Laboratory Man

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

OPERATING SYSTEM
(303105252)
4th SEMESTER
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Laboratory Manual
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
OPERATING SYSTEM PRACTICAL BOOK
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PREFACE
It gives us immense pleasure to present the first edition of Operating Systems Book for the
[Link]. 2nd year students for PARUL UNIVERSITY.

The Operating Systems theory and laboratory courses at PARUL UNIVERSITY,

WAGHODIA, VADODARA are designed in such a way that students develop the basic
understanding of the subject in the theory classes and then try their hands on the experiments to
realize the various physical phenomena learnt during the theoretical sessions. The main objective of
the Operating Systems laboratory course is: Learning New Technology and Understanding
internal working as well as programming with different Operating Systems. All the experiments
are designed to illustrate various phenomena in different areas of Programming with Operating
System and also to expose the students to various operating systems and their uses.

The objective of this Operating Systems Practical Book is to provide a comprehensive

source for all the experiments included in the Operating System laboratory course. It explains all the
aspects related to every experiment such as: basic underlying physical principle, details of the
internal working, how to use this operating system for the desired purpose, the theoretical formalism
& formulae, procedure of performing the experiment and how to calculate the desired output from
the observations etc. It also gives sufficient information on how to interpret and discuss the obtained
results.

We acknowledge the authors and publishers of all the books which we have consulted while
developing this Practical book. Hopefully this Operating system Book will serve the purpose for
which it has been developed.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

List of Practical:
1. Study of Basic commands of Linux.
2. Study the basics of shell programming.
3. Write a Shell script to print given numbers sum of all digits.
4. Write a shell script to validate the entered date. (eg. Date format is: dd-mm-yyyy).
5. Write a shell script to check entered string is palindrome or not.
6. Write a Shell script to say Good morning/Afternoon/Evening as you log in to
system.
7. Write a C program to create a child process
8. Finding out biggest number from given three numbers supplied as command line
arguments
9. Printing the patterns using for loop.
10. Shell script to determine whether given file exist or not.
11. Write a program for process creation using C. (Use of gcc compiler).
12. Implementation of FCFS & Round Robin Algorithm.
13. Implementation of Banker’s Algorithm.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 1

Definition: Study of Basic commands of Linux/UNIX.

Command shell: A program that interprets commands is Command shell.

Shell Script: Allows a user to execute commands by typing them manually at a terminal, or
automatically in programs called shell scripts.
A shell is not an operating system. It is a way to interface with the operating system and run
Commands.

BASH (Bourne Again Shell)

 Bash is a shell written as a free replacement to the standard Bourne Shell (/bin/sh) originally
written by Steve Bourne for UNIX systems.

 It has all of the features of the original Bourne Shell, plus additions that make it easier to
program with and use from the command line.

 Since it is Free Software, it has been adopted as the default shell on most Linux systems.

BASIC LINUX COMMANDS:

1. pwd : Print Working Directory

DESCRIPTION:

pwd prints the full pathname of the current working directory.

SYNTAX:

pwd

EXAMPLE:

$ pwd

/home/directory_name

2. cd: Change Directory

DESCRIPTION:

It allows you to change your working directory. You use it to move around within
the hierarchy of your file system.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
SYNTAX:

cd directory_name

EXAMPLE:

To change into “work directory” in “documents” need to write as follows.

Input: $ cd /documents/work

3. cd ..

DESCRIPTION:

Move up one directory.

SYNTAX:

cd ..

EXAMPLE:

If you are in work directory and want to go to documents then write

cd ..

You will end up in /documents.

4. ls : list all the files and directories

DESCRIPTION:

List all files and folders in the current directory in the column format.

SYNTAX:

ls [options]

EXAMPLE: Using various options

 Lists the total files in the directory and subdirectories, the names of the files in the current
directory, their permissions, the number of subdirectories in directories listed, the size of the
file, and the date of last modification.

ls -l

 List all files including hidden files

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
ls -a

5. cat

DESCRIPTION:

cat stands for "catenate". It reads data from files, and outputs their contents. It is the simplest
way to display the contents of a file at the command line.

SYNTAX:

cat filename

EXAMPLES:

 Print the contents of files [Link] and [Link]

cat [Link] [Link]

 Print the cpu information using cat command

cat /proc/cpuinfo
 Print the memory information using cat command

cat /proc/meminfo

6. head

DESCRIPTION:

head, by default, prints the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
FILE, it precedes each set of output with a header identifying the file name.

