PROJECT PLANNING

AND DEVELOPMENT

NSTP – CWTS 1A/ LTS 1A

Notre Dame University, Cotabato City, Philippines
Presented by:
◦ CHRISTVERLY R. CACERES
◦ Accountancy Department,
CBA, Faculty Member

◦ JOSEFINA M. MEJOS
◦ Business Education
Department, CBA, Faculty
Member
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students are
expected to:
▪ Understand the value of importance of
planning
▪ Explain the planning concepts.

▪ Discuss the factors affecting planning

▪ Prepare a project plan.

TODAY’S QOUTATION
Planning
In the words of George Steiner:
“Planning is integrating a framework within which
each of the functional plans may be tied
together and an overall plan is developed for the
entire organization.
Planning may be
viewed from four (4)
concepts.

PLANNING…..

1. conceived as one dealing with the

futurity of present decisions
2. considered a process
3. philosophy as applied to business
4. viewed in terms of structure
 Planning First planning is conceived as one dealing with
the futurity of present decisions indicating the
observation that current decisions are made in
may be the light of their long-range consequences.

viewed from
four (4) Second, planning is considered a process that
establishes objectives, defines strategies,
policies, and sequences of events to achieve
concepts. desired objectives.
 Third, planning may also be conceived as a
Planning philosophy as applied to business, it is a system of
thought and explains basic business problems and
supplies the basis for an intelligent approach to
may be their solution.

viewed from
Lastly, planning may also be viewed in terms of
four (4) structure, which is long-range in character. This
consists of the development of a comprehensive
and reasonably uniform program of plans for the
concepts. business company covering a long period.
WHAT IS PLANNING?
 Planning provides a framework for organizing resources,
structuring a firm, and controlling activities. Planning is a
formal process of:

1. Choosing an organizational mission and overall

objectives for both short-term and the long run.

Planning 2 Devising the divisional departmental and even

Defined individual objectives based on organizational objectives.

3. Choosing strategies and tactics to achieve those

objectives.

4. Deciding on the allocation of resources to the various

objectives, strategies and tactics.
REMEMBER!
Not all plans succeed; one major reason is
the inability to provide the plans with a
considerate degree of flexibility to cope with
uncertainty.
A good plan must not be rigid but rather
flexible so that it will not lose its purpose in
case of unexpected developments.
The POWER
OF
PLANNING
The POWER OF
PLANNING
Importance of
Planning
Why is planning important?
What happens when planning
is not done?
How does planning help an
individual or organization
attain its goal?
Relevance of Planning
Without planning, many managers
enviably suffer from shortsightedness.
They might do their work everyday, but
they wouldn’t be ready for changed
conditions. It also becomes important
because of the shifting time dimension.
Relevance of Planning
That’s why planning is utilized for
these objectives:
1. To offset uncertainty and change.
2. To focus attention on objectives.
3. To gain economical and efficient
operation.
4. To facilitate control.
Relevance of Planning

1. To offset uncertainty and change.

Know that the future is not certain; the
2. To focus attention on objectives.
further the project -in the future, the
Planning is directed towards
more difficult it is to make decisions.
achieving objectives. In this way; it
Planning allows the organization to
unifies the activities of the different
determine the constraints, specify the
parts of an organization to act as one
objectives, select the number of
party.
options, monitor and control the
implementation.
Relevance of Planning

3. To gain economical and 4. To facilitate control.

efficient operation. Planning Managers cannot always check
minimizes costs. Its emphasis is on the accomplishments or
on efficient and effective failures of their subordinates. It is
operations and consistency of important to have goals against
procedures and methods. which to measure the
performance of people and
units.
Guidelines For Good Planning
1. A plan should have specific objectives. It should be clear about what it intends to
accomplish. It is important therefore that much attention is developed in defining the results of the
plans.

2. A good plan should facilitate action. A plan without action remains a piece of paper, a
figment of the imagination, or a statement of aspirations potentially alive but inactive and
dormant. Good plans lead to good actions.

3. If many people are involved in planning, coordination and communication become very
crucial. There is a need, therefore, for constant communication and revision of plans to arrive at
a realistic target.
Guidelines For Good Planning
4. Planning is the first function of management before the functions of organizing, directing, and controlling.
It is involved in all other functions.

5. Good plans are plans that may be constantly improved, redrafted, and re-planned. Improvement, redrafting
and re-planning recognize the reality that many of the basic assumptions upon which a plan is based may change as
environmental factors of resources also change as environmental factors or resources also change.

