Department of Education

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
FUNCTIONS
Module 1

ELIZABETH J. GABUTAN
WRITER
FELISA G. BASIJAN
Editor
EMELITA D. BAUTISTA EdD
VALIDATOR
Schools Division Office – Muntinlupa City
Student Center for Life Skills Bldg., Centennial Ave., Brgy. Tunasan, Muntinlupa City (02) 8805-9935 / (02) 8805-9940
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This module is intended to ensure learning continuity under the new ‘normal’ in
education amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. It is designed to develop computation and
analytical skills of learners through activities that were carefully developed to ensure
that our learners are properly assisted towards achieving the best learning outcomes.

As the learning facilitator, you are requested to orient your learners on the proper
use of this module and assist para-teachers such as parents, elder siblings and other
significant adults to understand their potent role in optimizing this learning material
towards developing mutual responsibility for children’s success under the distant
learning set up.

Finally, please do not forget to remind the learners to use separate sheets in
answering the pre-test, self-check exercises, and post-test.

For the learner:

This module is intended to help you continue learning English at home. It is
designed to provide you with meaningful and engaging learning experiences that will
help you enhance your computation and analytical skills.

In the beginning of each lesson, you will review related concepts. Then, you will
discover what the learning episode is about. After the presentation of concepts, you will
do self-check exercises that will lead you to an application task. Finally, you will be
guided in managing your takeaways.

The following are the standard symbols (icons) used to represent some parts of
the module:

This part contains the learning objectives

covered by the material. It also introduces
the topic/content of the module briefly.

This is the pre-assessment. It is given to

to check what you know about the lesson
you are about to take.

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 This part connects the current lesson with
the previous lesson by allowing you to go
over concepts that you learned previously.

It is in this part that the new lesson is

introduced through a story, a poem, song,
situation or an activity.

This part provides a brief discussion of the

lesson.

In this part, you will be asked to do

enrichment activities that are designed to
reinforce or refine your understanding.

This part offers a question, fill in the blank

sentence/paragraph to enable you to
process what you have learned from the
lesson.

This part presents an activity that will allow

you to transfer the skills/knowledge you
gained or learned into real-life
concerns/situations.

This evaluates your level of mastery in

achieving the learning objectives, validates
the concepts and provides more
opportunities to deepen the learning.

This part provides an activity in any form

that can increase the strength of your
responses and encourages repetitions of
actions/learning.

Since the module highlight a specific theme, it will also help you appreciate the
use of what you learn in daily life and expand your understanding of the community
you live in and beyond.

Please handle this module with utmost care and use separate sheets in answering
the activities.

Happy learning!

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 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
accurately construct mathematical models to represent real-life situations using
functions. After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. represent real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions;
2. evaluate a function;
3. perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition of
functions;
4. solve problems involving functions.

I. State whether the relation represents a function or not. Give the Domain and Range
of each relation.
1. { (3, 2), (5, 0), (7, 2), (9, 4) }
2. { (10, –3), (5, – 2), (7, 2), (10, 4) }
3. 4
X –2 –1 0 1 2
y 4 1 0 1 4 x 36 36 49 49
y 6 -6 7 -7
5.
U.S.A.
Disneyland Japan
Ocean Park Hongkong

Phils.
7.

6.

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 8. 9.

10. y = 5x + 3
11. x2 + y2 = 25

12. y = x2 – 4x + 4

13. Country and its capital

14. A learner and his/her cell phone number
15. A student and his/her email account.

II. Perform the indicated operations.

1. (5x + 3) + (3x – 7) + ( 2x + 8)
2. ( 4x2 + 5X – 2) + (3X2 – 2)
3. (3a + 2b + 5c) + (3a – 4b – 8c)
4. (5x + 3) – (3x – 7)
5. ( 4x2 + 5x – 2) – (3X2 – 2)
6. 3(x + 2y – 2z) + 9(4x + 3y + 8z) – 2(8x – 3z)
7. 3x2( 4x2 - 2xy + 4y2 + 4)
8. (2x + 3y)(4x + 2y)
9. (a2 – a + 1)( a + 1)
10. ( 4x2 + 5x – 2)(x + 3)
11. (a2 + 2a + 1)( a + 1)
12. (x3 + 6x2 + x – 14) ÷ ( x + 2)

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 LT
Functions
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Mathematics is all about relations and functions. It can be compared to a
machine where the product produced is the output based on what the input it
receives , and the operations. The concept of relation shows that two quantities have
an impact on each other. Functions is widely used in different mathematics
applications like linear function, polynomial function, constant function, rational
function and a lot more.