If no FILE is specified, or when FILE is specified as a dash ("-"), head reads from standard input.

SYNTAX:

head [option]…[file/directory]

EXAMPLE:

Display the first ten lines of [Link].

head [Link]

7. tail

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
DESCRIPTION:

tail is a command which prints the last few number of lines (10 lines by default) of a certain
file, then terminates.

SYNTAX:

tail [option]…[file/directory]

EXAMPLE:

Output the last 100 lines of the file [Link].

tail [Link] -n 100

8. mv : Moving (and Renaming) Files

DESCRIPTION:

The mv command lets you move a file from one directory location to another. It also lets you
rename a file (there is no separate rename command).

SYNTAX:

mv [option] source directory

EXAMPLE:

 Moves the file [Link] to the directory destination-directory.

mv [Link] destination_directory

 Move the file [Link] into the parent directory.

mv [Link] ../

 In this case, if JOE1_expenses does not exist, it will be created with the exact content
ofjoe_expenses, and joe_expenses will disappear.

If JOE1_expenses already exists, its content will be replaced with that

of joe_expenses (and joe_expenses will still disappear).

mv joe_expenses JOE1_expenses

9. mkdir : Make Directory

DESCRIPTION:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
If the specified directory does not already exist, mkdir creates it. More than one directory
may be specified when calling mkdir.

SYNTAX:

mkdir [option] directory

EXAMPLE:

Create a directory named work.

mkdir work

10. cp : Copy Files

DESCRIPTION:

The cp command is used to make copy of files and directories.

SYNTAX:

cp [option] source directory

EXAMPLE:

Creates a copy of the file in the currently working directory named origfile. The copy will be
named newfile, and will be located in the working directory.

cp origfile newfile

11. rmdir : Romove Directory

DESCRIPTION:

The rmdir command is used to remove a directory that contains other files or directories.

SYNTAX:

rm directory_name

EXAMPLE:

Delete mydir directory along with all files and directories within that directory. Here, -r is for
recursive and –f is for forcefully.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

rmdir -rf mydir

12. gedit

DESCRIPTION:

The gedit command is used to create and open a file.

SYNTAX:

gedit [Link]

EXAMPLE:

To create a file named [Link]

gedit [Link]

13. man

DESCRIPTION:

Displays on online manual page or manpage.

SYNTAX:

man command

EXAMPLE:

To learn about listing files

man ls

14. echo

DESCRIPTION:

Display text on the screen.

SYNTAX:

echo yourtext

EXAMPLE:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
Print Hello World on the screen

echo “Hello World”

15. clear

DESCRIPTION:

Used to clear the screen

SYNTAX:

clear

EXAMPLE:

Clear the entire screen

clear

16. whoami

DESCRIPTION:

whoami prints the effective user ID. This command prints the username associated with the
current effective user ID.

SYNTAX:

whoami [option]

EXAMPLE:

Display the name of the user who runs the command.

whoami

17. wc

DESCRIPTION:

wc (word count) command, can return the number of lines, words, and characters in a file.

SYNTAX:

wc [option]… [file]…

EXAMPLE:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
 Print the byte counts of file [Link]

wc -c [Link]

 Print the line counts of file [Link]

wc -l [Link]

 Print the word counts of file [Link]

wc -w [Link]

18. grep

DESCRIPTION:

grep command uses a search term to look through a file.

SYNTAX:

grep [option]… Pattern [file]…

EXAMPLE:

Search the word Hello in file named [Link]

grep “Hello” [Link]

19. free

DESCRIPTION:

Display RAM details in Linux machine.

SYNTAX:

free

EXAMPLE:

To display the RAM details in Linux machine need to write following command.

free

20. pipe ( | )

DESCRIPTION:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
Pipe command is used to send output of one program as a input to another. Pipes “|” help
combine 2 or more commands.

SYNTAX:

Command 1 | command 2

EXAMPLE:

Display lines of input files containing “Aug” and send to standard output

ls -l | grep “Aug”

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 2

Aim: Study the basics of shell programming.

What is a Shell?

