NAME: NAKSHA.

CLASS : XI
SECTION : A

SCHOOL : MITRA
ACADEMY

SUBJECT : GEOGRAPHY

TOPIC : FINDING OUT

THE SOURCES OF
POLLUTION OF WATER
BODIES.
INDEX :
[Link].
[Link].
[Link] IS IT CAUSED.
[Link] OF
POLLUTION.
[Link] OF WATER
POLLUTION.
 ABSTRACT:

Rivers are the lifeline of any civilization, crucial for

balancing the eco-system and essential for the survival of
all living organisms. Various anthropogenic activities are
contaminating the river water through point and non-
point sources of pollution, mainly from domestic sewage
and industrial effluents. Kaveri River originates at
Talakaveri in the foothills of Western Ghats and is the
main source of water supply for Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu states. Present study envisages assessment of river
water quality and identification of possible sources of
pollution, covering a stretch of 60 km of Kaveri River from
Krishna Raj Sagar (KRS) Dam to Sathyagala in Karnataka
state. CPCB has reported a BOD level ranging from 3.1 to
6.7 for the stretch from Ranganathittu to Sathyagala,
indicating priority 4 out of 5. Geospatial technology offers
great promise for generating spatial information on
natural resources and assessing the dynamics and long-
term land use/land cover changes through multi-temporal
remote sensing data. To understand and assess the
spatial changes in the study region, satellite images from
Landsat-5 TM (30m, Feb 2001) and Resourcesat-2 LISS IV
MX (5.8m, Feb 2019) were utilized. Stream network was
derived from OSM/India-WRIS using Digital Elevation
Model. River course and major cities/ towns were
delineated along the course of river in 10km buffer area
from either side of the river. Based on population growth
rate, the total current population (as in 2019) in the study
region was estimated to be about 14.2 lakh (as compared
to 11.3 lakh in 2001), Mysore being the largest city. Image
analysis and change assessment between 2001 and 2019
suggested an increase in built-up area (47%), especially in
and around Mysore; significant reduction of water bodies
and minor changes in vegetation cover. It has helped in
understanding the spatial-temporal changes and impact
of urbanization on river pollution, which may be linked to
enhanced generation of domestic sewage and other
wastes.

To assess the river water quality for pollution parameters,

field datasets of National Water Quality Monitoring
Programme (NWMP) from river water quality monitoring
stations of CPCB/KSPCB were taken for years 2001 and
2016 for 4 and 6 monitoring stations, respectively. For
2019, as part of this study, a field survey was conducted,
and water samples were collected from 9 locations,
including 6 previous locations. The water samples were
analysed for Total Coliform (Most Probable Number,
MPN/100ml), Faecal Coliform (MPN/100ml), D.O. (mg/l),
B.O.D (mg/l), pH and temperature as per the standard
procedures. A detailed comparison was made for water
pollution parameters from these datasets for 2001, 2011
and 2019. Based on the overall results, it was inferred
that over the years, river water in this stretch has become
highly contaminated, especially in Srirangapatna. The
point sources of pollution in the study region were
concentrated on the stream network that carry waste
water from the surroundings and join the main river
stream. As part of understanding waste disposal
mechanism in the region, it was observed that along
these locations, either very few STPs were located or
altogether absent, suggesting that untreated waste water
was directly let into the river. The non-point sources of
pollution were mainly considered to be the urban areas
on either side of river bank, within 1km. Additionally, the
agricultural runoff from rural areas containing fertilizers
and pesticides also contributes as a significant non-point
source of pollution. The study has helped to understand
how the river is getting polluted, identifying polluted
stretches of river and its possible point and non-point
sources of pollution. The monitoring stations/sampling
locations were mapped, and results of water quality
analysis were attributed in GIS environment to
understand the spatial distribution of pollutants along the
selected stretch. Suitable remedial measures were
suggested to reduce river pollution and control its
adverse impact on living organisms. It is envisaged to
extend the study to other polluted stretches of Kaveri
River, suggesting high level of pollution in river flow area.
 1. INTRODUCTION

