22+32+…. +k2 +(k+1)2 = k(k+1)
(2k+1)/6 +(k+1)2
=(k+1)[k(2k+1)/6 +(k+1)]
=(k+1)[2k2+k+6k+6/6
=(k+1)[2k2+7k+6]/6
=(k+1)[2k2+4k+3k+6]/6
=(k+1)[2k(k+2)+3(k+2)]/6
=(k+1)(k+2)(2k+3)/6
Thus P (k+1) is true, so C-2 is satisfied.
Hence P (n) is true for all positive
integers.
Question No 12:
1+4+7+…….. +(3n-2)=n(3n-1)/2
Let P (n)be the given statement
P(n):1+4+7+…..+ (3n-2)=n(3n-1)/2
C-1 For n=1
P (1):1=1(3-1)/2 , 1=1
Thus P (1) is true, so C-1 is satisfied
C-2: Let the statement p(n) is true for
n=k∈N,then
P(k) = 1+4+7+…. +(3n-2)=k(3k-1)/2
……….(1)
We have to prove that formula is true for
n=k+1, so
P (k+1) :1+4+7+…. +(3k-2) +
(3k+1)=(k+1)(3k+2)/2
Adding (3k+1) on both sides of (1)
1+4+7+…. +(3k-2)+(3k+1)=k(3k-1)/2
+(3k+1)
=k(3k-1)+2(3k+1)/2
=3k2-k+6k+2/2
=3k2+3k+2k+2/2
=3k(k+1)+2(k+1)/2
=(k+1)(3k+2)/2
Thus P (k+1) is true, so C-2 is satisfied.
Hence P (n)is true for all positive integers.
Question No 13:
1/1.2+1/2.3+……… +1/n(n+1)=n/n+1
Let P(n) be the given statement
P (n):1/1.2+1/2.3+… +1/n(n+1)=n/n+1
C-1 For n=1
P(1):1/1.2 = 1/1+1 , 1/2=1/2
Thus P(1) is true,so C-1 is satisfied
C-2:Let the statement P (n) is true for n=k
∈ N, then

P (k) =1/1.2+1/2.3+……
+1/k(k+1)+1/(k+1)(k+2)=k+1/k+2
Adding 1/(k+1)(k+2) on both sides of (1)
1/1.2+1/2.3+…. +1/k(k+1)+1/(k+1)
(k+2)=k/k+1+1/(k+1)(k+2)
=1/k+1[k+1/k+2]
=1/k+1[k(k+2)+1/k+2]
=1/k+1[k2+2k+1/k+2]
=(k+1)2/(k+1)(k+2)
=(k+1)/(k+2)
Thus P(k+1) is true, so C-2 is satisfied.
Hence P (n) is true for all positive
integers.
Question No 14:
4n-1 is divisible by 3 for n∈N
Let P (n):4n-1 is divisible by 3
C-1 For n=1
P (1):41-1=4-1=3 is divisible by 3
P (1) is true,so C-1 is satisfied .
C-2:Let the statement is true for n=k∈N
P(k): 4k-1 is divisible by 3…………(1)
We show that P(n) is true for n=k+1
P (k+1):4k+1-1 is divisible by 3
Consider
4k+1 -1=4.4k -1
=4.4k -4+3 =4(4k -1) +3
Since 4k-1 is divisible by 3 from (1) and
also 3 is divisible by 3
Hence sum is divisible by 3
Thus P (k+1) is true, so C-2 is satisfied.
Hence P (n) is true for all positive
integers.
Question No 15:
23n-1 is divisible by 7 for n∈N
Let P (n):23n-1 is divisible by 7
C-1 for n=1
P (1):23-1=8-1=7 is divisible by 7
P (1) is true, so C-1 is satisfied.
C-2: Let the statement is true for n=k∈N
P (k): 23k-1 is divisible by 7……….. (1)
We show that P (n) is true for n=k+1
P (k+1):23(k+1)-1 is divisible by 3
Consider
23(k+1)-1 = 23k+3-1
=23.23k -1
=8.23k -8+7
=8(23k-1) +7
Since 23k-1 is divisible by 7 from (1) and
also 7 is divisible by 7
Hence sum is divisible by 7
Thus P (k+1) is true, so C-2 is satisfied.
Hence P (n) is true for all positive
integers.

THE END