Module 1

Syllabus:
Introduction to Java Programming-History of Java and its Evolution,Features of
Java (Platform Independence, Object Oriented),Data Types and
Variables,Operators Constants and Literals,Type Casting
Decision Making and Loops :If-else Statements,Switch Statement, Loops (For,
While, Do-While),Break and Continue Statements
Classes and Objects :Array,ArraysString class and String methods, StringBuffer
and StringBuilder, Object-Oriented Programming Concepts, Defining Classes and
Creating Objects, Instance Variables and Methods, Constructors, this Keyword,
super keyword, Types of Classes, Scope Rules, Access Modifier, constants, static
members of a class, garbage collection.
Inheritance: Its types, Superclass and Subclass, Final classes and methods
Polymorphism: Compile-time and Runtime Polymorphism

🌟 Introduction to Java Programming

1️⃣ Introduction to Java Programming

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language.

It is platform independent, secure, and robust.

Java is widely used for:

 Desktop applications
 Web applications
 Mobile applications (Android)
 Enterprise systems
 Embedded systems

2️⃣ History of Java

🔹 Origin of Java

 Java was developed in 1991

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 Developed by Sun Microsystems
 Main developer: James Gosling
 The project was initially called the Green Project

🔹 Original Name

 The original name of Java was Oak

 Named after an oak tree outside James Gosling’s office
 The name was changed because Oak was already registered

🔹 Why the Name “Java”?

 The development team liked Java coffee

 The name Java was short, unique, and easy to remember

🔹 First Release

 First official version: Java 1.0

 Released in 1995
 Java slogan:

“Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA)”

3️⃣ Why Java Was Developed?

Java was developed to:

 Overcome platform dependency

 Support network-based applications
 Provide security and reliability
 Work on embedded systems

4️⃣ Evolution of Java (Java Versions)

Version Year Key Features

Java 1.0 1995 Basic language, JVM

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 Version Year Key Features

Java 1.1 1997 JDBC, inner classes

Java 2 (J2SE) 1998 Swing, Collections

Java 5 2004 Generics, annotations

Java 6 2006 Performance improvements

Java 7 2011 try-with-resources

Java 8 2014 Lambda expressions

Java 11 2018 Long-term support (LTS)

Java 17 2021 Enhanced security & speed

Java 21 2023 Latest LTS version

5️⃣ Important Milestones in Java Evolution

🔹 Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

 Java code is converted into bytecode

 Bytecode runs on JVM
 Makes Java platform independent

🔹 Object-Oriented Features

 Class and Object

 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Encapsulation
 Abstraction

🔹 Java and Internet

 Used for web applications

 Supports server-side programming
 Earlier used applets (now obsolete)

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 🔹 Java in Mobile Development

 Java became very popular due to Android development

 Used to build mobile applications

6️⃣ Java After Oracle

 In 2010, Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems

 Oracle continues to develop and maintain Java
 Regular updates, security patches, and new versions are released

🌟 Features of Java

1️⃣ Simple

✔ What does Simple mean?

Java is easy to learn, write, and understand.

✔ Why Java is Simple?

 No complex pointers
 Automatic memory management
 Clear syntax

✔ Simple Example:

class Hello {
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Hello Java");
}
}

➡ This program prints Hello Java with very simple commands.

2️⃣ Object-Oriented

✔ Meaning:

Java follows Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).

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 ✔ OOP Concepts in Java:

 Class
 Object
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Encapsulation
 Abstraction

✔ Simple Example:

class Student {
int id = 1;
String name = "Amit";
}

➡ Student is a class, and its data is inside an object.

3️⃣ Platform Independent

✔ Meaning:

Java program can run on any operating system.

✔ How?

 Java code → Bytecode

 Bytecode runs on JVM
 JVM is available for Windows, Linux, Mac

✔ Simple Example:

Same .class file runs on:

 Windows
 Linux
 Mac

➡ Write Once, Run Anywhere

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 4️⃣ Secure

✔ Meaning:

Java protects programs from viruses and harmful code.

✔ Security Features:

 No direct memory access

 Bytecode verification
 JVM security manager

✔ Simple Example:

Java does not allow pointer access:

// Pointers are not allowed in Java

➡ So memory cannot be misused.

5️⃣ Robust

✔ Meaning:

Java is strong and error-resistant.

✔ Why Java is Robust?

 Strong type checking

 Exception handling
 Automatic garbage collection

✔ Simple Example:

int a = 10;
// int a = "hello"; ❌ not allowed

➡ Java checks errors before running.

6️⃣ Multithreaded

✔ Meaning:

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 Java can do multiple tasks at the same time.

✔ Real-life Example:

 Listening to music
 Downloading a file
 Browsing internet
➡ All at the same time

✔ Simple Example:

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {
[Link]("Thread running");
}
}

7️⃣ High Performance

✔ Meaning:

Java runs faster than other interpreted languages.

✔ Why?

 Uses Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler

 Converts bytecode to machine code

✔ Simple Example:

Java executes programs faster than Python (in many cases).

8️⃣ Distributed

✔ Meaning:

Java supports network-based applications.

✔ Uses:

 Client-server applications
 Web applications

✔ Simple Example:

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 Java is used in:

 Online banking
 Web servers

9️⃣ Portable

✔ Meaning:

Java programs can be moved from one system to another.

✔ Why?

 Same bytecode
 No platform dependency

✔ Simple Example:

A Java program written on Windows can run on Linux without change.

🔟 Dynamic

✔ Meaning:

Java supports dynamic memory allocation and runtime linking.

✔ Why Important?

 Classes can be loaded during runtime

 Saves memory

✔ Simple Example:

class Test {
}

➡ Class is loaded only when required.

1️⃣1️⃣ Architecture Neutral

✔ Meaning:

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 Java programs are not dependent on hardware architecture.

✔ How?

 Bytecode is the same for all CPUs

✔ Simple Example:

Same Java program runs on:

 Intel processor
 AMD processor

1️⃣2️⃣ Interpreted

✔ Meaning:

Java code is compiled and then interpreted.

✔ Steps:

1. Java code → Bytecode

2. Bytecode → JVM → Output

✔ Simple Example:

.java → .class → JVM → Output

1️⃣3️⃣ Automatic Garbage Collection

✔ Meaning:

Java automatically deletes unused memory.

✔ Benefit:

 No memory leak
 Programmer tension-free

✔ Simple Example:

Student s = new Student();

s = null;

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 ➡ Java frees memory automatically.

✨ Summary (Quick Points)

 Java is simple and easy

 Object-oriented language
 Platform independent
 Secure and robust
 Supports multithreading
 Portable and dynamic
 Used for real-world applications

🌟 JVM, JRE, JDK, WORA & JIT

(Simple Explanation + Relationship)

1️⃣ JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

✔ What is JVM?

JVM is a virtual machine (software) that runs Java programs.

👉 JVM does not run .java files

👉 JVM runs only bytecode (.class file)

✔ What does JVM do?

 Loads bytecode
 Converts bytecode into machine code
 Executes the program
 Manages memory
 Provides security

✔ Simple Flow:

.java → .class → JVM → Output

Without JVM, Java programs cannot run.

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 2️⃣ JRE (Java Runtime Environment)

✔ What is JRE?

JRE = JVM + Java Libraries

👉 JRE provides the environment to run Java programs.

✔ What is inside JRE?

 JVM
 Core Java libraries
 Supporting files

✔ Important Point:

 JRE can run Java programs

 JRE cannot write or compile Java programs

✔ Example:

If your computer has only JRE:

 ❌ You cannot write Java code

 ✅ You can run Java applications

3️⃣ JDK (Java Development Kit)

✔ What is JDK?

JDK = JRE + Development Tools

👉 JDK is used to write, compile, and run Java programs.

✔ What is inside JDK?

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  JRE (with JVM)
 Java compiler (javac)
 Debugger
 Development tools

✔ Example:

If your computer has JDK:

 ✅ You can write Java code

 ✅ You can compile Java code
 ✅ You can run Java programs

4️⃣ Relationship between JVM, JRE, and JDK

JDK
└── JRE
└── JVM

👉 JVM is part of JRE

👉 JRE is part of JDK

✔ Real-Life Example:

 JVM = Engine of a car

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  JRE = Car (engine + parts)
 JDK = Car factory (tools to make the car)

5️⃣ Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA)

✔ What is WORA?

Write Once Run Anywhere means:

 Write Java code once

 Run it on any operating system

✔ How is WORA possible?

 Java compiler converts code into bytecode

 Bytecode is platform independent
 JVM is available for every OS

✔ Example:

Same Java program runs on:

 Windows
 Linux
 macOS

No change in code required.

6️⃣ JIT (Just-In-Time Compiler)

✔ What is JIT?

JIT is a part of JVM that improves performance.

✔ What does JIT do?

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  Converts bytecode into machine code
 Compiles frequently used code at runtime
 Makes execution faster

✔ Simple Example:

 Interpreter: runs code line-by-line (slow)

 JIT: runs important code faster

7️⃣ How All Components Work Together

✔ Java Program Execution Steps

1. Programmer writes .java file

2. javac compiler converts it to .class (bytecode)
3. JRE provides runtime environment
4. JVM executes bytecode
5. JIT improves execution speed
6. Output is displayed

8️⃣ One-Line Exam Definitions

 JVM: Executes Java bytecode

 JRE: Environment to run Java programs

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 JDK: Toolkit to develop Java programs
 WORA: Write once, run anywhere
 JIT: Improves Java performance

✨ Summary (Exam Ready)

 Developers use JDK

 Users need JRE
 JVM runs the program
 JIT makes execution fast
 WORA makes Java platform independent

🌟 Data Types and Variables in Java

1️⃣ Variables in Java

✔ What is a Variable?

A variable is a name given to a memory location where data is stored.

👉 Value of a variable can change during program execution.