An Operating is made of many components, but its two prime components are -

 Kernel
 Shell

A Kernel is at the nucleus of a computer. It makes the communication between the hardware and
software possible. While the Kernel is the innermost part of an operating system, a shell is the
outermost one.

A shell in a Linux operating system takes input from you in the form of commands, processes it, and
then gives an output. It is the interface through which a user works on the programs, commands, and
scripts. A shell is accessed by a terminal which runs it.

When you run the terminal, the Shell issues a command prompt (usually $), where you can type
your input, which is then executed when you hit the Enter key. The output or the result is thereafter
displayed on the terminal.

The Shell wraps around the delicate interior of an Operating system protecting it from accidental
damage. Hence the name Shell.

Types of Shell
There are two main shells in Linux:

1. The Bourne Shell: The prompt for this shell is $ and its derivatives are listed below:

 POSIX shell also is known as sh

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
 Korn Shell also knew as sh
 Bourne Again SHell also knew as bash (most popular)

2. The C shell: The prompt for this shell is %, and its subcategories are:

 C shell also is known as csh

 Tops C shell also is known as tcsh

What is Shell Scripting?

Shell scripting is writing a series of command for the shell to execute. It can combine lengthy and
repetitive sequences of commands into a single and simple script, which can be stored and executed
anytime. This reduces the effort required by the end user.

Let us understand the steps in creating a Shell Script

1. Create a file using a vi editor(or any other editor). Name script file with extension .sh
2. Start the script with #! /bin/sh
3. Write some code.
4. Save the script file as [Link]
5. For executing the script type bash [Link]

"#!" is an operator called shebang which directs the script to the interpreter location. So, if we use"#!
/bin/sh" the script gets directed to the bourne-shell.

Let's create a small script -

#!/bin/sh
ls

Let's see the steps to create it -

Command 'ls' is executed when we execute the scrip [Link] file.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Adding shell comments

Commenting is important in any program. In Shell programming, the syntax to add a comment is

#comment

Let understand this with an example.

What are Shell Variables?

As discussed earlier, Variables store data in the form of characters and numbers. Similarly, Shell
variables are used to store information and they can by the shell only.

For example, the following creates a shell variable and then prints it:

variable ="Hello"
echo $variable

Below is a small script which will use a variable.

#!/bin/sh
echo "what is your name?"
read name
echo "How do you do, $name?"
read remark
echo "I am $remark too!"

Let's understand, the steps to create and execute the script

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

As you see, the program picked the value of the variable 'name' as Joy and 'remark' as excellent.

This is a simple script. You can develop advanced scripts which contain conditional statements,
loops, and functions. Shell scripting will make your life easy and Linux administration a breeze.

Summary:
 Kernel is the nucleus of the operating systems, and it communicates between hardware and
software
 Shell is a program which interprets user commands through CLI like Terminal
 The Bourne shell and the C shell are the most used shells in Linux
 Shell scripting is writing a series of command for the shell to execute
 Shell variables store the value of a string or a number for the shell to read
 Shell scripting can help you create complex programs containing conditional statements,
loops, and functions

For more detail reference, follow this link: [Link]

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 3

Definition: Take any number from the user. Get each and every digit one by one and make addition
of that to find the sum of digits of a given number. E.g. if user has entered 342 then the sum of
digits is 3+4+2 = 9.

Set 1: Printing numbers from 0 to 9 using while loop.

Flowchart:

Sample Code:

a=0
while [ $a -lt 10 ]
do
echo $a
a=`expr $a + 1`
done

Input: -

Output: To execute shell script need to write: sh filename

$sh [Link]

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Set 2: To find whether a number is even or odd.

Flowchart:

Sample Code:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

Set 3: Write a shell script for Sum of all digits of a number.

Flowchart:

Sample Code:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 4

Definition: In a year there are 12 months and in each month the no. of days are 30 or 31. For
February month, the no. of days is 28 and if it is a leap year then the no. days will be 29. By
checking these conditions for days, month and year using various control statements of Linux can
validate the date entered by the user. (eg. Date format is: dd-mm-yyyy)

Flowchart:

Set 1: Read a string from the user and if it is hello then print “Hello yourself”, if it is bye then print
“See you again” otherwise print “Sorry, I don't understand" using case statement.