During last several decades, the water quality of

the Indian rivers has been deteriorating due to
continuous discharge of industrial wastes and
domestic sewage. River water may be
contaminated by various means, chemically or
biologically and may become unfit for drinking
and other uses. A polluted river is harmful to both
environment as well as for all living beings, so
understanding the causes of river pollution and
providing a suitable solution to reduce the
pollution is an essential requirement. World
Health Organization (WHO) report stated nearly
66.3 crore people (9% of the world's population)
do not have access to safe drinking water, which
in turn becomes the main reason for health
issues. Contamination of the river due to
anthropogenic activities such as discharging of
untreated industrial wastes and sanitary wastes
into the rivers, dumping of garbage etc, leads to
river pollution. India is one of the nations with
most polluted rivers. As rivers are the basic need
of any sort of life forms a contaminated or
polluted river is very harmful for the environment
and the eco-system.
With India’s rapidly growing population,
accompanied by increasing hazards of domestic
and industrial pollution to the inland waters of the
country, scientists envisage a rapid degradation of
water quality unless concrete steps are taken
immediately to abate pollution. Basically, water is
used by all living beings for all sorts of needs and
purposes. Humans consume nearly 140 litres of
water per day for basic needs such as drinking,
cooking, washing etc, and about 90% of it is
converted into waste water i.e. it is not consumed
and ends up in drainages. Only the water that is
used for cooking or drinking is consumed.
Industrial wastes also contribute to pollution and
contain several pollutants like lead, mercury,
asbestos, sulphur & nitrates which are very
harmful to both humans and aquatics life forms. If
it is let into water network untreated, it will
increase the pollutants in the water and which
when consumed by humans or animals cause
deadly disease and might even cause death.
Sewage and wastewater contamination cause
increased BOD and COD levels in water which
makes the water unfit for drinking and other
routine purposes. Understanding and identifying
the pollution and preventing it should be the
prime focus of research studies.
Present study envisages assessment of river water
quality and identification of possible sources of
pollution using geospatial techniques. It focuses
on understanding the impact of urbanization and
industrialization on river pollution and identifying
the major cities & towns causing the pollution
using temporal change study and understand the
waste disposal mechanism of cities and towns in
the study area. The study also attempts to identify
the sources and causes of Kaveri river pollution,
locate point and non-point sources of pollution
for the study area and suggest possible remedial
measures to reduce the river pollution.
 2. STUDY AREA

The Kaveri River originates in Talakaveri at an

elevation of 1,341 m from sea level and it is the
main source of water supply for irrigation and
drinking for Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states.
Kaveri basin covers major part of peninsular India,
spreads over states of Tamil Nadu (54.05%),
Karnataka (42.23%), Kerala (3.53%) and Union
Territory of Puducherry (0.18%) which is nearly
2.7% of the total geographical area of the country
and has a population of nearly 3.7Cr. It lies
between 75°27’ to 79°54’ east longitudes and
10°9’ to 13°30’ north latitudes.
The Kaveri River also known as the ‘Dakshina
Ganga’ of the south India, is also one of the most
sacred rivers of India. It is one amongst the seven
sacred rivers like Ganges, Yamuna, Godavari,
Saraswathi, Narmadha and Sindhu. Along the
Kaveri River there are number of ancient temples
which were witness to its religious and cultural
significances and still are a significant place of
worship and rituals. The Kaveri River is one of the
major sources of water for an extensive irrigation
system, and for hydroelectric power. A stretch
from Krishna Raj Sagar (KRS) Dam to Sathyagala, is
considered for the present study (60km).

A 10km buffer on either side is considered from

the banks of the river, from which the
spatiotemporal change will be identified and will
be assessed. From a study conducted by the
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) the current
BOD level in Kaveri River stretch from
Ranganathittu to Sathyagala is reported to range
from 3.1 to 6.7 and it has been given a priority 4.
In Karnataka there are 351 rivers out of which 17
are polluted in which 4 are priority 3, 6 are
priority 4 and 7 are priority 5. The polluted river
locations in a continuous sequence are defined as
polluted river stretches. The area considered for
the study is a stretch of Kaveri River from Krishna
Raja Sagara (KRS) Dam to Sathyagala. It is a 60 km
stretch study area, the cities and towns with
higher population than 10,000 are considered for
the study. Total area of the study region is 4398
km2 and the total length of the river including the
tributaries and distributaries is 387 km.
 3. METHODOLOGY

The methodology broadly consisted of spatial and

non-spatial data analysis along with field survey
and water sample collection, which is discussed
below:

~ Spatial data
analysis:

Satellite remote sensing data from two different

satellites were acquired for two time periods, i.e.
for 2001 and 2019. These images were subjected
to required corrections for further processing and
analysis. Classification and spatial-temporal
analysis was done on the study area, mainly to
identify the impact of urbanization and
industrialization on the study area and its impact
on the pollution of the river. Ancillary data in
terms of administrative boundaries, Survey of
India (SOI) toposheets, Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) have also been used.
Date Satellite Sensor Spatial Resolution

Feb 2001 Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper sensor 30 m

Feb 2019 IRS Resource sat -2 LISS IV (MX) 5.8 m
DEM was used to extract the stream network of
the Kaveri River and it was compared with the
stream network obtained from the OSM (Open
Street Maps) and the India-WRIS (Water Resource
Information System) and the stream network
generated from the DEM was most
suitable and hence considered for this study.
Delineation of river course and mapping of major
cities/towns was done using the satellite datasets.
The nearby cities were also observed for the
industrial and urban development in the study
area. Cities/Towns/Villages above 10,000
population were only considered.
 ~ KAVERI RIVER

Kaveri is like a lifeline to two South Indian states-

Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, which runs to the Bay
of Bengal. It is the basic source of water for
utilisation for most purposes, including drinking,
electricity, and irrigation. People in South India
believe it to be Goddess for the farmers to serve
their crops throughout the year. Also, it falls in the
category of being holy rivers of India.