✔ Why Variables are Needed?

 To store data
 To perform calculations
 To reuse values

✔ Simple Example:

int age = 20;

➡ age is a variable
➡ 20 is the value

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 2️⃣ Rules for Naming Variables

 Must start with a letter, _ or $

 Cannot start with a number
 No spaces allowed
 Cannot use Java keywords
 Case-sensitive

✔ Valid: total, _sum, marks1

❌ Invalid: 1num, total marks, class

3️⃣ Types of Variables in Java

🔹 Based on Scope

1️⃣ Local Variable

 Declared inside a method

 Used only inside that method

void show() {
int x = 10;
}

2️⃣ Instance Variable

 Declared inside class but outside method

 Each object has its own copy

class Student {
int id;
}

3️⃣ Static Variable

 Declared using static keyword

 Shared by all objects

class Student {
static String college = "ABC";
}

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 4️⃣ Data Types in Java

✔ What is Data Type?

A data type tells Java:

 What type of data is stored

 How much memory is needed

5️⃣ Classification of Data Types

Data Types
├── Primitive
└── Non-Primitive (Reference)

6️⃣ Primitive Data Types (8 Types)

Primitive data types store simple values.

🔹 1️⃣ byte

 Size: 1 byte
 Range: -128 to 127

byte b = 100;

➡ Used to save memory

🔹 2️⃣ short

 Size: 2 bytes

short s = 2000;

🔹 3️⃣ int

 Size: 4 bytes
 Most commonly used

int number = 50;

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 🔹 4️⃣ long

 Size: 8 bytes

long population = 9000000000L;

🔹 5️⃣ float

 Size: 4 bytes
 Decimal values
 Use f at the end

float price = 99.5f;

🔹 6️⃣ double

 Size: 8 bytes
 More accurate than float

double pi = 3.14159;

🔹 7️⃣ char

 Size: 2 bytes
 Stores single character

char grade = 'A';

🔹 8️⃣ boolean

 Size: 1 bit
 Stores true or false

boolean isPass = true;

7️⃣ Primitive Data Types Table

Data Type Size Example

byte 1 byte byte b = 10;

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 Data Type Size Example

short 2 bytes short s = 100;

int 4 bytes int a = 20;

long 8 bytes long l = 1000L;

float 4 bytes float f = 10.5f;

double 8 bytes double d = 20.5;

char 2 bytes char c = 'A';

boolean 1 bit boolean b = true;

8️⃣ Non-Primitive (Reference) Data Types

Non-primitive data types store references (addresses).

🔹 1️⃣ String

Stores a sequence of characters.

String name = "Java";

🔹 2️⃣ Array

Stores multiple values of same type.

int[] marks = {80, 90, 85};

🔹 3️⃣ Class

User-defined data type.

class Student {
int id;
}

🔹 4️⃣ Interface

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 Used to achieve abstraction.

interface Shape {
void draw();
}

9️⃣ Difference Between Primitive and Non-Primitive

Primitive Non-Primitive

Stores value Stores address

Fixed size Variable size

Faster Slower

int, float String, Array

🔟 Variable Initialization

✔ Declaring and Initializing:

int x = 10;

✔ Declaration only:

int y;
y = 20;

1️⃣1️⃣ Default Values of Variables

Variable Type Default Value

int 0

float 0.0

char '\u0000'

boolean false

Reference null

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 📌 Applies only to instance and static variables

1️⃣2️⃣ Type Casting

✔ Implicit Casting:

int a = 10;
double b = a;

✔ Explicit Casting:

double x = 10.5;
int y = (int)x;

🌟 Type Casting in Java

Implicit Casting & Explicit Casting

1️⃣ What is Type Casting?

Type Casting means converting one data type into another data type.

👉 Java allows casting only between compatible data types.

2️⃣ Types of Type Casting in Java

Type Casting
├── Implicit Casting (Widening)
└── Explicit Casting (Narrowing)

3️⃣ Implicit Casting (Widening Casting)

✔ What is Implicit Casting?

Implicit casting means:

 Conversion is done automatically by Java

 No data loss
 Small data type → Bigger data type

👉 Also called Widening Casting

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 ✔ Order of Implicit Casting

byte → short → int → long → float → double

✔ Simple Example:

int a = 10;
double b = a;

[Link](b);

🔹 Output:

10.0

👉 Java automatically converts int to double.

✔ More Examples:

byte b = 20;
int i = b;

float f = i;

✔ Why No Data Loss?

Because:

 Bigger data type can store smaller value easily

✔ Key Points of Implicit Casting:

 Done automatically
 No casting operator needed
 Safe conversion
 No data loss

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 4️⃣ Explicit Casting (Narrowing Casting)

✔ What is Explicit Casting?

Explicit casting means:

 Conversion is done manually by programmer

 Bigger data type → Smaller data type
 Possible data loss

👉 Also called Narrowing Casting

✔ Syntax:

datatype variable = (datatype) value;

✔ Simple Example:

double x = 10.5;
int y = (int) x;

[Link](y);

🔹 Output:

10

👉 Decimal part is lost.

✔ More Examples:

long l = 1000;
int i = (int) l;

float f = 20.7f;
int n = (int) f;

✔ Why Data Loss Happens?

Because:

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  Smaller data type cannot store full value
 Decimal part or large value is cut

✔ Key Points of Explicit Casting:

 Manual conversion
 Casting operator required
 Risk of data loss
 Used carefully

5️⃣ Implicit vs Explicit Casting (Difference Table)

Implicit Casting Explicit Casting

Automatic Manual

Small → Big Big → Small

No data loss Data loss possible

Safe Risky

int → double double → int

6️⃣ Casting with char (Important for Exam)

✔ char to int (Implicit)

char ch = 'A';
int a = ch;

[Link](a);

🔹 Output:

65

✔ int to char (Explicit)

int x = 66;
char c = (char) x;

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 [Link](c);

🔹 Output:

7️⃣ Real-Life Example

🎓 Marks Example:

 Implicit:
45 marks → 45.0 marks (no problem)
 Explicit:
45.75 marks → 45 marks (decimal lost)

8️⃣ Common Mistakes

❌ Invalid Implicit Casting:

double d = 10.5;
int i = d; // Error

✔ Correct Explicit Casting:

int i = (int) d;

9️⃣ Summary

 Type casting converts one data type to another

 Implicit casting is automatic and safe
 Explicit casting is manual and may lose data
 Use explicit casting carefully

🔟 One-Line Definitions

 Implicit Casting: Automatic conversion from smaller to larger data type.

 Explicit Casting: Manual conversion from larger to smaller data type.

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 🌟 Operators, Constants and Literals in Java

1️⃣ Operators in Java

✔ What is an Operator?

An operator is a symbol used to perform operations on variables and values.

✔ What is Operand?

The values on which an operator works are called operands.

✔ Example:

int a = 10 + 5;

➡ + is operator
➡ 10 and 5 are operands

2️⃣ Types of Operators in Java

Operators
├── Arithmetic
├── Relational
├── Logical
├── Assignment
├── Unary
├── Bitwise
├── Ternary

3️⃣ Arithmetic Operators

Used to perform mathematical operations.

Operator Meaning Example

+ Addition a+b

- Subtraction a-b

* Multiplication a*b

/ Division a/b

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 Operator Meaning Example

% Modulus a%b

✔ Example:

int a = 10, b = 3;
[Link](a + b); // 13
[Link](a % b); // 1

4️⃣ Relational (Comparison) Operators

Used to compare two values.

Result is true or false.

Operator Meaning

== Equal to

!= Not equal

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater or equal

<= Less or equal

✔ Example:

int x = 5, y = 10;
[Link](x < y); // true

5️⃣ Logical Operators

Used with boolean values.

Operator Meaning

&& Logical AND

! Logical NOT

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 ✔ Example:

boolean a = true, b = false;

[Link](a && b); // false

6️⃣ Assignment Operators

Used to assign values.

Operator Example

= a = 10

+= a += 5

-= a -= 3

*= a *= 2

/= a /= 2

✔ Example:

int a = 10;
a += 5; // a = 15

7️⃣ Unary Operators

Works on single operand.

Operator Meaning

+ Unary plus

- Unary minus

++ Increment

-- Decrement

✔ Example:

int x = 5;
x++;
[Link](x); // 6

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 8️⃣ Bitwise Operators

Works on binary values.

Operator Meaning

& AND

^ XOR

~ NOT

<< Left shift

>> Right shift

✔ Example:

int a = 5, b = 3;
[Link](a & b); // 1

9️⃣ Ternary Operator

Used as a short form of if-else.

✔ Syntax:

condition ? value1 : value2;

✔ Example:

int a = 10, b = 20;

int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

🔹 Constants in Java

1️⃣ What is a Constant?

A constant is a value that cannot be changed during program execution.

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 2️⃣ How to Declare a Constant?

Use the final keyword.

✔ Example:

final int MAX = 100;

❌ MAX = 200; (Error)

3️⃣ Why Use Constants?

 Prevent accidental changes

 Improve code readability
 Used for fixed values

🔹 Literals in Java

1️⃣ What is a Literal?

A literal is a fixed value written directly in the program.

✔ Example:

int x = 10;

➡ 10 is a literal

2️⃣ Types of Literals in Java

Literals
├── Integer
├── Floating-point
├── Character
├── String
├── Boolean
├── Null

3️⃣ Integer Literals

Used to store whole numbers.

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 int a = 100;
int b = 0b101; // binary

4️⃣ Floating-Point Literals

Used to store decimal values.

float f = 10.5f;
double d = 20.25;

5️⃣ Character Literals

Single character enclosed in single quotes.

char ch = 'A';

6️⃣ String Literals

Multiple characters enclosed in double quotes.

String name = "Java";

7️⃣ Boolean Literals

Only two values.

boolean flag = true;

8️⃣ Null Literal

Represents no reference.