Syntax: bash case statement.

case expression in

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
pattern1 )
statements ;;
pattern2 )
statements ;;
...
esac

Following are the key points of bash case statements:

 Case statement first expands the expression and tries to match it against each pattern.
 When a match is found all of the associated statements until the double semicolon (;;) are
executed.
 After the first match, case terminates with the exit status of the last command that was
executed.
 If there is no match, exit status of case is zero.

Sample Code:

read str
case $str in
hello)
echo "Hello yourself!"
;;
bye)
echo "See you again!"
;;
*)
echo "Sorry, I don't understand"
;;
esac

Input:

Hi

Output:

Sorry, I don't understand

Set 2: Check given year is leap or not.

Sample Code:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
echo "Enter year "
read yy

# find out if it is a leap year or not

#in shell script comment is written using # symbol

if [ $((yy % 4)) -ne 0 ]

then
echo “It is not a leap year”
elif [ $((yy % 400)) -eq 0 ]
then
echo “ It is a leap year”
elif [ $((yy % 100)) -eq 0 ] then
echo “It is not a leap year”
else
echo “ It is a leap year”
fi

Input:

Enter a year 2017

Output:

2017 is not a leap year

Set 3: Write a shell script to validate the entered date. (eg. Date format is: dd-mm-yyyy)

Sample Code:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 5

Definition: A string is said to be palindrome if reverse of the string is same as string. For example,
“abba” is palindrome, but “abbc” is not palindrome. We can use Linux command to find the length
of the string and then by comparing first character and last character of the string, second character
and second last character of the string and so on., we can identify that whether the string is
palindrome or not.

Flowchart:

Set 1: Extract the second character of the entered string.

Sample Code:

echo “Enter a String”

read str

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
k=`echo $str | cut -c 2`
echo “$k”

Input:

Parul

Output:

Set 2: Count the number of character in given string.

Sample Code:

clear
echo "Enter a string"
read str
len=`echo $str | wc -c`
len=`expr $len - 1`
echo "Length of the string is : $len"

Input:

Output:

Set 3 Write a shell script to check entered string is palindrome or not.

Sample Code:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 6

Definition: The date command is used to print out the system's time and date information. By
extracting hours from the date using Linux ‘cut’ command and by using if else ladder can wish user
an appropriate message like Good morning/Afternoon/Evening.

Flowchart:

Set 1: Read the minutes from system.

Sample Code:

minutes=`date + M%`
echo $minutes

Input: -

Output:

39

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Set 2: Read the hours from system using cut command of unix.

Sample Code:

clear
hours=`date | cut -c12-13`
echo "the value of hour is $hours"

Input: -

Output:

the value of hour is 4

Set 3: Write a Shell script to say Good morning/Afternoon/Evening as you log in to system.

Sample Code:

Input:

Output:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 7

Definition: Create child process using fork( ), which is a system call to create a child process. Use
getpid( ) for getting the id of the process, getppid( ) for getting the parent process id.

Flowchart:

Set 1: Create a child process using one fork( ), getpid( ), getppid( ).

Sample Code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
main()
{
intpid ;

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

printf("I'am the original process with PID %d and PPID %d.\n", getpid(), getppid()) ;
pid = fork ( ) ; /* Duplicate. Child and parent continue from here */
if ( pid != 0 ) /* pid is non-zero,so I must be the parent*/
{
printf("I'am the parent with PID %d and PPID %d.\n", getpid(), getppid()) ;
printf("My child's PID is %d\n", pid ) ;
}
else /* pid is zero, so I must be the child */
{
sleep(4); /* make sure that the parent terminates first */
printf("I'm the child with PID %d and PPID %d.\n",getpid(), getppid()) ;
}
printf ("PID %d terminates.\n", getpid()) ;
}

Input: -

Output:

I'am the original process with PID 5100 and PPID 5011.
I'am the parent process with PID 5100 and PPID 5011.
My child's PID is 5101
PID 5100 terminates. /* Parent dies */
I'am the child process with PID 5101 and PPID 1.
/* Orphaned, whose parent process is “init” with pid 1 */
PID 5101 terminates.

Set 2: Write a program to use sleep( ) function. sleep() is used to delay the output for
particular time.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

Set 3: Create child process using fork( ), which is a system call to create a child process.
Use getpid( ) for getting the id of the process, getppid( ) for getting the parent process id.
Creates 3 child processes using two fork().

