458 PHOTONS AND ATOMS

G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, vol. 1, Spectra of Diatomic Molecules,
Van Nostrand, New York, 2nd ed. 1950.
G. Herzberg, Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure, Dover, New York, 2nd ed. 1944.

Books on Luminescence
M. Pazzagli, E. Cadenas, L. J. Kricka, A. Roda, and P. E. Stanley, eds., Bioluminescence and
Chemiluminescence, Wiley, New York, 1989.
J. Scholmerich, R. Andreesen, R. Kapp, M. Ernst, and W. G. Woods, eds., Bioluminescence and
Chemiluminescence: New Perspectives, Wiley, New York, 1987.
W. Elenbaas, Light Sources, Macmillan, London, 1972.
H. K. Henisch, Electroluminescence, Pergamon Press, New York, 1962.

Special Journal Issue

Articles
C. Foot and A. Steane, The Coolest Atoms Yet, Physics World, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 25-27, 1990.
R. Pool, Making Atoms Jump Through Hoops, Science, vol. 248, pp. 1076-1078, 1990.
S. Haroche and D. Kleppner, Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics, Physics Today, vol. 42, no. 1, pp.
24-30, 1989.
R. Bliimel, J. M. Chen, E. Peik, W. Quint, W. Schleich, Y. R. Shen, and H. Walther, Phase
Transitions of Stored Laser-Cooled Ions, Nature, vol. 334, pp. 309-313, 1988.
W. D. Phillips and H. J. Metcalf, Cooling and Trapping of Atoms, Scientific American, vol. 256,
no. 3, pp. 50-56, 1987.
H. J. Metcalf, Laser Cooling and Electromagnetic Trapping of Atoms, Optics News, vol. 13, no. 3,
pp. 6-10, 1987.
E. Wolf, Einstein’s Researches on the Nature of Light, Optics News, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 24-39, 1979.
J. H. van Vleck and D. L. Huber, Absorption, Emission, and Linebreadths: A Semihistorical
Perspective, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 49, pp. 939-959, 1977.
V. F. Weisskopf, How Light Interacts with Matter, Scientific American, vol. 219, no. 3, pp. 60-71,
1968.
A. Javan, The Optical Properties of Materials, Scientific American, vol. 217, no. 3, pp. 239-248,
1967.
G. R. Fowles, Quantum Dynamical Description of Atoms and Radiative Processes, American
Journal of Physics, vol. 31, pp. 407-409, 1963.
A. Einstein, Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Theory of Radiation),
Physikalische Zeitschrift, vol. 18, pp. 121-128, 1917.

12.2-1 Comparison of Stimulated and Spontaneous Emission. An atom with two energy

O levels corresponding
Lorentzian lineshape)
to the transition (h, = 0.7 pm, t,, = 3 ms, Av = 50 GHz,
is placed in a resonator of volume I/ = 100 cm3 and
refractive index n = 1. Two radiation modes (one at the center frequency v. and
the other at v. + Av) are excited with 1000 photons each. Determine the proba-
bility density for stimulated emission (or absorption). If N2 such atoms are excited
to energy level 2, determine the time constant for the decay of N2 due to
stimulated and spontaneous emission. How many photons (rather than 1000)
should be present so that the decay rate due to stimulated emission equals that
due to spontaneous emission?
 PROBLEMS 459

2.2-2 Spontaneous Emission into Prescribed Modes. (a) Given a l-pm3 cubic cavity,
with a medium of refractive index n = 1, what are the mode numbers (ql, q2, q3)
of the lowest- and next-higher-frequency modes? (See Sec. 9.1C.) Show that these
frequencies are 260 and 367 THz.
(b) Consider a single excited atom in the cavity in the absence of photons. Let pspl
be the probability density (s-l) that the atom spontaneously emits a photon into
the (2,1,1) mode, and let psP2 be the probability density that the atom sponta-
neously emits a photon with frequency 367 THz. Determine the ratio psP2/psPl.
12.3-1 Rate Equations for Broadband Radiation. A resonator of unit volume contains
atoms having two energy levels, labeled 1 and 2, corresponding to a transition of
resonance frequency v. and linewidth Av. There are A/, and N, atoms in the
lower and upper levels, 1 and 2, respectively, and a total of i? photons in each of
the modes within a broad band surrounding vo. Photons are lost from the
resonator at a rate l/~~ as a result of imperfect reflection at the cavity walls.
Assuming that there are no nonradiative transitions between levels 2 and 1, write
rate equations for N, and R.
12.3-2 Inhibited Spontaneous Emission. Consider a hypothetical two-dimensional black-
body radiator (e.g., a square plate of area A) in thermal equilibrium at tempera-
ture T.
(a) Determine the density of modes M(v) and the spectral energy density (i.e., the
energy in the frequency range between v and v + dv per unit area) of the emitted
radiation Q(V) (see Sec. 9.1C).
(6) Find the probability density of spontaneous emission Psp for an atom located
in a cavity that permits radiation only in two dimensions.
12.3-3 Comparison of Stimulated and Spontaneous Emission in Blackbody Radiation.
Find the temperature of a thermal-equilibrium blackbody cavity emitting a spectral
energy density Q(V), when the rates of stimulated and spontaneous emission from
the atoms in the cavity walls are equal at A, = 1 pm.
12.3-4 Wien’s Law. Derive an expression for the spectral energy density Q~(A) [the energy
per unit volume in the wavelength region between A and A + dh is Q*(A) dh].
Show that the wavelength A, at which the spectral energy density is maximum
satisfies the equation 5(1 - eeY) = y, where y = hc/A,k,T, demonstrating that
the relationship APT = constant (Wien’s law) is satisfied. Find APT approximately.
Show that A, # c/v,, where V~ is the frequency at which the blackbody energy
density Q(V) is maximum (see Exercise 12.3-1 on page 454). Explain.
12.3-5 Spectral Energy Density of One-Dimensional Blackbody Radiation. Consider a
hypothetical one-dimensional blackbody radiator of length L in thermal equilib-
rium at temperature T.
(a) What is the density of modes M(v) (number of modes per unit frequency per
unit length) in one dimension.
(b) Using the average energy E of a mode of frequency v, determine the spectral
energy density (i.e., the energy in the frequency range between v and v + dv per
unit length) of the blackbody radiation Q(V). Sketch Q(V) versus v.
*12.4-l Statistics of Cathodoluminescence Light. Consider a beam of electrons impinging
on the phosphor of a cathode-ray tube. Let m be the mean number of electrons
striking a unit area of the phosphor in unit time. If the number m of electrons
arriving in a fixed time is random with a Poisson distribution and the number of
photons emitted per electron is also Poisson distributed, but with mean G, find the
overall distribution p(n) of the emitted cathodoluminescence photons. The result
is called the Neyman type-A distribution. Determine expressions for the mean A
and the variance a,.f. Hint: Use conditional probability.
O