String s = null;

🔟 Difference Between Constant and Literal

Constant Literal

Fixed value Value written directly

Uses final No keyword

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 Constant Literal

Cannot change Just value

🌟 Decision Making and Loops in Java

🔷 PART 1: DECISION MAKING STATEMENTS

Decision making statements are used to take decisions based on conditions.

1️⃣ if Statement

✔ What is if statement?

The if statement executes a block of code only when a condition is true.

✔ Features

 Executes code conditionally

 Simple and easy to use
 Used for single decision

✔ Syntax

if(condition) {
statement;
}

✔ Example Program

int age = 20;

if(age >= 18) {

[Link]("Eligible to vote");
}

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 ✔ Output

Eligible to vote

✔ Advantages

 Simple logic
 Easy to understand
 Improves program control

✔ Disadvantages

 Cannot handle multiple conditions alone

✔ Real-Life Use

 Check eligibility (age, marks)

 Login validation

2️⃣ if–else Statement

✔ What is if–else?

Executes one block if condition is true, otherwise executes else block.

✔ Syntax

if(condition) {
statement1;
} else {
statement2;
}

✔ Example Program

int marks = 35;

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 if(marks >= 40) {
[Link]("Pass");
} else {
[Link]("Fail");
}

✔ Output

Fail

✔ Advantages

 Handles two conditions

 Clear decision making

✔ Disadvantages

 Not suitable for many conditions

✔ Real-Life Use

 Pass/Fail result
 Yes/No decisions

3️⃣ else-if Ladder

✔ What is else-if ladder?

Used to check multiple conditions one by one.

✔ Syntax

if(condition1) {
}
else if(condition2) {
}
else {

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 }

✔ Example Program

int marks = 85;

if(marks >= 75) {

[Link]("Distinction");
}
else if(marks >= 60) {
[Link]("First Class");
}
else if(marks >= 40) {
[Link]("Pass");
}
else {
[Link]("Fail");
}

✔ Output

Distinction

✔ Advantages

 Handles multiple conditions

 Better than nested if

✔ Disadvantages

 Slower if many conditions

 Harder to read if too long

✔ Real-Life Use

 Grade system
 Salary calculation

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 4️⃣ Nested if–else

✔ What is Nested if?

An if inside another if.

✔ Syntax

if(condition1) {
if(condition2) {
}
}

✔ Example Program

int age = 25;

boolean hasLicense = true;

if(age >= 18) {

if(hasLicense) {
[Link]("Can drive");
}
}

✔ Output

Can drive

✔ Advantages

 Handles complex conditions

✔ Disadvantages

 Code becomes complex

 Difficult to debug

✔ Real-Life Use

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 Banking verification
 Authentication systems

5️⃣ Switch Statement

✔ What is switch?

Used to select one option from many choices.

✔ Syntax

switch(expression) {
case value1:
break;
case value2:
break;
default:
break;
}

✔ Example Program

int day = 3;

switch(day) {
case 1: [Link]("Monday"); break;
case 2: [Link]("Tuesday"); break;
case 3: [Link]("Wednesday"); break;
default: [Link]("Invalid day");
}

✔ Output

Wednesday

✔ Advantages

 Faster than else-if ladder

 Cleaner code

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 ✔ Disadvantages

 Works only with fixed values

 Cannot use conditions

✔ Real-Life Use

 Menu-driven programs
 ATM options

🔷 PART 2: LOOPS IN JAVA

Loops are used to repeat code multiple times.

6️⃣ for Loop

✔ What is for loop?

Used when number of iterations is known.

✔ Syntax

for(initialization; condition; increment) {

statement;
}

✔ Example Program

for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

[Link](i);
}

✔ Output

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 2
3
4
5

✔ Advantages

 Best for fixed loops

 Compact syntax

✔ Disadvantages

 Not suitable for unknown iterations

✔ Real-Life Use

 Printing tables
 Array traversal

7️⃣ while Loop

✔ What is while loop?

Executes loop while condition is true.

✔ Syntax

while(condition) {
statement;
}

✔ Example Program

int i = 1;

while(i <= 3) {
[Link](i);

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 i++;
}

✔ Output

1
2
3

✔ Advantages

 Suitable when iterations unknown

✔ Disadvantages

 Infinite loop risk

✔ Real-Life Use

 Reading input until condition met

8️⃣ do–while Loop

✔ What is do–while?

Executes loop at least once.

✔ Syntax

do {
statement;
} while(condition);

✔ Example Program

int i = 1;

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 do {
[Link](i);
i++;
} while(i <= 3);

✔ Output

1
2
3

✔ Advantages

 Executes at least once

✔ Disadvantages

 May execute unnecessarily once

✔ Real-Life Use

 Menu-driven programs

🔷 PART 3: BREAK AND CONTINUE

9️⃣ break Statement

✔ What is break?

Terminates the loop immediately.

✔ Example

for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

if(i == 3) break;

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 [Link](i);
}

✔ Output

1
2

✔ Use

 Exit loop early

🔟 continue Statement

✔ What is continue?

Skips current iteration and continues loop.

✔ Example

for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

if(i == 3) continue;
[Link](i);
}

✔ Output

1
2
4
5

✔ Difference

break continue

Stops loop Skips iteration

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 🌟 Arrays in Java

1️⃣ What is an Array?

An array is a collection of similar data types stored in continuous memory

locations.

👉 Array is used to store multiple values using a single variable name.

✔ Example (Without Array):

int m1 = 70;
int m2 = 80;
int m3 = 90;

✔ Example (With Array):

int marks[] = {70, 80, 90};

2️⃣ Why Use Array? (Need of Array)

 Store multiple values

 Reduce number of variables
 Easy data handling
 Improves program readability

3️⃣ Features of Array

 Stores same type of data

 Fixed size
 Index starts from 0
 Fast access using index
 Stored in continuous memory

4️⃣ Advantages of Array

 Saves memory

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 Faster access
 Easy sorting and searching
 Reduces code length

5️⃣ Disadvantages of Array

 Fixed size (cannot grow or shrink)

 Stores only similar data types
 Memory wastage possible
 Insertion and deletion is difficult

6️⃣ Types of Arrays in Java

Arrays
├── One-Dimensional Array
├── Two-Dimensional Array
└── Multi-Dimensional Array

🔷 ONE-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

7️⃣ Declaration of 1D Array

✔ Syntax:

datatype[] arrayName;

✔ Example:

int[] numbers;

8️⃣ Array Initialization

✔ Method 1:

int[] a = {10, 20, 30};

✔ Method 2:

int[] a = new int[3];

a[0] = 10;
a[1] = 20;
a[2] = 30;

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 9️⃣ Accessing Array Elements

[Link](a[0]);

🔟 Example Program (1D Array)

✔ Program:

class ArrayExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a = {10, 20, 30, 40};

for(int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {

[Link](a[i]);
}
}
}

✔ Output:

10
20
30
40

1️⃣1️⃣ Real-Life Use (1D Array)

 Marks of students
 Temperature readings
 Monthly sales data

🔷 TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

1️⃣2️⃣ What is 2D Array?

A 2D array is an array of arrays

It stores data in row and column format (matrix form).

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 1️⃣3️⃣ Declaration and Initialization

✔ Syntax:

datatype[][] arrayName;

✔ Example:

int[][] marks = {
{80, 85},
{90, 95}
};

1️⃣4️⃣ Example Program (2D Array)

✔ Program:

class TwoDArray {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] a = {
{1, 2},
{3, 4}
};

for(int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {

for(int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
[Link](a[i][j] + " ");
}
[Link]();
}
}
}

✔ Output:

12
34

1️⃣5️⃣ Real-Life Use (2D Array)

 Student marks table

 Matrix operations
 Seating arrangement

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 2️⃣1️⃣ Difference Between Array and Variables
Array Variable

Stores multiple values Stores one value

Fixed size Single value

Same data type Single data

🌟 Arrays Class in Java

([Link])

1️⃣ What is Arrays Class?

The Arrays class is a utility class present in the package:

[Link]

👉 It is used to perform operations on arrays easily, such as:

 Sorting
 Searching
 Comparing
 Filling
 Converting array to string

📌 It works for both primitive and object arrays.

2️⃣ Why Arrays Class is Needed?

Without Arrays class:

 Sorting and searching need manual logic

 Code becomes long and complex

With Arrays class:

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  Short code
 Fast execution
 Easy to use

3️⃣ Important Features of Arrays Class

 Provides static methods

 Works on 1D arrays
 Supports primitive & object arrays
 Improves code readability
 Faster than manual coding

4️⃣ How to Use Arrays Class?

✔ Import Statement

import [Link];

5️⃣ Important Methods of Arrays Class

🔹 1️⃣ sort() Method

✔ Purpose:

Sorts array elements in ascending order.

✔ Syntax:

[Link](arrayName);

✔ Example Program:

import [Link];

class SortExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a = {40, 10, 30, 20};

[Link](a);

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 [Link]([Link](a));
}
}

✔ Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40]

✔ Real-Life Use:

 Sort marks
 Sort prices
 Ranking systems

🔹 2️⃣ toString() Method

✔ Purpose:

Converts array into readable string format.

✔ Syntax:

[Link](arrayName);

✔ Example:

int[] a = {1, 2, 3};

[Link]([Link](a));

✔ Output:

[1, 2, 3]

✔ Advantage:

Easy printing of array elements.

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 🔹 3️⃣ binarySearch() Method

✔ Purpose:

Searches an element using binary search.

📌 Array must be sorted before searching.

✔ Syntax:

[Link](arrayName, key);

✔ Example Program:

import [Link];

class SearchExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a = {10, 20, 30, 40};

int result = [Link](a, 30);

[Link](result);
}
}

✔ Output:

👉 Index position is returned.

✔ If element not found:

Returns negative value.

