MODULE 2

SYLLABUS
• Doors, windows and ventilators: Types and construction details.
• Roofs: Functions, types, suitability, roofing materials. (brief
description only)
• Floors: Functions, flooring materials. (brief description only)
• Finishing works: Plastering, pointing, painting – objectives and types.
• Temporary Supporting Structures: Formwork - requirements of
good formwork, classification, materials for formwork, formwork
design (concept only), de-shuttering of formwork, slip form
construction, Scaffolding - uses and classification (brief discussion
only), shoring, underpinning.

LOCATION OF DOORS AND WINDOWS

• There should be minimum number of doors in a room so as avoid obstruction.
• The door should be so located such that when opened, it shall not obstruct the
required width of passage way.
• Doors should not be located at the centre of a long wall but should be located near
the corner of wall nearly 20cm away from the corner.
• In case if there are two doors in a room, these should be located in opposite walls
so that good ventilation & free circulation of air can take place.
• The location of door should meet the functional requirements of the room
• In general size of the door should be such that if two persons walking shoulder to
shoulder should conveniently pass through the doors

• Windows should be located opposite to each other or opposite to door wherever

possible to achieve cross ventilation.
• For fresh air & maximum light, window should be located in the prevailing
directions of wind or on northern side.
• The height of sill of windows from floor level
• The minimum area of windows should be 1/10* of the floor area of the room for
hot-dry climate &1/6 of the floor area for hot-wet climate.
• The number & sizes of windows depends on the type of building, privacy,
required, ventilation & light requirements.
• The location of windows depends, on the internal arrangements of the rooms.
TECHNICAL TERM USED IN DOOR AND WINDOW

•Frame
•Shutters
•Head
•Sill
•Horn
•Style
•Top rail
•Lock rail
•Intermediate or cross rail

• FRAME:- It is an assembly of horizontal & vertical members, forming an

enclosure, to which shutters are fixed.

• SHUTTERS:- These are the openable parts of a door or window.

• HEAD:- This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of frame.

• SILL:- This is the bottom or lowermost horizontal part of window
frame.
•

• HORN:-The horizontal projection of head or sill beyond the face of

the frame. It is usually 10 to 15 cm

• STYLE:- It is the vertical outside member of the shutter of a door or window.

• TOP RAIL:- This is the top most horizontal member of the shutter.
• LOCK RAIL:- It is the middle horizontal member of the shutter
where locking arrangement is provided
•

BOTTOM RAIL:- This is the lower most horizontal member of the shutter.
.

CROSS RAIL

• Additional horizontal rail fixed between top and bottom rails of shutter

PANEL

• Area of shutter enclosed between adjacent rails

MULLION
• Vertical member of the frame which is employed to subdivide door or
window vertically

TRANSOM

• Horizontal member of the frame which is employed to subdivide

window or door horizontally

• HOLD FASTS:- It is a mild steel flats, generally bent into Z-shape, to

fix the frame to the [Link] horizontal length of hold fast is kept
about 20 cm and is embedded in the masonry

JAMB

• It is the vertical wall face of an opening which supports the frame

 REVEAL
• It is an external jamb of door or window opening

REBATE
• Depression met in the frame to receive shutter

TYPES OF DOOR

BATTENED AND LEDGED DOOR

● These doors consist of vertical boards called battens which are nailed or screwed
to the horizontal members called ledges.
● Generally the battens are about 100 to 150 mm wide and 20 to 30 mm thick.
● The ledges are usually 100 to 200 mm thick and 25 to 30 mm thick.
● The ledged and battened door is the simplest type of door.
● It is often used for narrow openings.
● It is relatively cheap to construct, but unfortunately it tends to sag
 BATTENED,LEDGED&BRACED DOOR
• This is a ledged and battened door to which braces have been added to prevent
sagging .
• These braces must slope upwards from the hinge edge of the door and they are
housed with a skew notch into the ledges.
• The skew notch helps to distribute the force from the weight of the door so that the
ledges have an even pressure on them.
• This type of door construction may be used for large openings because of its
greater strength

FRAMED AND PANELLED DOOR

● The styles are continuous from top to bottom i.e. they are in single piece.
● Various rails are jointed to the styles at the bottom.
● The entire frame is grooved on all the inside faces to receive the panels.
● The minimum width of style is kept as 100 mm. the minimum width of bottom
rail and lock rail is kept as 100mm
 DOUBLE SHUTTERED PANELLED DOOR

FLUSH DOOR
• A Flush door is a door with a smooth, flat surface on both sides with no panels or
moldings
• Popular choice for modern homes because they offers a sleek, contemporary look
• They are cost effective, durable, and easy to maintain
• Well seasoned wood is used for the frame.
• Sometimes flush doors for the outside of the building are covered on one or both
sides by sheets of thin metal usually aluminum or galvanized iron
• Plywood-covered flush doors cannot be used where they will be exposed to rain
and sun.