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 8

Definition: Finding out biggest number from given three numbers supplied as command line
argument. Command argument means at run time, the user will enter the input. First input will be
considered as number 1, second input will be consider as number 2 and so on. It depends on the no
of command line argument.

Flowchart:

Set 1: Show the use of command line argument for finding the biggest number among three
numbers using if else ladder.

Sample Code:

a=$1
b=$2
c=$3

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
if [ $# -lt 3 ]
then
echo "Enter arguments"
exit 1
fi
if [ $a -gt $b -a $a -gt $c ]
then
echo "$a is largest integer"
elif [ $b -gt $a -a $b -gt $c ]
then
echo "$b is largest integer"
elif [ $c -gt $a -a $c -gt $b ]
then
echo "$c is largest integer"
else
echo "Sorry cannot guess number"
fi

Input:

5
6
7

Output:

7 is largest number

Set 2: Show the use of command line argument for finding the biggest number from two numbers
using if else.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
Input:

Output:

Set 3: Show the use of command line argument for finding the biggest number among three numbers
using nested if else.

Input:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
Output:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 9

Definition: Print the pattern using for loop which is used to do the same thing again and again until
some condition is satisfied.

For loop is used to do the same thing until some condition is there.

Flowchart:

Set 1: Print following pattern using for loop.

*
**
***
****
*****

Sample Code:

#Here $1 is the parameter you passed. It specifies the no. of rows i,e 5

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
n=$1;
#outer loop is for printing number of rows in the pyramid
for((i=1;i<=n;i++))
do
#This loop print spaces required
for((k=i;k<=n;k++))
do
echo -ne " ";
done
#This loop print part1 of the the pyramid
for((j=1;j<=i;j++))
do
echo -ne "*";
done

#This loop print part 2 of the pryamid.

for((z=1;z<i;z++))
do
echo -ne "*";
done
#This echo used for printing new line
echo;
done

Input:

Output

*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *

Set 2: Print following pattern using for loop.

1
23
456
7 8 9 10

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
Input:

Output

Set 3: Print following pattern using for loop.

1
AB
2 3 4
CDEF
5 6 7 8 9

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 10

Definition: Various commands are available in Linux to check whether the given directory or file
are exist or not in the system. Several options are also available to check special conditions like file
is empty or not. We can use these commands in shell script as well.

Flowchart:

Set 1: Shell script to determine whether given directory, exist or not.

Sample Code:

clear
echo "Enter name of the directory :"
read directory
if [ ! -e $directory ]
then

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
echo "Directory not exist"
else
count=0
echo "Files with executable rights are"
for i in $(find $directory -type f -perm +111)
do
echo $i
count=$(echo count + 1 |bc -l)
done
if[ $count -eq 0 ]
then
echo "No files found with executable rights"
fi
fi

Input:

Enter name of the directory

Student

Output:

Directory not exist

Set 2: Write a shell script to check, whether the given file exist or not.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

Set 3: Write a shell script to check, whether the given file, which should not be empty, exist or not.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

45
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 11
Definition: First come, first served (FCFS) is an operating system process scheduling algorithm and
a network routing management mechanism that automatically executes queued requests and
processes by the order of their arrival.

Flowchart:

Set 1: How to take Arrival Time and Burst Time of the processes.

Sample Code:

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n,count;
int at[10],bt[10];
printf("Enter Total Process:\t ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(count=0;count<n;count++)
{

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
printf("Enter Arrival Time and Burst Time for Process Number %d :",count+1);
scanf("%d",&at[count]);
scanf("%d",&bt[count]);
}
return 0;
}

Input:

Enter Total Process: 3

Output:

Enter Arrival Time and Burst Time for Process Number 1: 0 4

Enter Arrival Time and Burst Time for Process Number 2: 2 5
Enter Arrival Time and Burst Time for Process Number 3: 1 4

Set 2: How to sort processes based on their Arrival Time for 5 processes.

Sample Code:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,temp,j,f,array[10];
printf("Enter 5 Processes");
//read array
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&array[i]);
}
//bubble sort
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{ f=1;
for(j=0;j<9;j++)
{
if(array[j]>array[j+1])
{
temp=array[j];
array[j]=array[j+1];
array[j+1]=temp;
f=0;
}

}
if(f==1)

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
break;
}
printf("after swaping");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf(" %d",array[i]);
}

Input:

Enter 5 Processes
15287

Output:

12578

Set 3: Calculate Turn Around Time and Waiting Time.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

49
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 12
Definition: Round robin (RR) scheduling is a job-scheduling algorithm that is considered to be very
fair, as it uses time slices that are assigned to each process in the queue or line. Each process is then
allowed to use the CPU for a given amount of time, and if it does not finish within the allotted time,
it is preempted and then moved at the back of the line so that the next process in line is able to use
the CPU for the same amount of time.