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 🔹 4️⃣ equals() Method

✔ Purpose:

Checks whether two arrays are equal.

✔ Syntax:

[Link](array1, array2);

✔ Example:

import [Link];

class EqualsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a = {1, 2, 3};
int[] b = {1, 2, 3};

[Link]([Link](a, b));
}
}

✔ Output:

true

🔹 5️⃣ fill() Method

✔ Purpose:

Fills all elements of an array with same value.

✔ Syntax:

[Link](arrayName, value);

✔ Example:

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 import [Link];

class FillExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a = new int[5];

[Link](a, 7);

[Link]([Link](a));
}
}

✔ Output:

[7, 7, 7, 7, 7]

🔹 6️⃣ copyOf() Method

✔ Purpose:

Creates a new array copy.

✔ Syntax:

[Link](originalArray, newLength);

✔ Example:

import [Link];

class CopyExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a = {1, 2, 3};

int[] b = [Link](a, 5);

[Link]([Link](b));
}
}

✔ Output:

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 [1, 2, 3, 0, 0]

🔹 7️⃣ copyOfRange() Method

✔ Purpose:

Copies specific range of array.

✔ Syntax:

[Link](array, from, to);

✔ Example:

int[] a = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

int[] b = [Link](a, 1, 4);

[Link]([Link](b));

✔ Output:

[20, 30, 40]

6️⃣ Advantages of Arrays Class

 Saves time
 Reduces code length
 Less errors
 Easy array handling

7️⃣ Disadvantages of Arrays Class

 Mostly works on 1D arrays

 Limited functionality for complex operations

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 8️⃣ Real-Life Applications

 Sorting exam marks

 Searching records
 Comparing datasets
 Initializing arrays

🌟 String Class in Java

([Link])

1️⃣ What is String in Java?

A String is a sequence of characters.

In Java, String is a class, not a primitive data type.

String name = "Pradnya";

📌 Strings are used to store:

 Names
 Messages
 Passwords
 Text data

2️⃣ Why String is Special in Java?

 String is immutable
 Stored in String Constant Pool
 Comes from [Link] package (no import needed)

3️⃣ How String Objects are Created?

🔹 1️⃣ Using String Literal

String s1 = "Java";

 Stored in String Pool

 Memory efficient

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 🔹 2️⃣ Using new Keyword

String s2 = new String("Java");

 Stored in Heap memory

 Creates new object

4️⃣ What is String Immutability?

👉 Immutability means cannot be changed.

String s = "Hello";
s = [Link](" World");

✔ Old string remains unchanged

✔ New object is created

📌 This improves security and performance

5️⃣ Important Features of String Class

 Immutable
 Thread safe
 Supports Unicode
 Secure
 Rich set of methods

6️⃣ Commonly Used String Methods

🔹 1️⃣ length()

Purpose:

Returns number of characters.

String s = "Java";
[Link]([Link]());

Output:

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 🔹 2️⃣ charAt()

Purpose:

Returns character at given index.

[Link]([Link](1));

Output:

🔹 3️⃣ concat()

Purpose:

Joins two strings.

String s1 = "Hello";
String s2 = "Java";
[Link]([Link](s2));

Output:

HelloJava

🔹 4️⃣ equals()

Purpose:

Compares content.

String a = "Java";
String b = "Java";
[Link]([Link](b));

Output:

true

🔹 5️⃣ equalsIgnoreCase()

[Link]("JAVA".equalsIgnoreCase("java"));

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 Output:

true

🔹 6️⃣ compareTo()

Purpose:

Lexicographical comparison.

[Link]("A".compareTo("B"));

Output:

-1

🔹 7️⃣ toUpperCase() / toLowerCase()

[Link]("java".toUpperCase());

Output:

JAVA

🔹 8️⃣ trim()

Purpose:

Removes spaces from start and end.

String s = " Java ";

[Link]([Link]());

Output:

Java

🔹 9️⃣ substring()

Purpose:

Extract part of string.

String s = "Programming";
[Link]([Link](0, 7));

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 Output:

Program

🔹 🔟 replace()
[Link]("Java".replace('a', 'o'));

Output:

Jovo

🔹 1️⃣1️⃣ contains()
[Link]("Java Programming".contains("Java"));

Output:

true

🔹 1️⃣2️⃣ split()
String s = "Java is easy";
String[] arr = [Link](" ");

7️⃣ String Constant Pool (SCP)

 Special memory area in Heap

 Stores string literals
 Avoids duplicate objects
 Improves performance

8️⃣ Advantages of String Class

 Easy text handling

 Secure (immutable)
 Memory efficient
 Rich methods

9️⃣ Disadvantages of String Class

 Cannot modify data

 Slow for heavy string operations

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 👉 Solution: StringBuffer or StringBuilder

🔟 Real-Life Applications

 User input
 Database queries
 File handling
 Web forms
 Password validation

1️⃣1️⃣ Difference: String vs StringBuffer vs StringBuilder

Feature String StringBuffer StringBuilder

Mutable ❌ No ✅ Yes ✅ Yes

Thread Safe ✅ Yes ✅ Yes ❌ No

Speed Slow Medium Fast

🌟 StringBuffer in Java

([Link])

1️⃣ What is StringBuffer?

StringBuffer is a predefined class in Java used to create modifiable (mutable)

strings.

👉 Unlike String, the content of StringBuffer can be changed without creating a

new object.

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Java");

2️⃣ Why StringBuffer is Needed?

 String is immutable (cannot change)

 Frequent string changes create many objects
 StringBuffer allows modification in same object
 Useful in multi-threaded programs

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 3️⃣ Important Features of StringBuffer

 Mutable (changeable)
 Thread-safe (synchronized)
 Slower than StringBuilder
 Belongs to [Link] package
 No need to import package

4️⃣ How StringBuffer Object is Created?

🔹 1️⃣ Empty StringBuffer

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();

🔹 2️⃣ With String

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Hello");

🔹 3️⃣ With Capacity

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(20);

5️⃣ Capacity in StringBuffer

 Default capacity = 16 characters

 If string length increases, capacity expands automatically

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();

[Link]([Link]());

Output:

16

6️⃣ Commonly Used StringBuffer Methods

🔹 1️⃣ append()

Purpose:

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 Adds text at the end.

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Java");

[Link](" Programming");
[Link](sb);

Output:

Java Programming

🔹 2️⃣ insert()

Purpose:

Insert text at given index.

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Java");

[Link](4, " Language");
[Link](sb);

Output:

Java Language

🔹 3️⃣ replace()

Purpose:

Replace characters between indexes.

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Java");

[Link](1, 3, "oo");
[Link](sb);

Output:

Jooa

🔹 4️⃣ delete()

Purpose:

Deletes characters.

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Java");

[Link](1, 3);

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 [Link](sb);

Output:

Ja

🔹 5️⃣ reverse()

Purpose:

Reverses string.

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("Java");

[Link]();
[Link](sb);

Output:

avaJ

🔹 6️⃣ length()
[Link]([Link]());

🔹 7️⃣ capacity()
[Link]([Link]());

7️⃣ String vs StringBuffer

Feature String StringBuffer

Mutable ❌ No ✅ Yes

Thread Safe ✅ Yes ✅ Yes

Performance Slow Faster

Memory More objects Less objects

8️⃣ StringBuffer vs StringBuilder

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 Feature StringBuffer StringBuilder

Thread Safe ✅ Yes ❌ No

Speed Slower Faster

Introduced Java 1.0 Java 1.5

9️⃣ Advantages of StringBuffer

 Modifiable string
 Thread-safe
 Less memory usage
 Suitable for concurrent programs

🔟 Disadvantages of StringBuffer

 Slower due to synchronization

 Not suitable for single-thread apps

1️⃣1️⃣ Real-Life Applications

 Multi-threaded applications
 Logging systems
 String manipulation in servers
 Chat applications

🌟 StringBuilder in Java

([Link])

1️⃣ What is StringBuilder?

StringBuilder is a predefined class in Java used to create modifiable (mutable)

strings.

👉 It is similar to StringBuffer, but NOT thread-safe and faster.

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 StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Java");

2️⃣ Why StringBuilder is Needed?

 String → immutable (slow for changes)

 StringBuffer → thread-safe but slow
 StringBuilder → fast + mutable
 Best for single-threaded applications

3️⃣ Important Features of StringBuilder

 Mutable (can change)

 Not synchronized
 Faster than String & StringBuffer
 Belongs to [Link] package
 Introduced in Java 1.5

4️⃣ How StringBuilder Object is Created?

🔹 1️⃣ Empty StringBuilder

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

🔹 2️⃣ With String

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");

🔹 3️⃣ With Capacity

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(20);

5️⃣ Capacity in StringBuilder

 Default capacity = 16
 New capacity = (old capacity × 2) + 2

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

[Link]([Link]());

Output:

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 16

6️⃣ Commonly Used StringBuilder Methods

🔹 1️⃣ append()

Purpose:

Adds text at the end.

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Java");

[Link](" Programming");
[Link](sb);

Output:

Java Programming

🔹 2️⃣ insert()
[Link](4, " Language");
[Link](sb);

Output:

Java Language

🔹 3️⃣ replace()
[Link](1, 3, "oo");
[Link](sb);

Output:

Jooa

🔹 4️⃣ delete()
[Link](1, 3);
[Link](sb);

Output:

Ja

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 🔹 5️⃣ reverse()

[Link]();
[Link](sb);

Output:

avaJ

🔹 6️⃣ length()
[Link]([Link]());

🔹 7️⃣ capacity()
[Link]([Link]());

7️⃣ String vs StringBuilder

Feature String StringBuilder

Mutable ❌ No ✅ Yes

Thread Safe ✅ Yes ❌ No

Performance Slow Fast

Memory More Less

8️⃣ StringBuffer vs StringBuilder

Feature StringBuffer StringBuilder

Thread Safe ✅ Yes ❌ No

Speed Slow Fast

Use Case Multi-thread Single-thread

9️⃣ Advantages of StringBuilder

 Very fast
 Less memory usage
 Easy string manipulation

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  Best for loops and frequent changes

🔟 Disadvantages of StringBuilder

 Not thread-safe
 Unsafe in multi-threaded programs

1️⃣1️⃣ Real-Life Applications

 String concatenation in loops

 Report generation
 Data processing
 Formatting text

🌟 Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts

1️⃣ What is OOP?

