Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,

Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.

NUML H9, Islamabad
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Lecture 1 — Class, Default Constructor, Objects, Data Members & Methods
Class
A blueprint or template that defines the structure (fields/data members) and behavior
(methods) of objects.

Object
An instance of a class — created at runtime using new. It holds state (data) and can perform
behavior (methods).

Data Member / Field

A variable defined inside a class that stores information/state.
Example: name, age, price.

Method
A function defined inside a class that describes behavior.
Example: showDetails().

Constructor
A special method used to initialize an object.

 Same name as the class

 No return type (not even void)

Default Constructor

 A constructor with no parameters.

 If we don’t write any constructor, the Java compiler automatically provides one.

Example:

[Link]

// Class definition

public class Student {

// Data members (fields)

public String name;

public int age;

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
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// Default constructor (no parameters)

public Student() {

// Empty constructor - no default values

// Compiler will run this when object is created

// Method

public void showDetails() {

[Link]("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);

[Link]

public class Demo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create object using default constructor

Student s1 = new Student();

// Assign values to data members using dot operator

[Link] = "Ali";

[Link] = 20;

// Call method to display values

[Link]();

// Output: Name: Ali, Age: 20

// Another object

Student s2 = new Student();

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] = "Aisha";

[Link] = 22;

[Link]();

// Output: Name: Aisha, Age: 22

Student Tasks

Task 1: Book Class

 Create a class called Book with the following data members:

o title (String)
o author (String)
o price (double)
 Add a default constructor (empty).
 Add a method printInfo() that prints the book details.
 In main:
1. Create two Book objects using the default constructor.
2. Assign values to their data members using the dot operator.
3. Call printInfo() for both.

Expected Output Example:

Title: Java Basics, Author: John Smith, Price: 500.0

Title: Python for Beginners, Author: Ali Khan, Price: 350.0

Task 2: Student Class

 Create a class called Student with the following data members:

o rollNo (int)
o name (String)
o cgpa (double)
 Add a default constructor (empty).
 Add a method display() that prints student details.
 In main:
1. Create three student objects.

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Assign values (rollNo, name, cgpa) using the dot operator.
3. Call display() for each student.

Expected Output Example:

Roll No: 101, Name: Aisha, CGPA: 3.5

Roll No: 102, Name: Bilal, CGPA: 2.8
Roll No: 103, Name: Sara, CGPA: 3.9

Lecture 2 — Constructor Types, Overloading, and the this Keyword

“this” Keyword

 this is a reference variable in Java.

 It always refers to the current object — the object whose method or constructor is
being executed.
 Think of this as "me, the current object."
 Used when parameter names are the same as data members.

 Example:

public class Student {

int rollNo;
String name;
double cgpa;

// Constructor using this

public Student(int rollNo, String name, double cgpa) {
[Link] = rollNo; // '[Link]' is field, 'rollNo' is parameter
[Link] = name;
[Link] = cgpa;
}

public void display() {

[Link]("Roll No: " + rollNo + ", Name: " + name + ", CGPA: " + cgpa);
}
}

Constructor Types

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
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1. Default Constructor

 A constructor with no parameters.

 If you don’t define one, Java provides a compiler-generated default constructor.

public Student() {
[Link] = 0;
this. name = "Unknown";
[Link] = 0.0;
}

2. Parameterized Constructor

 Accepts parameters to initialize object data members.

public Student(int r, String n, double c) {

[Link] = r;
[Link] = n;
[Link] = c;
}

3. Copy Constructor

 Creates a new object using another object of the same class.

public Student(Student other) {

this. rollNo = [Link];
[Link] = [Link];
[Link] = [Link];
}

2) Constructor Overloading

 Multiple constructors in the same class with different parameter lists.

 Example:
o Student() → no arguments
o Student(int, String) → 2 arguments
o Student(int, String, double) → 3 arguments

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Student Tasks

Activity 1: Employee Class

 Create a class Employee with fields: id, name, salary.

 Write constructors:
1. Default → set 0, "Unknown", 0.0.
2. 3-arg → set id, name, salary.
3. Copy constructor → copy values.
 Add display() and test all constructors in main.

Activity 2: BankAccount Class

 Create a class BankAccount with fields: accNo, owner, balance.