LOUVERED DOOR
• Louvered Doors permit free ventilation through them and at the same time
maintain the privacy of the room.
• However, these doors dust which is very difficult to be cleaned.
• •These doors are generally used for bath rooms of residential and public buildings.
• The louvers are arranged at such an inclination that vision is obstructed while they
permit free passage of time
WIRE GAUGED DOOR
• This types of doors are provided to check the entry of flies, mosquitoes, insects etc
• Wire mesh is provided in the panels, and it permit free passage of air

REVOLVING DOOR
• Such doors are provided only in public buildings such as libraries, museums,
banks etc. where there are constant visitors.
• Such door provide entrance to the one and exit to the other person simultaneously,
and close automatically when not in use.
• This door also suitable for air-conditioned buildings or for building situated at a
place where strong breeze blow throughout the year. The door consists of centrally
placed mullion to which four radiating shutters are attached

COLLAPSIBLE DOOR
• Such doors are used in godowns, workshops, sheds, public buildings etc for
providing increased safety and protection to property
SLIDING DOOR
• In such a door, the shutter slides on the sides with the helps of runners and guide rails

TYPES OF WINDOW

PIVOTED WINDOW
• In this windows, the shutter are allowed to swing round pivots fixed to the window
frame.
• The shutter can swing or rotate either horizontally or vertically

DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW

• This type of window consists of frame and pair of shutters, arranged one above the
other.
• The shutter can slide vertically within the grooves provided in window frame.
• By provision of sliding, the window can be cleaned effectively and at the same
time ventilation can be controlled effectively since the window can opened at top
and bottom at desired extent
SLIDING WINDOW
• Windows move either horizontally or vertically on small roller
bearings
• They are provided in train, buses, bank counters, shops etc

CASEMENT WINDOW
• These are the main and common types of window usually provided in buildings.
• The shutters of the window open like shutters of the door. The shutter consists of
styles, top rails, bottom rails and intermediate rails, thus dividing into panels

SASH OR GLAZED WINDOW

• It is a type of casement window in which the panels are fully glazed

METAL WINDOW
• Widely used for public buildings
• The metal used may be mild steel, bronze or other alloys
 CIRCULAR WINDOW
• Pivoted windows of circular shape
• They are useful for factories workshops etc

CORNER WINDOW
• This is a special type of window which is provided in the corner of the room
• Window has two faces in two perpendicular directions

BAY WINDOW
• Bay windows projects outside the external wall of the room.
• The projection may be triangular, circular, rectangular or polygonal in plan.
• They are provide extra space in the room and improve overall appearance of the
building

DORMER WINDOW
• A dormer window is a vertical window provided on the slopping roof
• Such a window provides ventilation and lighting to the enclosed space below the roof.
• This window very much improve the appearance of the building.
GABLE WINDOW
• It is a vertical window provided in the gable end of a pitched roof

SKY LIGHTS
• It is provided on a sloping surface of a pitched roof to admit light
• Window project above the top sloping surface

CLERE-STOREY WINDOW
• These windows are provided in a room which has greater ceiling height than the
surrounding rooms, or when a lean to roof of low height is there adjacent to the
room

LANTERN WINDOW
• Such windows are provided over the flat roofs to provide more light and air to the
inner apartments/rooms of a building
• The windows project above the roof level
LOUVERED WINDOW

• Such windows are provided for ventilation and they do not permit any
outside vision

VENTILATORS
• They are small windows, fixed at a greater height than window generally about 30 to
50 cm below roof level
• The ventilator has a frame and a shutter, generally glazed which is horizontally
pivoted
• The shutter can be opened or closed by means of two cords, one attached to the top
rail and other to the bottom rail of the shutter
• The top edge of the shutter opens inside and bottom edge opens outside, so that the
water is excluded

VENTILATOR COMBINED WITH WINDOW OR DOOR

• Ventilators may also be provided in continuation of a window or a door, at its top.
• Such a ventilator is also known as a fan light.
• The construction of a fan light is similar to a window sash.
• Such a ventilator is usually hinged at top, and can open out.
• Alter-natively, the ventilator shutter can be hinged at the bottom

FIXTURES AND FASTENINGS

• The following types of fixtures and fastenings are required for doors,
windows and ventilators :
1. Hinges.
2. Bolts.
3. Handles.
4. Locks.
 HINGES
Hinges are of following types
1. Back flap hinge
• These hinges are used where the shutters are thin. These are fixed to
the back side of the shutter and the frame, and hence the name.
2. Butt hinge
• These types of hinges are commonly used for fixing doors and
window shutters to the frame. The flanges of hinge are made of cast
iron, malleable iron or steel, with counter sunk holes.
3. Counter-flap hinge
• This hinge is formed in three parts and has two centres. Hence the two
leaves can be folded back to back

4. Garnet hinge
• This type of hinge, also known as T-shutter, has a long arm which is
screwed to the shutter, and a short arm which is screwed to the door
frame
5. Nar-madi hinge
• This is used for heavy doors.
• The flange or strap of the hinge is fixed to the door shutter while the
pin on which the strap rotates is fixed t the frame

BOLTS

Following are the bolts used for doors and windows

1. Aldrop
● It is fixed on external doors where pad locks are to be used
2. Barrel bolt
● It is used for fixing back faces of doors
3. Flush bolt
● This bolt is used when it is desired to keep the bolt flush with the face
of the door
[Link] and eye
● This is used for keeping the window shutter in position when the
window is open

HANDLES

• Various types of handles are there like bow type, Wardeobe handle,
Lever handle, Door handle
LOCKS

Commonly used locks are Mortise lock, Rim lock, Cupboard lock,
Lever handle lock and pad lock