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming approach where the

program is designed using objects and classes instead of only functions and logic.

👉 Object = real-world entity

👉 Class = blueprint of an object

🔹 Real-Life Example

 Class → Student
 Objects → Ram, Shyam, Sita
 Properties → name, rollNo
 Actions → study(), writeExam()

2️⃣ Why OOP is Needed?

 Organizes large programs

 Improves code reuse
 Easy maintenance
 Secure data handling

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 Represents real-world problems easily

3️⃣ Main OOP Concepts in Java

Java supports 5 main OOP concepts:

1. Class
2. Object
3. Encapsulation
4. Inheritance
5. Polymorphism
6. Abstraction
(Java mainly focuses on first 5; abstraction is also very important)

🔹 1️⃣ Class

✔ Definition:

A class is a blueprint or template that defines:

 Data (variables)
 Methods (functions)

✔ Syntax:

class Student {
int rollNo;
String name;

void display() {
[Link](rollNo + " " + name);
}
}

✔ Features:

 Logical structure
 Does not occupy memory
 Can create many objects

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 🔹 2️⃣ Object

✔ Definition:

An object is an instance of a class.

📌 Object occupies memory.

✔ Syntax:

Student s1 = new Student();

✔ Example Program:

class Student {
int rollNo = 1;
String name = "Amit";

void show() {
[Link](rollNo + " " + name);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Student s = new Student();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

1 Amit

🔹 3️⃣ Encapsulation

✔ Definition:

Encapsulation means binding data and methods together and hiding data from
outside.

👉 Achieved using:

 private variables
 public methods (getters/setters)

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 ✔ Real-Life Example:

ATM machine – user cannot access internal process.

✔ Java Example:

class Account {
private int balance = 5000;

public int getBalance() {

return balance;
}
}

✔ Advantages:

 Data security
 Controlled access
 Easy maintenance

✔ Disadvantages:

 Slightly complex code

🔹 4️⃣ Inheritance

✔ Definition:

Inheritance means one class acquiring properties of another class.

👉 Parent class → Superclass

👉 Child class → Subclass

✔ Syntax:

class Parent {

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 void show() {
[Link]("Parent class");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

void display() {
[Link]("Child class");
}
}

✔ Example Program:

class Parent {
void msg() {
[Link]("Hello from Parent");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

public static void main(String args[]) {
Child c = new Child();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Hello from Parent

✔ Types of Inheritance in Java:

 Single
 Multilevel
 Hierarchical

(Multiple inheritance not supported using classes; achieved using interfaces)

✔ Advantages:

 Code reuse
 Reduced redundancy

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 ✔ Disadvantages:

 Tight coupling
 Complexity increases

🔹 5️⃣ Polymorphism

✔ Definition:

Polymorphism means many forms.

👉 Same method name, different behavior.

✔ Types:

1. Compile-time (Method Overloading)

2. Runtime (Method Overriding)

✔ Method Overloading Example:

class Add {
int sum(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

int sum(int a, int b, int c) {

return a + b + c;
}
}

✔ Method Overriding Example:

class Animal {
void sound() {
[Link]("Animal sound");
}
}

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 class Dog extends Animal {
void sound() {
[Link]("Dog barks");
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Animal a = new Dog();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Dog barks

✔ Advantages:

 Flexibility
 Code extensibility

🔹 6️⃣ Abstraction

✔ Definition:

Abstraction means hiding implementation details and showing only

functionality.

✔ Achieved Using:

 Abstract class
 Interface

✔ Abstract Class Example:

abstract class Shape {

abstract void draw();
}

class Circle extends Shape {

void draw() {

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 [Link]("Drawing Circle");
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Shape s = new Circle();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Drawing Circle

✔ Advantages:

 Reduces complexity
 Improves security

4️⃣ Advantages of OOP in Java

 Modular code
 Code reuse
 Easy debugging
 High security
 Real-world mapping

5️⃣ Disadvantages of OOP

 More memory usage

 Slower execution
 Learning complexity

6️⃣ Real-Life Applications of OOP

 Banking systems
 Online shopping
 Student management systems
 Mobile applications
 Game development

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 7️⃣ OOP Summary Table

Concept Purpose

Class Blueprint

Object Instance

Encapsulation Data security

Inheritance Code reuse

Polymorphism Multiple behavior

Abstraction Hide details

Below are “Defining Classes and Objects in Java” explained in very simple English, step-by-step,
exam-oriented, with definition, features, syntax, example, full program and output.
(TYBSc IT / Mumbai University friendly 👍)

🌟 Defining Classes and Objects in Java

1️⃣ What is a Class?

🔹 Definition:

A class is a blueprint or template used to create objects.

It defines variables (data members) and methods (functions).

👉 A class does not occupy memory.

🔹 Real-Life Example:

 Class → Car
 Data → color, speed
 Methods → drive(), stop()

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 🔹 Features of Class:

 Blueprint of objects
 Logical entity
 Can contain variables and methods
 Supports data hiding
 Reusability

🔹 Syntax of Class:

class ClassName {
// variables
// methods
}

2️⃣ What is an Object?

🔹 Definition:

An object is an instance of a class.

It represents a real-world entity.

👉 An object occupies memory.

🔹 Real-Life Example:

 Class → Student
 Objects → Ram, Shyam

🔹 Features of Object:

 Instance of class
 Occupies memory
 Accesses class members
 Has state and behavior

🔹 Syntax of Object:

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 ClassName objectName = new ClassName();

3️⃣ Relationship Between Class and Object

Class Object

Blueprint Real object

Logical Physical

No memory Uses memory

Defines structure Uses structure

4️⃣ Simple Example (Concept)

class Student {
int rollNo;
String name;
}

 Student → Class
 rollNo, name → Variables

Student s = new Student();

 s → Object

5️⃣ Complete Java Program with Class and Object

✔ Program:

class Student {

int rollNo;
String name;

void display() {
[Link]("Roll No: " + rollNo);
[Link]("Name: " + name);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Student s1 = new Student(); // Object creation

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 [Link] = 101;
[Link] = "Amit";

[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Roll No: 101

Name: Amit

6️⃣ Explanation of Program (Step-by-Step)

1. class Student → class definition

2. int rollNo, String name → data members
3. display() → method
4. new Student() → object creation
5. [Link] = 101 → assigning values
6. [Link]() → method call

7️⃣ Advantages of Using Classes and Objects

 Real-world representation
 Code reusability
 Easy maintenance
 Data security
 Modularity

8️⃣ Disadvantages

 More memory usage

 Slightly complex syntax for beginners

🌟 Instance Variables and Methods in Java

1️⃣ Instance Variables

🔹 Definition:

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 An instance variable is a variable declared inside a class but outside any
method, constructor, or block.

 Each object of the class has its own copy of instance variables.
 Values of instance variables can differ for each object.

🔹 Features:

 Declared inside class but outside methods

 Also called non-static variables
 Stored in heap memory
 Initialized with default values if not explicitly assigned

Data Type Default Value

int 0

float 0.0

char '\u0000'

boolean false

Object null

🔹 Syntax:

class ClassName {
dataType variableName; // instance variable
}

🔹 Example:

class Student {
int rollNo; // instance variable
String name; // instance variable
}

2️⃣ Instance Methods

🔹 Definition:

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 An instance method is a method that belongs to an object of a class.

 Can access instance variables directly

 Must be called using object reference

🔹 Features:

 Declared inside class but outside other methods

 Can access instance and local variables
 Cannot use object without creation

🔹 Syntax:

class ClassName {
returnType methodName() {
// method body
}
}

3️⃣ Example Program: Instance Variables and Methods

class Student {

// Instance variables
int rollNo;
String name;

// Instance method
void display() {
[Link]("Roll No: " + rollNo);
[Link]("Name: " + name);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

// Creating objects
Student s1 = new Student();
Student s2 = new Student();

// Assigning values
[Link] = 101;
[Link] = "Amit";

[Link] = 102;

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 [Link] = "Ravi";

// Calling instance method

[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Roll No: 101

Name: Amit
Roll No: 102
Name: Ravi

4️⃣ Explanation:

1. rollNo and name → instance variables, each object has its own copy
2. display() → instance method, prints variable values
3. [Link]() → calls method for object s1
4. [Link]() → calls method for object s2

5️⃣ Advantages:

 Each object has its own data

 Can access object-specific behavior
 Encapsulation support

6️⃣ Disadvantages:

 More memory used if many objects

 Object creation is necessary before use

7️⃣ Real-Life Example:

Instance Variable Object Example Instance Method

balance Bank account of Amit deposit(), withdraw()

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 Instance Variable Object Example Instance Method

marks Student Ram's marks displayMarks()

color Car object Car1 startCar(), stopCar()

🌟 Constructor in Java

1️⃣ What is a Constructor?

🔹 Definition:

A constructor is a special method of a class that is automatically called when an

object is created.

👉 It is mainly used to initialize (give values to) instance variables.

🔹 Key Points:

 Constructor name = Class name

 No return type (not even void)
 Called automatically using new keyword

2️⃣ Why Constructor is Needed?