 Write 3 constructors:
1. Default → set "000", "Unknown", 0.0.
2. Parameterized → set all fields.
3. Copy constructor.
 Add methods: deposit(amount) and withdraw(amount).
 In main, create objects with different constructors and test transactions.

Lecture 3 – Static Variables and Static Methods

1) Static Variables

Use a static variable when:

 The value is common for all objects of the class.

 You want one shared copy in memory (saves space).

Examples:

 University name (all students belong to the same university).

 Company name (all employees work in the same company).
 Interest rate (all bank accounts use the same interest rate).
 Counter (to count how many objects have been created).

Avoid static if the value should be different for each object (like roll number, salary, balance).

2) Static Methods

Use a static method when:

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 The method performs a task not dependent on object state.
 You want to call it without creating an object.
 It only uses static variables (not instance variables).

Examples:

 [Link](), [Link]() (utility functions).

 [Link]() (affects all accounts).
 [Link]() (affects all employees).

Avoid static when the method depends on instance data (this), e.g., calculateSalary() for an
employee.

Example 1

[Link]

class Student {
int rollNo; // unique per student
String name; // unique per student
static String university=”Unknown”; // same for all students

public Student(int r, String n) {

this. rollNo = r;
[Link] = n;
}

public void showDetails() { // instance method

[Link](rollNo + " " + name + " " + university);
}

public static void changeUniversity(String newUni) { // static method

university = newUni;
}
}

[Link]

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("ABC University"); // called without object

Student s1 = new Student(1, "Ali");

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Student s2 = new Student(2, "Aisha");

[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}
Example 2

[Link]

public class Student {

int rollNo; // instance variable

String name; // instance variable

static int count = 0; // static variable (shared among all objects)

// 1. Default Constructor

public Student() {

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = "Not Assigned";

count++; // increase when object created

// 2. Parameterized Constructor

public Student(int r, String n) {

[Link] = r;

[Link] = n;

count++;

// 3. Copy Constructor

public Student(Student s) {

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Link] = [Link];

[Link] = [Link];

count++;

// Instance method

public void display() {

[Link]("RollNo: " + rollNo + ", Name: " + name);

// Static method

public static void showCount() {

[Link]("Total Students Created: " + count);

[Link]

public class TestStudent {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Using Default Constructor

Student s1 = new Student();

[Link]();

// Using Parameterized Constructor

Student s2 = new Student(101, "Ali");

[Link]();

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Using Copy Constructor

Student s3 = new Student(s2);

[Link]();

// Show total objects created

[Link](); // Output: 3

Output Example

RollNo: 0, Name: Not Assigned

RollNo: 101, Name: Ali

RollNo: 101, Name: Ali

Total Students Created: 3

Student Tasks:

Task 1

 Create a class Employee with:

 Instance variables: id, name.
 Static variable: companyName = "TechSoft".
 Constructor to initialize employees.
 Method display() to print employee details.
 Static method changeCompany(String newName) to update company name.

In main:

 Create 2–3 employees.

 Print details.
 Change company name once (using static method).
 Print details again → observe that all employees’ company name changed.

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
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Task 2

 Create a class Book with:

 Instance variables: title, author.
 Static variable: count = 0.
 Constructor to initialize book details and increment count.
 Method display() to show book details.
 Static method showCount() to display how many books were created.

In main:

 Create 3 book objects.

 Display details of each.
 Show total number of books created using showCount().

Task 3

Class Name: BankAccount

1. Data Members (Instance variables):

o accountNumber (int) – unique for each account, auto-assigned.
o owner (String) – account holder’s name.
o balance (double) – amount in the account.
2. Static Member:
o count (int) – keeps track of how many accounts have been created.
3. Constructors:
o Parameterized constructor to initialize owner and balance.
o Inside constructor → increment count and assign it to accountNumber.
4. Methods:
o deposit(double amount) → add money to the account.
o withdraw(double amount) → subtract money only if balance is sufficient,
otherwise show “Transaction failed: Insufficient balance”.
o showDetails() → display account details (account number, owner, balance).
o showTotalAccounts() → static method that shows how many accounts have been
created.

