eS ere Fluids for ra at re eet ay een aes ferrets (The atoms or molecules ina fluid are arranged in a random manner. a (ore ters nee teen beara eee eed » nm {for an indefinite period. i begins to flow when a she eee les (i) fluid has no definite shape of its own. it ultimately eee eke Peer rs This force acts perpendicular to the surfa. 5. The total nn eet rent en rena it is called thrust. It is because of this thrust that @ 2 ee i FV Soo F ws Pere eee eRe eel a art Se ee ee nee ary Pe ea eee ee ee then the pressure isSy 1a) Se ee ee noes Pee ee eee eee eee then the pressure is ‘? re e ‘The density of any material is defined as its mass per unit volume. If a body of mass M occupies volume V, then its density is Se eae oo density remains a at all pressures. + Density of a gas varies largely with pressure. 5 1@) Sn lative density of a substance is defined as the ratio CR a ean eee eater nae s) OL ee a) in a fluid. it can be stated in a number of Pennants ‘The pressure exerted at any point on an enclosed Pee eee eeDee ace Se Oe ee on ret ty area A filled with a liquid of density. The weight of eee ee cata eer Se Dee ea cae eae Pressure exerted by the liquid column on the eens Deca as rer‘The gaseous envelope surrounding the earth is called Cc The pressure exerted by the atmosphere is called eee Nc ee Utara) of the earth's surface is equal to the atmospheric See ee oad Nem-20r Pa Pe eee rt Ts) Cote preter tay 1o) Cee ae eee ee een ead rte nee ars eer rg In meteorology, the atmospheric pressure is measured in bar & milibar. co ee eee tee ee aT What is the pressure on a swimmer 10 m below the surface of a lake? ene ee ees ees cen eee ers air in the atmosphere pressing down on Earth. Its ‘operation is based on the principle of fluid pressure pe prerene mee ee rence ees erent rear See) by the upward pressure exerted by the liquid SC eee pane earteae er perce e keg een eter rete The height of the mercury column in the tube is @ direct indicator of atmospheric pressure; a higher column indicates higher pressure, and a lower co eee erieeatel err oer Seren el eh) ee eo 19){A barometer is a physics instrument that measures See ee cers air in the atmosphere pressing down on Earth. ite See rere tees pe preenr ena ee ence ete etre ent nt See ae See a eT column itselt. A simple mercury barometer consists ae eaten ner ere eked eter en ere nets The height of the mercury column in the tube is a direct indicator of atmospheric pressure; a higher column indicates higher pressure, and a lower persia neser niocieeaeetint O 1@) ee Soares errs s Peet oe ene liquid, such as mercury or water, ina ue (.". eee eer) SC ee ; et eel trey Ee Peet eek SC kon ead eee Reece oe tas Se ae ee ee eee ear ees a ee ere ee ees bottom is more than the downward thrust on the top because the bottom is at er ete ek ee nny pr ‘The upward force acting on a body immersed in a fluid is called upthrust or Pes aoe tea te aL 1) eee ees ce plrtreiaionteliy sil nohn abr ih iA AOR NS ad) erat) a F exces1@) ee ee ee ee ed liquid displaced by the immersed part of the body is equal to or greater than the eens m7 Oner Oe et eee eer ener ee eee en ee ees Pere eee errr ‘The fixed path followed by an orderly procession Ce ee ee me ee een = 1a) ‘When the liquid velocity exceeds a certain limiting value, called critical velocity, the liquid flow Becomes zig-zag. The path and the velocity of a liquid particle ees ersCe eee z ee the fluid particle at the point of intersection will have two different directions of flow. This will destroy the steady nature of the fluid flow. Om Peon } passing normally through a section pe ‘at that section, mathe Sones my J megan EA = Bae ee ee en eer Tnnes rN Cee an ESeeer s Seed 8 ‘The density of the fluid remains constant during its H The fluid offers no internal friction. ‘This means that there is ne angular momentum of the 19) It states that during the streamlined flow of the non-viscous and incompressible fluid through a pipe of varying cross-section, the product of area of cross-section land the normal fluid