A relation is a rule that relates A function is a relation where

values from a set of values each element in the domain is
(called the domain) to a second related to only one element in
values (called the range). the range by some rule.

A relation is a set of ordered A function is a set of ordered

pairs. pairs such that no two ordered
pairs have the same first
A = { (1, 3), (2, 4), (1, 5), (4, 6), (5, 7)} element.
A = { (1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6), (5, 7)}

Relation and functions may be represented by mapping diagrams where the

elements of the domain are mapped to the elements of the range using arrows.

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 Which of the following mapping diagrams represent function?

Answer: The relation g and h are functions because each element in X is

mapped to only one element in Y. The relation f is not a function because there is at
least one element in X which is mapped to more than one element in Y.

Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if any vertical line
intersects the graph at exactly one point.
(1) (2) (3)

(4) 5)
Which of the following graphs represent function?
Answer: Graphs (1), (2),and (4) are functions while (3) and (5) are not
because they do not pass the vertical line test.

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 A piecewise function is a function that is defined on a sequence of intervals. It
is composed of multiple subfunctions, where each subfunction applies to a
certain interval of the main function’s domain.

Example 1:
𝑥 + 5, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 5
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = { }
2𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 5

Find the value of f(x) when a) x = 1, b) x = 5, c) x = 12

Solution:
a) If x = 1, use the first subfunction f(x) = x + 5, since 1 is
included in the range 0 < x < 5, therefore if x = 1, then f(x) = 6
b) If x = 5, use the first subfunction f(x) = x + 5, since 5 is
included in the range 0 < x < 5, therefore if x = 5, then f(x) =
10
c) If x = 12, use the second subfunction f(x) = 2x, because 12 is
in the range x > 5, therefore if x = 12, then f(x) = 2x = 2(12) =
24.
Example 2: Jerome makes ID lace and is paid P7.50 per piece for the first 50 ID
laces he makes, P8.75 per piece for the next 50 pieces and P10 per piece in excess of
100 pieces. Use a piecewise function to represent Jerome’s earnings. If he was able to
complete 107 ID laces on a particular day, how much did he earn on that day?

Solution:

7.50𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 50
𝑓(𝑥) = { 375 + 8.75 (𝑥 − 50) 𝑖𝑓 51 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 50 }
812.50 + 10.00(𝑥 − 100), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 100

Since Jerome was able to complete more than 100 ID laces, use the third
subfunction, f(x) = 812.50 + 10.00(𝑥 − 100), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 100

f(107) = 812.50 + 10.00(107 – 100) = 882.50.

Jerome was able to earn P882.50

Example 3: Rental car charges flat fee of P1000.00 plus an additional P10.00
per km when the number of kilometers driven is less than or equal to 50 kms. In
excess of 50 kms, the company increases the price to P15.00.
a. Write a piecewise function.
b. How much will they charge you if you have driven 65 kilometers?

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Solution:
1000 + 10𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 50;
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = { }
1500 + 15 (𝑥 − 50) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 50

b. if x = 65, then 1500 + 15 (65 – 50) = 1725

The charge for driving the car for 65 kilometers is P1725

Evaluating Functions

To evaluate a function is to find the value of the function after replacing

(substituting) its variable with a given number or expression.