 To initialize object data

 To reduce extra code
 To ensure object starts in valid state
 To simplify object creation

3️⃣ Features of Constructor

 Same name as class

 No return type
 Automatically invoked
 Can be overloaded
 Executes only once per object

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 4️⃣ Syntax of Constructor

class ClassName {
ClassName() {
// constructor body
}
}

5️⃣ Types of Constructors in Java

Java mainly has 3 types of constructors:

1. Default Constructor
2. No-Argument Constructor
3. Parameterized Constructor

🔹 1️⃣ Default Constructor

✔ Definition:

A default constructor is provided by the Java compiler if no constructor is

written.

 Initializes variables with default values

✔ Example:

class Test {
int x;

public static void main(String args[]) {

Test t = new Test();
[Link](t.x);
}
}

✔ Output:

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 🔹 2️⃣ No-Argument Constructor

✔ Definition:

A no-argument constructor is written by the programmer and takes no

parameters.

✔ Example Program:

class Student {

int rollNo;
String name;

Student() {
rollNo = 101;
name = "Amit";
}

void display() {
[Link](rollNo + " " + name);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Student s = new Student();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

101 Amit

🔹 3️⃣ Parameterized Constructor

✔ Definition:

A constructor that accepts parameters to initialize values.

✔ Example Program:

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 class Student {

int rollNo;
String name;

Student(int r, String n) {
rollNo = r;
name = n;
}

void display() {
[Link](rollNo + " " + name);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Student s1 = new Student(101, "Amit");
Student s2 = new Student(102, "Ravi");

[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

101 Amit
102 Ravi

6️⃣ Constructor Overloading

🔹 Definition:

Having more than one constructor in a class with different parameters.

✔ Example:

class Demo {

int x;
int y;

Demo() {
x = 0;
y = 0;

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 }

Demo(int a, int b) {
x = a;
y = b;
}

void display() {
[Link](x + " " + y);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d1 = new Demo();
Demo d2 = new Demo(10, 20);

[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

00
10 20

7️⃣ Difference Between Constructor and Method

Constructor Method

Same name as class Any name

No return type Has return type

Called automatically Called manually

Used for initialization Used for operations

8️⃣ Advantages of Constructor

 Initializes objects easily

 Reduces coding effort
 Improves code readability
 Ensures valid object state

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 9️⃣ Disadvantages of Constructor

 Cannot be inherited
 Cannot be overridden
 Limited flexibility

🔟 Real-Life Example
Real Life Constructor

Mobile phone setup Initial settings

Bank account opening Initial balance

Student admission Roll no assignment

1️⃣1️⃣ One-Line Exam Definition

A constructor is a special method used to initialize objects in Java.

🌟 this Keyword in Java

1️⃣ What is this Keyword?

🔹 Definition:

this is a reference variable that refers to the current object of the class.

👉 It is used inside instance methods or constructors.

🔹 Simple Meaning:

 this = current object

 Used to avoid confusion between instance variables and parameters

2️⃣ Why this Keyword is Needed?

 To differentiate instance variables from local variables

 To call current class methods

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 To call current class constructor
 To pass current object as parameter

3️⃣ Uses of this Keyword in Java

Java this keyword is mainly used in 5 ways:

1. Refer instance variable

2. Call current class method
3. Call current class constructor
4. Pass current object as argument
5. Return current object

🔹 1️⃣ Using this to Refer Instance Variable

✔ Problem Without this:

class Student {
int rollNo;

Student(int rollNo) {
rollNo = rollNo; // confusion
}
}

❌ Instance variable not assigned

✔ Correct Using this:

class Student {
int rollNo;

Student(int rollNo) {
[Link] = rollNo;
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Student s = new Student(101);
[Link]([Link]);
}
}

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 ✔ Output:

101

🔹 2️⃣ Using this to Call Current Class Method

class Demo {

void show() {
[Link]("Show method");
}

void display() {
[Link](); // calls current class method
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d = new Demo();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Show method

4️⃣ Features of this Keyword

 Refers to current object

 Used inside instance context
 Avoids naming conflict
 Improves readability
 Cannot be used in static context

5️⃣ Advantages of this Keyword

 Clear distinction between variables

 Supports constructor chaining
 Cleaner and readable code
 Helps in object-oriented design

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 6️⃣ Disadvantages of this Keyword

 Confusing for beginners

 Cannot be used inside static methods

7️⃣ Real-Life Example

Without this:

Teacher calls student name → confusion

With this:

Teacher calls this student → clear

8️⃣ Difference: this vs super

this super

Refers to current class Refers to parent class

Access current variables Access parent variables

Calls current constructor Calls parent constructor

🌟 super Keyword in Java

1️⃣ What is super Keyword?

🔹 Definition:

super is a reference keyword used to refer to the immediate parent class

object.

👉 It is mainly used in inheritance.

🔹 Simple Meaning:

 super = parent class

 Used to access parent class variables, methods, and constructors

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 2️⃣ Why super Keyword is Needed?

 To access parent class data members

 To call parent class methods
 To call parent class constructor
 To avoid name conflict between parent and child class

3️⃣ Uses of super Keyword in Java

Java super keyword is used in 3 main ways:

1. Refer parent class variable

2. Call parent class method
3. Call parent class constructor

🔹 1️⃣ Using super to Refer Parent Class Variable

✔ Problem Without super:

class Parent {
int x = 10;
}

class Child extends Parent {

int x = 20;

void show() {
[Link](x); // prints child x
}
}

✔ Correct Using super:

class Parent {
int x = 10;
}

class Child extends Parent {

int x = 20;

void show() {

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 [Link](super.x);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Child c = new Child();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

10

🔹 2️⃣ Using super to Call Parent Class Method

class Parent {
void display() {
[Link]("Parent display");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

void display() {
[Link]("Child display");
}

void show() {
[Link](); // calls parent method
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Child c = new Child();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Parent display

🔹 3️⃣ Using super to Call Parent Class Constructor

👉 Constructor calling parent constructor is called Constructor Chaining.

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 ✔ Example:

class Parent {
Parent() {
[Link]("Parent Constructor");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

Child() {
super(); // calls parent constructor
[Link]("Child Constructor");
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

new Child();
}
}

✔ Output:

Parent Constructor
Child Constructor

📌 Rule: super() must be first statement in constructor.

4️⃣ Features of super Keyword

 Refers to immediate parent class

 Used only in inheritance
 Cannot be used in static context
 Helps in constructor chaining
 Improves clarity

5️⃣ Advantages of super Keyword

 Avoids name conflict

 Reuses parent class code
 Supports polymorphism
 Makes code readable

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 6️⃣ Disadvantages of super Keyword

 Works only with inheritance

 Cannot access private members directly

7️⃣ Real-Life Example

 Child calling parent guidance

 Employee using company rules
 Student using college policies

8️⃣ Difference Between this and super

this super

Refers current class Refers parent class

Access current variables Access parent variables

Calls current constructor Calls parent constructor

Used within same class Used in subclass

🌟 Scope Rules in Java

🔹 What is Scope?

✅ Definition:

Scope means where a variable, method, or object can be accessed in a

program.

👉 It decides:

 From where a variable can be used

 How long a variable exists

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 🔹 Why Scope Rules Are Important?

 Avoids name conflicts

 Saves memory
 Improves security
 Makes program easy to understand

🔹 Types of Scope in Java

Java has 4 main scope rules:

1. Class Scope
2. Instance Scope
3. Static Scope
4. Local Scope

1️⃣ Class Scope

🔹 Definition:

Variables declared inside a class but outside all methods have class scope.

🔹 Features:

 Accessible to all methods of the class

 Exists as long as object or class exists

🔹 Syntax:

class Demo {
int x = 10; // class scope
}

🔹 Example Program:

class Demo {
int x = 10;

void show() {

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 [Link](x);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d = new Demo();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

10

🔹 Real-Life Use:

Student roll number, employee ID

2️⃣ Instance Scope (Instance Variables)

🔹 Definition:

Instance variables are declared inside class and are different for each object.

🔹 Features:

 Belong to object
 Created when object is created
 Destroyed when object is destroyed

🔹 Example:

class Student {
int marks;

public static void main(String args[]) {

Student s1 = new Student();
Student s2 = new Student();

[Link] = 80;
[Link] = 90;

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 [Link]([Link]);
[Link]([Link]);
}
}

✔ Output:

80
90

🔹 Real-Life Use:

Each student’s marks

3️⃣ Static Scope (Static Variables)

🔹 Definition:

Static variables belong to the class, not to objects.

🔹 Features:

 Declared using static keyword

 Shared among all objects
 Single copy in memory

🔹 Syntax:

class Demo {
static int count = 0;
}

🔹 Example:

class Demo {
static int count = 0;

Demo() {

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 count++;
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d1 = new Demo();
Demo d2 = new Demo();
Demo d3 = new Demo();

[Link](count);
}
}

✔ Output:

🔹 Real-Life Use:

Number of users, shared settings

4️⃣ Local Scope (Local Variables)

🔹 Definition:

Local variables are declared inside methods, loops, or blocks.

🔹 Features:

 Accessible only inside the block

 No default value
 Must be initialized before use

🔹 Syntax:

void show() {
int x = 10; // local scope
}

🔹 Example:

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 class Demo {
void show() {
int x = 10;
[Link](x);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d = new Demo();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

10

🔹 Real-Life Use:

Temporary calculations

5️⃣ Block Scope

🔹 Definition:

Variables declared inside { } block (if, for, while).

🔹 Example:

class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
if (true) {
int x = 5;
[Link](x);
}
}
}

✔ Output:

❌ x cannot be used outside if block.

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 6️⃣ Method Scope

🔹 Definition:

Variables declared inside a method exist only within that method.