velocity (a v) remains constant throughout the flow. aN fluid about any point. M, cn 2 Ra a0 ve Ce ee ee eae piercer (i) potential energy and ~~ Ir esr ca ne , a a Deny A 4 ary oa a cs i ems1@) The energy possessed by a liquid by virtue ofits pressure is called its pressure Pacer titer cot tent eee Efren ener W= Force x distance Pressure xarea x alstance)— Pfis)= FV) eee eee L ery Pressure eneray per unit weight of orn Penne is Das vee eas ad ry ae SG i aL Pee Aa EO) NEN Com ert Lan om) Ce i fc cae eT GE Ces ae cor ey Kecero Pe en ae oes ee ee es pected Pere eked cre as ee et nd Cee ec a ets een Seer eer ena ‘causes a spinning ball to take a curved ee ed een ae ees This effect was first noticed by German en a peer tect ‘The rougher the surface, the thicker i ee eens eee ene rs RUBBER cy ‘As shown, the cross-section of the wing of an aeroplane looks like an ‘2erofoll, The wing is so designed that its upper surface is more curved (and hence longer) than the lower surface and the front edge js broader than the rear edge. As the aircraft moves, the alr moves faster over the upper surface react eer nee ee pressure above the upper surface decreases below the atmospheric eee ets increases above the atmospheric re ee ent eee ee aa ieee ( oe ON‘As shown, the cross-section of the wing of an aeroplane looks like an eee te eer hence longer) than the lower surface and the front edge js broader than the rear edge. As the aircraft moves, the alr moves faster over the upper surface rae According to Bernoulli's principle, the air pressure above the upper surface decreases below the atmospheric eee ee ets Ee a oe ae ee ent ee ena ieee SO a em od virtue of which an internal force of friction comes into play when a fluid is rae meee ee eee ae ed os Ser me! viccous drag or viscous force, acts tangentially on the layers of the fluid in motion and tends to destroy its motion. x where is a constant depending upon the eee eee ed ee ees shows that the viscous force is directed in ee er er Een tient Rem ae cer raoa 0 ay eee ede ee) ee ee body of radius # moving with uniform ee velocity v through fluid of viscosity is ZAC) sis Za Ss Pf ‘As the velocity of the body increases, the viscous ne eee eae teri? velocity acquired by a body while falling through Be oermmeare te eer Scere It is dimensionless parameter whose value decides the nature of flow of a Coe ar lod 7 war eee) ere) ee eee ey rae eee Seen eee) 1@) eee ee eee ee same substance, oe ee cee een Prete eet ead eee te Creates re cee ered19) It is dimensionless parameter whose value decides the nature of flow of a DO eae Lod , ear eee) eer ne) ee Ree ee) De Diameter of the pipe See ne eee) 1@) ee ee eee er same substance, Cena See end Pree eet ead eee ee eet eae! Creates Wis due to force of adhesion that ink sticks to paper while writing. 1@) a Gre) st 1 @) ee en ee eee compared to the molecules in the interior is called surface energy. It is equal to the work done in increasing the area of the surface film by unit amount.DL a ee ee Pee ee eet oo Tan te Pid Er ee Oe eee ee) ee ee eee rset) 6) Nature ofthe slid and the liquid in contac. errs nto eee eee cee eaFor those liquids which wet the walls of the vessel, the angle of contact is acute. For the liquids which do not wet the walls of the vessel, the angle of contact is pete Phenomena of rising oF falling of liquid in capillary tube when it is immersed aprons) Crane cont 1@) arn teeter. Peer ° 5 pene A Sg oftube oe O48 0D1@) Phenomena of rising oF falling of liquid in capilary tube when it is immersed openness) Capillary Tube ene tee err me =¥ Pern o P, pees et oftube 1@) ee eee tension of water reduces. A small piece of camphor put in clear water dances vigorously due to decrease of surface tension of water. ae PO ee ee ee ry increases the surface tension of water. (b) A sparingly soluble substance like phenol or soap reduces the surface tension of water. a en increase of temperature. The surface tension of a liquid becomes zero at a particular temperature, called critical temperature of that liquid.