Flowchart:

Set 1: How to take Arrival Time, Burst Time and Time Quantum of the processes.

Sample Code:

#include <stdio.h>
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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
int main()
{

int n,count, tq;

int at[10],bt[10];
printf("Enter Total Process:\t ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(count=0;count<n;count++)
{
printf("Enter Arrival Time and Burst Time for Process Number %d :",count+1);
scanf("%d",&at[count]);
scanf("%d",&bt[count]);
}
printf("Enter Time Quantum:\t ");
scanf("%d",&tq);
return 0;
}

Input:

Enter Total Process: 3

Output:

Enter Arrival Time and Burst Time for Process Number 1: 0 3

Enter Arrival Time and Burst Time for Process Number 2: 0 5
Enter Arrival Time and Burst Time for Process Number 3: 2 4
Enter Time Quantum: 3

Set 2: Calculate Turn Around Time.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

Set 3: Calculate Waiting Time. Find out Average Turnaround Time and Waiting Time.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Output:

54
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

PRACTICAL NO: 13

Definition: The Banker's algorithm, sometimes referred to as the detection algorithm, is a resource
allocation and deadlock avoidance algorithm. It tests for safety by simulating the allocation of
predetermined maximum possible amounts of all resources. When a new process enters a system, it
must declare the maximum number of instances of each resource type that it may ever claim; clearly,
that number may not exceed the total number of resources in the system. Also, when a process gets
all its requested resources it must return them in a finite amount of time.

Flow Chart:

Resource-Request Algorithm

Set 1: How to take no. of processes, no. of resources, maximum resource matrix, allocated resource

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year
matrix and available resources for each process.

Sample Code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int Max[10][10], need[10][10], alloc[10][10], avail[10], completed[10];
int p, r, i, j, process, count;
count = 0;
printf("Enter the no of processes : ");
scanf("%d", &p);
for(i = 0; i< p; i++)
completed[i] = 0;
printf("\n\nEnter the no of resources : ");
scanf("%d", &r);
printf("\n\nEnter the Max Matrix for each process : ");
for(i = 0; i < p; i++)
{
printf("\nFor process %d : ", i + 1);
for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
scanf("%d", &Max[i][j]);
}
printf("\n\nEnter the allocation for each process : ");
for(i = 0; i < p; i++)
{
printf("\nFor process %d : ",i + 1);
for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
scanf("%d", &alloc[i][j]);
}
printf("\n\nEnter the Available Resources : ");
for(i = 0; i < r; i++)
scanf("%d", &avail[i]);

for(i = 0; i < p; i++)

{
for( j = 0; j < r; j++)
printf("%d ", Max[i][j]);
printf("\t\t");
for( j = 0; j < r; j++)
printf("%d ", alloc[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}

Input:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Output:

Set 2: Find the Need matrix of each process from allocated resources and Maximum resource
matrix.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Set 3: Perform the Banker’s Algorithm and find out that whether the System is Safe or not and also
print the Safe Sequence.

Safety Algorithm:
1. Let Work and Finish be vectors of length m and n, respectively. Initially,

Work = Available
Finish[i] =false for i = 0, 1, ... , n - 1.
This means, initially, no process has finished and the number of available resources is
represented by the Available array.

2. Find an index i such that both

Finish[i] ==false
Needi <= Work
If there is no such i present, then proceed to step 4.
It means, we need to find an unfinished process whose need can be satisfied by the available
resources. If no such process exists, just go to step 4.

3. Perform the following:

Work = Work + Allocation;

Finish[i] = true;
Go to step 2.
When an unfinished process is found, then the resources are allocated and the process is
marked finished. And then, the loop is repeated to check the same for all other processes.

4. If Finish[i] == true for all i, then the system is in a safe state.

That means if all processes are finished, then the system is in safe state.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Operating System (Subject Code) B. Tech. 2nd Year

Input:

Output:

61