6. Planning may be delegated to formal planning staff. Or maybe a full-time job of planning officer, outside
consultant, or an officer and employee themselves.

7. All plans are tentative. They are never final. This is because good plans should be flexible. As circumstances
change an environmental factor may require new approaches after one or several years. New technology may
emerge. The alternative course of action should always be considered and made ready for an emergency or crisis.
SEVEN (7) Guidelines For Good
Planning
1. A plan should have specific objectives.
2. A good plan should facilitate action
3. If many people are involved in planning, coordination and communication
become very crucial.
4. Planning is the first function of management before the functions of organizing,
directing, and controlling.
5. Good plans are plans that may be constantly improved, redrafted, and re-
planned.
6. Planning may be delegated to formal planning staff.
7. All plans are tentative.
Factors Affecting Planning
1. Conditions. Despite the dynamic nature of most businesses, they are nevertheless
susceptible to marked changes and development so much so that if they are unable to meet
and sell them, many aspects of their operations may become seriously impaired.

[Link] factor. In planning, the executive faces a period within which to carry out the plans into
execution. The time aspect has a number of phases such as the following:
◦ a. Time available to establish a plan before putting it into effect.
◦ b. The time when the plan must take effect.
◦ c. The time interval that must be provided in the plan.
◦ d. The time allowed for revising or modifying the plan.
◦
Factors Affecting Planning
3. Resources available. The best of the plan would be unproductive of good results in the
absence of available resources that the business enterprise needs for its continuous Operation. A
lack of raw materials from one time to another could cause a lag in production just as the
business could lose the market.

4. Skills and attitudes of management. One of the common causes behind the failure of
planning as a process and as a function of management is the absence of total involvement on
the part of all levels in the planning process.
Factors Affecting Planning
5. Political, social, and environmental conditions. In a country that does not sanction the
existence of private free enterprise, most planning is done by the government.

6. Physical Facilities. Modern production is anchored on the better use of existing plans and
equipment through improved science and technology. Manpower requirements are duly
considered in an organizational plan of operations, the same is true with the physical facilities
that are needed for such purpose.

7. Collection and analysis of data. Planning depends on its effectiveness on the quality and
quantity of data involved in the planning process. Such information must be carefully organized,
arranged, and properly evaluated.
 SEVEN (7) Factors
Affecting Planning:
1. Conditions.
[Link] factor.
[Link] available.
[Link] and attitudes of management.
5. Political, social, and environmental
conditions.
6. Physical Facilities.
7. Collection and analysis of data
 Planning Process

Planning is a multipurpose process. These

stages, like the management functions, are
rarely visible in isolation since most managers
have several projects going at any given time.
Some organizations do have formal planning.
Scan and Analyze the
Environment
The SWOT remains a popular method of looking at an organization & its current
strengths and weaknesses and its potential opportunities and threats. Strengths and
weaknesses refer to factors that are internal to the organization, while opportunities
and threats are external factors

The internal environment consists of limited resources capital, technology, and skilled
personnel.

The external environment relates to the political, legal, economic, social, and cultural
conditions and competition as well. Let us dig deeper into what is SWOT.
 A SWOT is a key tool to the strategic planning
process which can be a useful approach to
planning.
Strengths - internal positive aspects that are
under control and upon which you may
capitalize in planning.

Scan and Weaknesses - It is seeing what you could

improve - What you do badly? And what should

Analyze the you avoid? It refers to internal negative aspects

that are under your control and that you may
plan to improve.
Environment Opportunities - it refers to positive external
conditions that you do not control but of which
you can plan to take advantage.
Threats - refers to the negative external condition
that you do not control but they affect
and of which you may be able to lessen.
Scan and Analyze the Environment

Why use SWOT?

◦ By using this analysis, we can develop a plan that takes into

consideration many different internal and external factors and
maximize the potentials of the strengths and opportunities
while minimizing the impact of the weaknesses and threats.
Scan and Analyze the
Environment
Diagram of SWOT Analysis
The Concept of a
Project
a project is created to address a specific concern, the
need or concern usually requires immediate attention.
It is undertaken to solve an existing or potential
problem and/ or take advantage of a rare opportunity
that presents itself. Hence, the design of a project has
well-defined outputs that are directly linked to a
particular problem, need, or concern.

The project follows a growth and development pattern

that helps systematize and organize all the
components, like resources, efforts, and activities.
 Phases in the Project Life

Conception phase;

Formulation and approval phase;

Start-up phase;

Production phase and;

Post -Production and completion phase