🔹 Example:

class Demo {
void display() {
int y = 20;
[Link](y);
}
}

🔁 Variable Priority Rule (Very Important)

When variables have same name:

Priority Order:

Local variable > Instance variable > Static variable

🔹 Example:

class Demo {
int x = 10;

void show() {
int x = 20;
[Link](x);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d = new Demo();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

20

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 🔹 Using this to Access Instance Variable
class Demo {
int x = 10;

void show() {
int x = 20;
[Link](this.x);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d = new Demo();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

10

📊 Summary Table

Scope Type Where Declared Accessible

Class Inside class Whole class

Instance Inside class Object methods

Static Inside class All objects

Local Inside method That block

Block Inside {} Block only

👍 Advantages of Scope Rules

 Prevents errors
 Improves readability
 Better memory management
 Secure data access

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 👎 Disadvantages

 Wrong scope causes errors

 Variable shadowing confusion

Access Specifier :

🔹 What is an Access Specifier?

✅ Definition:

Access Specifiers are keywords used in Java to control the visibility (scope) of
classes, variables, methods, and constructors.

👉 They decide:

 Who can access a member

 From where it can be accessed

Note: In Java, Access Specifier and Access Modifier mean the same thing.

🔹 Why Access Specifiers are Needed?

 For data security

 To support encapsulation
 To avoid unauthorized access
 To manage large programs easily

🔹 Types of Access Specifiers in Java

Java provides four access specifiers:

1️⃣ public
2️⃣ protected
3️⃣ default (no keyword)
4️⃣ private

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 📊 Access Control Table
Subclass
Access Same Same Other
(Other
Specifier Class Package Classes
Package)

public ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

protected ✔ ✔ ✔ ❌

default ✔ ✔ ❌ ❌

private ✔ ❌ ❌ ❌

1️⃣ Public Access Specifier

🔹 Definition:

public members can be accessed from anywhere in the program.

🔹 Syntax:

public class Demo {

public int x = 10;
}

🔹 Example Program:

class Demo {
public int x = 10;

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d = new Demo();
[Link](d.x);
}
}

✔ Output:

10

🔹 Features:

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 Maximum visibility
 No access restriction

🔹 Real-Life Use:

Library functions, APIs

🔹 Advantages:

 Easy access
 High reusability

🔹 Disadvantages:

 Less data security

2️⃣ Private Access Specifier

🔹 Definition:

private members are accessible only within the same class.

🔹 Syntax:

class Demo {
private int x = 10;
}

🔹 Example Program:

class Demo {
private int x = 10;

void show() {
[Link](x);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

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 Demo d = new Demo();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

10

❌ d.x is not allowed outside the class.

🔹 Features:

 Highest security
 Supports data hiding

🔹 Real-Life Use:

ATM PIN, Password

🔹 Advantages:

 Prevents misuse of data

 Improves security

🔹 Disadvantages:

 Cannot be accessed outside class

3️⃣ Default Access Specifier

🔹 Definition:

If no access specifier is written, Java uses default access.

🔹 Syntax:

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 class Demo {
int x = 10; // default access
}

🔹 Example:

class Demo {
int x = 10;

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d = new Demo();
[Link](d.x);
}
}

✔ Output:

10

🔹 Features:

 Accessible only within the same package

🔹 Real-Life Use:

Internal package logic

🔹 Advantages:

 Controlled package-level access

🔹 Disadvantages:

 Not accessible outside package

4️⃣ Protected Access Specifier

🔹 Definition:

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 protected members are accessible:

 In the same package

 In subclasses, even in other packages

🔹 Syntax:

class Demo {
protected int x = 10;
}

🔹 Example Program:

class Parent {
protected int x = 10;
}

class Child extends Parent {

void show() {
[Link](x);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Child c = new Child();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

10

🔹 Features:

 Useful in inheritance
 Moderate access control

🔹 Real-Life Use:

Bank details shared with child classes

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 🔹 Advantages:

 Supports inheritance
 Controlled access

🔹 Disadvantages:

 Slightly complex

🚫 Access Specifiers for Classes

Specifier Allowed for Class?

public ✔

default ✔

private ❌

protected ❌

👉 Top-level classes can only be public or default.

� Key Points to Remember

 private → only same class

 default → same package
 protected → package + subclass
 public → everywhere

Access Modifier:
Pending

🌟 Constant in Java

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 🔹 What is a Constant?

✅ Definition:

A constant is a variable whose value cannot be changed once it is assigned.

👉 In Java, constants are created using the final keyword.

🔹 Why Constants are Needed?

 To protect fixed values

 To avoid accidental changes
 To make code easy to understand
 To improve security and readability

🔹 How to Declare a Constant in Java?

🔹 Syntax:

final dataType CONSTANT_NAME = value;

🔹 Example:

final int MAX = 100;

❌ MAX = 200; → Error (value cannot be changed)

🔹 Rules for Constants in Java

1. Must use final keyword

2. Value cannot be modified
3. Usually written in UPPERCASE
4. Must be initialized once
5. Cannot be reassigned

🔹 Types of Constants in Java

1️⃣ Instance Constant

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 🔹 Declared inside class (non-static)

class Demo {
final int x = 10;

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d = new Demo();
[Link](d.x);
}
}

✔ Output:

10

2️⃣ Static Constant (Most Common)

🔹 Declared using static final

class Demo {
static final int MAX = 50;

public static void main(String args[]) {

[Link](MAX);
}
}

✔ Output:

50

3️⃣ Local Constant

🔹 Declared inside method

class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
final int x = 20;
[Link](x);
}
}

✔ Output:

20

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 🔹 Constant vs Variable (Very Important)

Variable Constant

Value can change Value cannot change

No final keyword Uses final keyword

Flexible Fixed

🔹 Constant with Reference Variable

final int a = 10;

✔ Value cannot change

final int[] arr = {1,2,3};

arr[0] = 9; // allowed

✔ Reference fixed, content change allowed

🔹 Example Program
class Circle {
static final double PI = 3.14;

public static void main(String args[]) {

int r = 5;
double area = PI * r * r;
[Link](area);
}
}

✔ Output:

78.5

🔹 Real-Life Examples of Constants

 PI value (3.14)
 Maximum marks (100)
 Number of days in a week (7)
 Speed of light

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 👍 Advantages of Constants

 Prevents modification
 Improves code clarity
 Increases security
 Easy maintenance

👎 Disadvantages of Constants

 Cannot change value later

 Less flexible

🌟 Static Members of a Class in Java

🔹 What are Static Members?

✅ Definition:

Static members are variables, methods, or blocks that belong to the class itself,
not to any object.

👉 Declared using the static keyword.

🔹 Why Static Members are Used?

 To share data among all objects

 To save memory
 When data or method is common for all objects

🔹 Types of Static Members

Java has three static members:

1️⃣ Static Variable

2️⃣ Static Method
3️⃣ Static Block

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 1️⃣ Static Variable

🔹 Definition:

A static variable is a variable that is shared by all objects of a class.

🔹 Features:

 Single copy in memory

 Belongs to class
 Accessed using class name

🔹 Syntax:

class Demo {
static int count = 0;
}

🔹 Example Program:

class Demo {
static int count = 0;

Demo() {
count++;
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d1 = new Demo();
Demo d2 = new Demo();
Demo d3 = new Demo();

[Link](count);
}
}

✔ Output:

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 🔹 Real-Life Use:

Total number of students, shared settings

2️⃣ Static Method

🔹 Definition:

A static method belongs to the class, not to objects.

🔹 Features:

 Can be called without creating object

 Can access only static members
 Cannot use this keyword

🔹 Syntax:

class Demo {
static void show() {
[Link]("Static method");
}
}

🔹 Example Program:

class Demo {
static void show() {
[Link]("Hello Static");

public static void main(String args[]) {

[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Hello Static

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 🔹 Real-Life Use:

Utility methods ([Link](), [Link]())

3️⃣ Static Block

🔹 Definition:

A static block is used to initialize static variables.

🔹 Features:

 Executes only once

 Runs when class is loaded
 Used for complex initialization

🔹 Syntax:

static {
// code
}

🔹 Example Program:

class Demo {
static int x;

static {
x = 10;
[Link]("Static block executed");
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

[Link](x);
}
}

✔ Output:

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 Static block executed
10

🔹 Accessing Static Members

Member Access Method

Static Variable [Link]

Static Method [Link]()

Example:

[Link];
[Link]();

🔹 Static vs Instance Members (Important)

Static Members Instance Members

Belong to class Belong to object

Single copy Multiple copies

Access via class Access via object

Memory efficient More memory

👍 Advantages of Static Members

 Saves memory
 Easy access
 Shared data

👎 Disadvantages of Static Members

 Cannot access non-static members directly

 Less flexible
 Not suitable for object-specific data

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 ♻️ Garbage Collection in Java

🔹 What is Garbage Collection?

✅ Definition:

Garbage Collection (GC) is an automatic process in Java that removes unused

objects from memory.

👉 It frees heap memory by destroying objects that are no longer needed.

🔹 Why Garbage Collection is Needed?

 To free unused memory

 To avoid memory leakage
 To improve program performance
 Programmer does not need to delete objects manually

🔹 What is Garbage in Java?

🔹 Definition:

An object is called garbage when it is no longer referenced by any variable.

Demo d = new Demo();

d = null; // object becomes garbage

🔹 How Java Garbage Collection Works (Step-by-Step)

1️⃣ Objects are created in Heap memory

2️⃣ JVM checks which objects are not reachable
3️⃣ Unused objects are marked as garbage
4️⃣ Garbage Collector removes them
5️⃣ Memory is freed automatically

🔹 When is an Object Eligible for Garbage Collection?

An object becomes eligible when:

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 1️⃣ Null Reference

Demo d = new Demo();

d = null;

2️⃣ Reassigning Reference

Demo d1 = new Demo();

Demo d2 = new Demo();
d1 = d2; // first object becomes garbage

3️⃣ Object Created Inside Method

void show() {
Demo d = new Demo();
} // object destroyed after method ends

4️⃣ Anonymous Object

new Demo();

🔹 Garbage Collector in Java

🔹 Definition:

Garbage Collector is a JVM program that automatically cleans unused objects.