Example 4: Evaluate the function f(x) = 3x – 2 for x = 4

Just replace the variable "x" with "4":

f(4) = 3(4) – 2 = 12

Example 5: Let f(x) = 2x2 + 4x – 7, find:

a. f(–4) b) f(0) c. f( ½ ) d. f(a) e. f(a + 1)

Solution:

a. f(–4) = 2(–4)2 + 4(–4) – 7 = 2(16) – 16 – 7 = 9

b. f(0) = 2(0)2 + 4(0) – 7 = 0 – 7 = –7
c. f( ½ )= 2( ½ )2 + 4( ½ ) – 7 = –9/2
d. f(a) = 2a2 + 4a – 7
e. f(1) = 2(1)2 + 4(1) – 7 = – 1
f. f(a + 1) = (a + 1)2 + 4(a + 1) – 7 = a2 + 2a + 1 + 4a + 4 – 7 = a2 + 6a – 2
Caution: f(a + 1) ≠ f(a) + f (1) , they will produce different answers

f(a + 1) = a2 + 6a – 2 (from f)
f(a) + f (1) = 2a2 + 4a – 7 + (– 1) = 2a2 + 4a – 8 (from d and e)

Operations with Functions

We can add, subtract, multiply and divide functions! The result is a new
function

Addition: (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

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 Example 1: Let f(x) = 5x+3 and g(x) = 4x2

(f+g)(x) = (5x+3) + (4x2) = 4x2+5x+3

Example 2: Let p(a) = 3a2+4a – 1 and q(a) = 4a2 – 2a + 9

(p+q)(a) = (3a2+4a – 1) + (4a2 – 2a + 9) = 7a2+2a+8 , simply combine similar terms

Subtraction: (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

Example 3: Let f(x) = 5x2 +3 and g(x) = 4x2 – 4

(f+g)(x) = (5x2 + 3) – (4x2 – 4) = x2 + 7

Example 4: Let p(x) = 8x2 – 4x +6 and q(x) = 3x2 – 4x +9

(p– q)(x) = (8x2 – 4x +6 ) – (3x2 – 4x +9 ) = 5x2 – 3

Multiplication: (f · g)(x) = f(x) · g(x)

Example 5: Let f(x) = 5x +3 and g(x) = x + 1

(f+g)(x) = (5x +3) · (x + 1) = 5x2 + 3x + 5x + 3 = 5x2 + 8x + 3

Example 6: Let p(x) = x2 – 3x – 6 and q(x) = 4x

(p·q)(x) = (x2 – 3x – 6) · (4x ) = 4x3 – 12x2 – 24

Division: (f / g)(x) = f(x) / g(x)

Example 7: Let f(x) = 5x +3 and g(x) = x + 1

5𝑥+ 3
(f+g)(x) = (5x +3) / (x + 1) =
𝑥+1

Example 8: Let p(x) = x2 – 6x + 8 and q(x) = x – 2

𝑝 x2 – 6x + 8 (x−4)(x−2)
( ) (𝑥)= = =𝑥−4
𝑞 x–2 (x – 2 )

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Composition of Functions

If f and g are functions then the composite function denoted by f ∘ g, is defined

by
f ∘ g = f( g(x))
The key idea in function composition is that the input of the function is not a
numerical value, instead, the input is also another function.

• In f ∘ g = f( g(x)) , the input or “inner function” is function g which is to the

right of function f which is the main or “outer function”.
• In g ∘ f = g( f(x)) , the input or “inner function” is function f which is to the
right of function g which is the main or “outer function”.

Example 9: Let f(x) = 3x – 5 and g(x) = x + 4, find:

a. f∘g b. g∘f c. (f ∘ g)(5)

Solution:

a. f ∘ g = f (g(x)) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 4) substitute g(x) with x + 4

= 3(x + 4) – 5 replace x of f by x + 4
= 3x + 12 – 5
f ∘ g = 3x + 7

b. g ∘ f = g(f(x)) = g(3x – 5) substitute f(x) with 3x – 5

= (3x – 5) + 4 replace x of g by 3x – 5
g ∘ f = 3x – 1

c. (f ∘ g)(5)
Method 1: Since we have already solved f ∘ g, we just replace x by 5,
f ∘ g = 3x + 7 , then (f ∘ g)(5) = 3(5) + 7 = 22

Method 2: f(∘ g)(5) = f(g(5)) by definition

= f(9) find the value of g(5) = 4 + 5 = 9
= 3(9) – 5 replace x of f by 9
f(∘ g)(5) = 22

Functions in Real Life

A soda, snack, or stamp machine

The user puts in money, punches a specific button, and a specific item drops into the
output slot. (The function rule is the product price. The input is the money combined
with the selected button. The output is the product, sometimes delivered along with
coins in change, if the user has entered more money than required by the function
rule.)