In main

1. Create two accounts:

o Account 1: Owner = Ali, Balance = 5000
o Account 2: Owner = Aisha, Balance = 10000
2. Perform transactions:

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ali deposits 2000.
o
Aisha withdraws 3000 (should succeed).
o
Aisha tries to withdraw 8000 (should fail with error message).
o
3. Display details of both accounts.
4. Show total number of accounts created using the static method.

Lecture 4 – Encapsulation in Java (with Access Modifiers, Accessors & Mutators)

What is Encapsulation?

Encapsulation = binding data (variables) and methods (functions) into one unit (class) and
restricting direct access to that data.

 Variables → usually declared private.

 Access → given through public methods (getters and setters).
 This ensures data security and control.

Why Encapsulation?

 Data Hiding – sensitive fields are not directly accessible.

 Validation – setters can restrict invalid values.
 Maintainability – only public methods interact with private data.
 Flexibility – internal implementation can change without affecting external code.

3. Access Modifiers in Java

Access Modifiers define who can access a class, method, or variable.

Specifier Same Same Subclass (same Subclass (other Other

Class Package pkg) pkg) Package
public ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅
protected ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅(via inheritance) ❌
default ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ ❌
private ✅ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌

In encapsulation:

 Fields → private
 Methods (getters/setters) → public

Accessors and Mutators (Getter & Setter Methods)

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Accessor (Getter): Reads value of private variable.
o Example: getName(), getBalance()
 Mutator (Setter): Updates value of private variable.
o Example: setName(String n), setBalance(double b)

Accessor = read only | Mutator = write/update

Example Without Encapsulation

Public class Student {

String name; // default access
int age;
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s = new Student();
[Link] = "Ali";
[Link] = -5; // ❌invalid but allowed
[Link]([Link] + " " + [Link]);
}
}

Problem: No data protection. Anyone can assign invalid values.

Example With Encapsulation

class Student {
private String name; // private field
private int age;

// Accessor (Getter)
public String getName() {
return name;
}

// Mutator (Setter)
public void setName(String n) {
name = n;
}

// Accessor (Getter)
public int getAge() {

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
return age;
}

// Mutator (Setter with validation)

public void setAge(int a) {
if (a > 0) {
age = a;
} else {
[Link]("❌Invalid Age. Must be positive.");
}
}
}

public class TestEncapsulation {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s = new Student();

[Link]("Ali"); // Mutator
[Link](20); // Mutator
[Link]("Name: " + [Link]() + ", Age: " + [Link]()); // Accessor

[Link](-5); // ❌Invalid → rejected

}
}

Student tasks:

Task 1: Student Registration System

Scenario:
The university is developing a registration system. Each student has an ID, Name, and Age. For
privacy and correctness:

 The data should be private.

 It should only be changed via public setters and retrieved via public getters.
 Age must always be greater than 0.
 showStudentInfo() → displays all student details in a forma ed way.
 isAdult() → returns true if the student’s age is 18 or above, otherwise false.

Task:

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Lecture Notes: Aysha Safdar,
Object Oriented Programming (Theory) Lecturer CS/AI.
NUML H9, Islamabad
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Create a Student class with encapsulated fields, accessors, mutators, and the above
concrete methods.
 In main(), create multiple students, update details, and check if they are adults.

Task 2: Employee Payroll System (Mix of Public & Private)

Scenario:
A company is managing payroll. Each employee has:

 Private fields: id, name, salary

 Public field: companyName (same for all employees)
 Salary must be greater than 0.
 giveBonus(double amount) → increases the employee’s salary by the given bonus.
 displayEmployeeInfo() → prints the employee’s details including company name.

Task:

 Create an Employee class with encapsulated fields, accessors, mutators, and the above
methods.
 In main(), create at least two employees, give them bonuses, and display updated
details.

Task 3: Bank Account Management

Scenario:
A bank needs a secure system to manage customer accounts. Each account has an account
number and a balance, which must remain private. The balance cannot be modified directly—
money can only be added through valid deposits (amount > 0) or withdrawn if sufficient funds
exist.

The system should also allow transferring money between accounts and printing a simple
statement showing the account number and current balance.

Design a BankAccount class that follows these rules, then create accounts in the main program
to perform deposits, withdrawals, transfers, and print statements after each operation.

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