👉 Programmer cannot control it directly.

🔹 Methods Related to Garbage Collection

1️⃣ [Link]()

Requests JVM to run garbage collection.

[Link]();

⚠️ Not guaranteed to run immediately.

2️⃣ finalize() Method

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 Called before object is destroyed.

class Demo {
protected void finalize() {
[Link]("Object destroyed");
}
}

⚠️ Deprecated in newer Java versions.

🔹 Example Program
class Demo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo d1 = new Demo();
Demo d2 = new Demo();

d1 = null;
d2 = null;

[Link]();
[Link]("End of program");
}
}

✔ Output (may vary):

End of program

🔹 Types of Garbage Collectors (Short Idea)

 Serial GC
 Parallel GC
 CMS (Concurrent Mark Sweep)
 G1 (Garbage First)

👉 JVM chooses automatically.

🔹 Real-Life Example

🗑️ Dustbin Cleaning

 Used items → keep

 Unused items → throw away

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 Same as GC removes unused objects.

👍 Advantages of Garbage Collection

 Automatic memory management

 Prevents memory leaks
 Safer and reliable
 Improves productivity

👎 Disadvantages of Garbage Collection

 No control over timing

 Can affect performance
 Not suitable for real-time systems

� Key Points for Exam

 GC works only on Heap memory

 Objects are removed when no reference exists
 Programmer cannot force GC
 Java handles memory automatically

📊 Summary Table
Term Meaning

Garbage Unused object

GC Removes unused objects

Heap Object memory area

[Link]() Request GC

finalize() Before destruction

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 Inheritance in Java

🔹 What is Inheritance?

✅ Definition:

Inheritance is an OOP concept where one class acquires (inherits) the

properties and methods of another class.

👉 It supports code reusability.

🔹 Why Inheritance is Needed?

 Reuse existing code

 Reduce duplication
 Improve maintainability
 Supports IS-A relationship

🔹 Superclass and Subclass

🔹 Superclass (Parent Class):

The class whose properties are inherited.

🔹 Subclass (Child Class):

The class that inherits properties from superclass.

🔹 Syntax:

class Superclass {
// data and methods
}

class Subclass extends Superclass {

// extra data and methods
}

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 🔹 Example:
class Animal { // Superclass
void eat() {
[Link]("Eating");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal { // Subclass

void bark() {
[Link]("Barking");
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Dog d = new Dog();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Eating
Barking

🔹 Types of Inheritance in Java

Java supports 5 types (using classes & interfaces):

1️⃣ Single Inheritance

2️⃣ Multilevel Inheritance
3️⃣ Hierarchical Inheritance
4️⃣ Multiple Inheritance (using Interface)
5️⃣ Hybrid Inheritance (using Interface)

1️⃣ Single Inheritance

🔹 Definition:

One subclass inherits from one superclass.

🔹 Structure:

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 A→B

🔹 Example:

class A {
void show() {
[Link]("Class A");
}
}

class B extends A {
public static void main(String args[]) {
B obj = new B();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Class A

🔹 Real-Life Use:

Person → Student

2️⃣ Multilevel Inheritance

🔹 Definition:

A class inherits from another subclass.

🔹 Structure:

A→B→C

🔹 Example:

class A {
void showA() {
[Link]("Class A");

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 }
}

class B extends A {
void showB() {
[Link]("Class B");
}
}

class C extends B {
public static void main(String args[]) {
C obj = new C();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Class A
Class B

🔹 Real-Life Use:

Living Being → Human → Student

3️⃣ Hierarchical Inheritance

🔹 Definition:

Multiple subclasses inherit from one superclass.

🔹 Structure:

A
/\
B C

🔹 Example:

class A {

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 void show() {
[Link]("Class A");
}
}

class B extends A {
void display() {
[Link]("Class B");
}
}

class C extends A {
void print() {
[Link]("Class C");
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

B obj1 = new B();
C obj2 = new C();

[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Class A
Class A

🔹 Real-Life Use:

Vehicle → Car, Bike

4️⃣ Multiple Inheritance (Using Class)

Not possible by class

🔹 Important Rules of Inheritance

 Uses extends keyword

 One class can extend only one class

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  Supports method overriding
 Constructors are not inherited
 private members are not inherited

👍 Advantages of Inheritance

 Code reusability
 Easy maintenance
 Reduces redundancy
 Supports polymorphism

👎 Disadvantages of Inheritance

 Tight coupling
 Reduced flexibility
 Increases complexity

📊 Summary Table
Term Meaning

Inheritance Acquiring properties

Superclass Parent class

Subclass Child class

extends Keyword

implements Interface keyword

🌟 final Method and final Class in Java

🔹 What does final keyword mean?

✅ Definition:

The final keyword is used to restrict modification.

👉 Depending on where it is used:

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 final variable → value cannot change
 final method → cannot be overridden
 final class → cannot be inherited

🔒 1️⃣ Final Method

🔹 Definition:

A final method is a method that cannot be overridden by a subclass.

🔹 Why Final Method is Used?

 To prevent method modification

 To maintain original logic
 To provide security

🔹 Syntax:
class A {
final void show() {
[Link]("Final method");
}
}

🔹 Example Program:
class A {
final void show() {
[Link]("Class A method");
}
}

class B extends A {
// ❌ Not allowed
// void show() { }
}

✔ Compilation Error if overridden

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 🔹 Valid Program:
class A {
final void show() {
[Link]("Final method executed");
}
}

class B extends A {
public static void main(String args[]) {
B obj = new B();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Final method executed

🔹 Rules of Final Method

 Cannot be overridden
 Can be inherited
 Can be overloaded
 Can be called normally

🔹 Real-Life Use:

Security check methods, authentication logic

👍 Advantages of Final Method

 Prevents misuse
 Ensures fixed behavior
 Improves security

👎 Disadvantages of Final Method

 Less flexibility
 Cannot modify behavior in subclass

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 🛑 2️⃣ Final Class

🔹 Definition:

A final class is a class that cannot be inherited.

🔹 Why Final Class is Used?

 To prevent inheritance
 To avoid misuse
 For security reasons

🔹 Syntax:
final class Demo {
}

🔹 Example Program:
final class Demo {
void show() {
[Link]("Final class method");
}
}

class Test {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo d = new Demo();
[Link]();
}
}

✔ Output:

Final class method

🔹 Invalid Example:

final class A {
}

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 // ❌ Not allowed
class B extends A {
}

✔ Compilation Error

🔹 Rules of Final Class

 Cannot be inherited
 Can contain final or non-final methods
 Object creation is allowed

🔹 Real-Life Use:

String, Math, Wrapper classes

👍 Advantages of Final Class

 High security
 Prevents modification
 Easy to maintain

👎 Disadvantages of Final Class

 No inheritance
 Reduced reusability

📊 Final Method vs Final Class (Very Important)

Feature Final Method Final Class

Prevents overriding ✔ ❌

Prevents inheritance ❌ ✔

Can be inherited ✔ ❌

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 Feature Final Method Final Class

Used for Fix method Fix class

🌟 Polymorphism in Java

🔹 What is Polymorphism?

✅ Definition:

Polymorphism means “many forms”.

👉 In Java, one method or object behaves differently in different situations.

🔹 Why Polymorphism is Needed?

 Improves code flexibility

 Supports method reuse
 Makes program easy to extend
 Important OOP concept

🔹 Types of Polymorphism in Java

Java supports two types:

1️⃣ Compile-time Polymorphism

2️⃣ Run-time Polymorphism

� 1️⃣ Compile-Time Polymorphism

🔹 Definition:

Compile-time polymorphism is achieved when method call is resolved at compile

time.

👉 Also called Static Polymorphism.

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 🔹 How it is Achieved?

 Method Overloading
 Operator Overloading (limited in Java)

🔹 Method Overloading

🔹 Definition:

Multiple methods with same name but different parameters.

🔹 Rules:

 Same method name

 Different number or type of parameters
 Return type alone is not enough

🔹 Syntax:

class Demo {
void add(int a, int b) { }
void add(int a, int b, int c) { }
}

🔹 Example Program:

class Demo {
void add(int a, int b) {
[Link](a + b);
}

void add(int a, int b, int c) {

[Link](a + b + c);
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Demo d = new Demo();
[Link](10, 20);

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 [Link](10, 20, 30);
}
}

✔ Output:

30
60

🔹 Real-Life Example:

Calculator add() method

👍 Advantages:

 Fast execution
 Less confusion at runtime

👎 Disadvantages:

 Less flexibility

🔄 2️⃣ Run-Time Polymorphism

🔹 Definition:

Run-time polymorphism is achieved when method call is resolved at runtime.

👉 Also called Dynamic Polymorphism.

🔹 How it is Achieved?

 Method Overriding
 Inheritance
 Upcasting

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 🔹 Method Overriding

🔹 Definition:

Subclass provides its own implementation of a method already defined in

superclass.

🔹 Rules:

 Same method name

 Same parameters
 IS-A relationship (inheritance)
 Cannot override final method

🔹 Syntax:

class A {
void show() { }
}

class B extends A {
void show() { }
}

🔹 Example Program:

class Animal {
void sound() {
[Link]("Animal makes sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {
[Link]("Dog barks");
}

public static void main(String args[]) {

Animal a = new Dog(); // upcasting
[Link]();
}
}

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 ✔ Output:

Dog barks

🔹 Real-Life Example:

Vehicle → Car → Bike

👍 Advantages:

 High flexibility
 Supports dynamic behavior

👎 Disadvantages:

 Slightly slower than compile-time

 More complex

📊 Compile-Time vs Run-Time Polymorphism (Very Important)

Feature Compile-Time Run-Time

Binding Early Late

Achieved by Overloading Overriding

Inheritance Not required Required

Flexibility Less More

Speed Faster Slower

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