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Basic economics and money math:
• A weekly salary is a function of the hourly pay rate and the number of hours
worked.
• Compound interest is a function of initial investment, interest rate, and time.
• Supply and demand: As price goes up, demand goes down.

Example 10: Elaine bought a cake-making kit. She sells 1 pc of cake for ₱75 each.
Write a function C that shows how much she earns selling p pieces of cake. Suppose
she was able to sell 12 cakes, how much did she earn?

Solution:
Function( or equation): C(p) = 75p

C(12) = 75(12) = 900

Elaine was able to earn P900 for selling 12 cakes.

Example 11: A cell phone company charges P300 a month for a calling plan with 400
minutes of consumable calls. After the initial 400 minutes of calls is consumed, the
plan charges an additional of P7 per minute. Find the cost of talking on the phone for
430 minutes.

Solution:

300, 𝑥 ≤ 400
𝑓(𝑥) = {
300 + 7(𝑥 − 400), 𝑥 > 400

For a call time of 430 minutes,

f(430) = 300 + 7(430 – 400)
f(430) = 510

The cell phone company charged P510 for talking on the phone for 430
minutes .

Give more examples of real life applications of functions.

A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain)
to a second values (called the range).

A relation is a set of ordered pairs.

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 A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one
element in the range by some rule.

A function is a set of ordered pairs such that no two ordered pairs have the
same first element.

A piecewise function is a function that is defined on a sequence of intervals. It

is composed of multiple subfunctions, where each subfunction applies to a certain
interval of the main function’s domain.

To evaluate a function is to find the value of the function after replacing

(substituting) its variable with a given number or expression.

Operations on Functions

1. Addition: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

2. Subtraction: (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)
3. Multiplication: (f · g)(x) = f(x) · g(x)
4. Division (f /g)(x) = f(x) /g(x)
5. Composition of Functions: If f and g are functions then the composite
function denoted by f ∘ g, is defined by f ∘ g = f( g(x))

Reflect!
Congratulations on making it this far!
Let us now see what you have learned in this
journey.
Fill out the table below.

Hey, I got it! Wait! I need to practice Help! I don’t

I learned … with… understand…

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 I. Determine if each of the following relations is a function. Justify your
response.

1. Input: student, Output: score on the last assignment

2. Input: score on the last assignment, Output: students in the class
3. Input: student, Output: cell phone number
4. Input: height, Output: students in the class
5. Students in Google classroom and the teacher or facilitator

II. Problem Solving: Read the problems carefully and do as directed.

1. Venice pays a monthly membership fee of P1500 for her yoga classes and
an additional P50 for each class she attends. What is the function C ( x )
that expresses the average cost per class if she goes to x classes?
2. A photocopy shop charges P1.00 per photocopy for orders of 100 or fewer
photocopies, P0.85 per photocopy in excess of 100 photocopies. Write a
function representing the cost f in pesos for x number of photocopies.
How much will the customer pay for 212 photocopies?
3. In a certain beach Resort, a boat ride cost P500.00 intended for 15
passengers only. Additional passengers are charged P50.00 per head.
Use a piece-wise function to represent the boat ride fare. How much is
the boat ride fare for 17 passengers.

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Use a separate sheet of paper for
your answers.
1. Given: f(x) = 2x2 – x + 3, find f(0)
a. 3 b. – 3 c. 4 d. 5
2. The set of first elements or first coordinates in a relation
a. domain b. range c. slope d. intercept
3. A relation where no two ordered pairs have the same first element
a. domain b. range c. mere relation d. function
4. The distance travelled by a car is determined by the no. of hours the car travelled.
The independent variable is
a. distance b. speed c. time d. none of those
5. If f(x) = 2x2 + 4x-1 and g(x) = -3x2 + 5 + 6x, then (f + g)(x) is
a. x2 + 10x + 6 b. – x2 + 10x + 4 c. – x2 – 10x + 6 d. x2 – 10x – 6

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6. What is the domain of relation B given the set B = {(1,0), (-2,1), (3,-4), (-1, -2), (0, 0)}
a. – 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 b. – 4 ≤ x ≤ 1 c. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 3} d. {-4, -2, 0, 1}
7. What is the domain of relation B given the set B = {(1,0), (-2,1), (3,-4), (-1, -2), (0, 0)}
a. – 2 ≤ y ≤ 3 b. – 4 ≤ y ≤ 1 c. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 3} d. {-4, -2, 0, 1}
8. Which of the following correspondence is a function?
I. One-to-one II. One-to-many III. Many-to-one
a. I only b. II and III c. II only d. I and III
9. Given: f(x) = x – 14 and g(x) = 5 – 7x. What is the value of f(10) – g(7)?
a. – 58 b. 40 c. – 50 d. 48
10. Which of the following graphs is not a function?
a. b. c. d.

11. John Earl sells snacks in his classmates. Each day, he spends ₱30 for the package
and ₱10 for each snack item he prepares. His expenses per day can be
expressed as the function C ( x ) = 10 x + 30 , where x is the number of items and
C ( x ) is his daily expenses in peso. How much are his expenses if he prepares
25 snacks.

A. ₱200 B. ₱230 C. ₱250 D. ₱280

12. Given the rates shown in the table below, what function relates the two variable if
the distance travelled is 150 miles?

f (t ) = f (t ) = f (t ) = 150 t f (t ) =
150 t 1
A. B. C. D.
t 150 150 t

II. Do as directed:

A. Given : f (x) = x2 – 4 v(x) = 5x2 + 11x + 2

3𝑥+2
g(x) = √𝑥 w(x) =
𝑥−2
h(x) = 6x2 – 4x – 4

Find:

1. f(3) 5. f(3) + w(–3)

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 144 ℎ
2. g ( ) 6. ( ) (𝑥)
169 𝑓

3. (h + v) (x) 7. (f ∘ g)(x)

4. (f ∙ 𝑣)(𝑥) 8. (w ∘ f)(x)

B. You have a summer job that pays Php350.00/hr, and an overtime pay of 1.5
times your hourly rate (If you work more than 40 hours).

9. Write a piecewise function that gives your weekly pay P in terms of the
number hours you work h.

10. How much will you make if you work 45 hours?

Draw 5 mapping diagrams representing a relation within your community.

Example, the name of your siblings and their teachers.

A. Draw 5 mapping diagrams representing a function within your

community. Example, the name of your siblings and their teachers.
Note: Make at least 5 elements in the domain

B. Give at least 3 examples of piecewise function. Give the equation and

a solved example.

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What I Know

What’s In Guess What Assessment

References
1. Teaching Guide for Senior High School, General Mathematics, Published by the
Commission on Higher Education, 2016
2. Composition of Functions, (n.d.) Retrieved from
[Link]
function/
3. Kristi Harris, Relations and Functions, (n.d.) Retrieved from
[Link]
the-real-world-by-describing-mathematical-relations-and-determining-whether-
they-are-functions/?card=23152, 2020
4. Petti, Wendi, Functions inThe Real World. Retrieved from
[Link] 2007
5. Evaluating Functions, (n.d.) Retrieved from
[Link]
6. Weisstein, Eric W. "Piecewise Function." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web
Resource. [Link]

7. Pakalu Papito, Piecewise Functions. Retrieved from

[Link]
July 4, 2016
8. Relations and Functions, (n.d.) Retrieved from
[Link]

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