Top 10 Largest Rivers in India, you would also find

the details about Indian River Systems and major
rivers of India.

Kaveri River Details

Name of the
Kaveri River
River
Source of Talakaveri in Brahmagiri, in Kodagu

Origin district, Karnataka

Location Western Ghats of Karnataka

 Harangi River

 Arkavathi River

 Noyyal River

 Hemavati River
Tributaries
 Kabini River

 Lakshmana Tirtha

 Bhavani River

 Amaravathi River

Length 800 Kilometer

 Drinking-Water, Domestic Use,

Importance Irrigation, Sacred river as Goddess

Kaveriamma
Domestic water discharge, Nitrates in

Pollution sediment samples, sewage waste,

and agricultural runoff

About Kaveri River
Kiver Raveri is also famous with the name of River
Cauvery, which originates from the Western
Ghats in Karnataka in south India. The elevation of
the river is 1,341 meters above sea level and flows
for 800 kilometres. It flows from Karnataka,
Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. People worship it in the
name of Goddess Kaveriamma. In South India, it
falls as the third largest river after Krishna and
Godavari. It has many tributaries flowing along
with it.

The direction of the flow of water with Kaveri

river is southeast originating from Kodagu district
in Karnataka. Also, it flows through the
Chamarajanagar district, which gives rise to the
island Shivanasamudra. It is the basic source of
water for the people residing in Tamil Nadu and
Karnataka. Also, it is the source of hydroelectricity
for them. For centuries, this river serves for
irrigating crops. It is like lifeblood to the major
cities in the states.

Kaveri River History

Flowing for 800 kilometres before entering the
Bay of Bengal, River Kaveri has major historical
significance. This river has been a sign of
inspiration for major civilizations. The course of
River Kaveri is the birthplace for many forms of
art, philosophy, and culture. The journey through
the Western Ghats from its birth from Talakaveri
is believed to high historical and cultural
importance. It is an eastern flowing river that
forms a delta on the eastern coastline before it
falls into the Bay of Bengal.

The history of the Kaveri River is associated with

Sivasamudram Waterfalls and Hogennekkal
waterfalls. Also, it is famous for The Cauvery
Wildlife Sanctuary built by its side. The meaning
of the river Kaveri is Ponni. Kaveri has major
significance for its sacred importance as believed
by the people. People of Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu associate this river with Goddess
Kaveriamma. Thus it has major, major significance
in Hinduism.

Kaveri River Map

Kaveri River stretches for 800 kilometres before
flowing into the Bay of Bengal. The major part of
the river flows through two states of India-
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It flows for 320
Kilometers in Karnataka and 416 Kilometres in
Tamil Nadu. The river flow direction is from North
West to South East, built since the 2nd century
AD. It is a dense river that forms the delta before
joining the Bay of Bengal.

There are several tributaries formed by River

Kaveri, which further form small sub-tributaries.
Some of the known tributaries formed by river
Kaveri in the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
are:
  Arakavathy (area covered 4351 sq. km)
 Hemavathy (area covered 5410 sq. km)
 Harangi (area covered 717 sq. km)
 Kabini (area covered 7040 sq. km)
 Shimshal (area covered 8469 sq. km)
 Lakshmana Thirtha
 Suvarnavathy (area covered 1787 sq. km)
Kaveri River System
River Kaveri is the sacred river of South India,
which flows over 800 kilometres in the Peninsular
region of Western Ghats. It has a great association
with Hinduism as Hindus believe it to associate
with Goddess Kaveriamma. It falls in the category
of holy rivers in India. This river is the basic source
of everyday water usage in the two major states
of India. Kaveri is an astern flowing river that has a
catchment area of around 81,155 square
kilometres.

The major part of the river flows from Tamil Nadu,

around 420 kilometres, and the rest from
Karnataka and Kerala. Over the decades, this river
has provided livelihood to many people. The
largest temple is built at the place of its origin for
Goddess Kaveri.
Kaveri River Pollution
Untreated effluents have been the major cause of
polluting river water. Also, Kaveri has become one
of the victims of it. This untreated waste becomes
the reason for polluting water, which is the major
source for domestic use. There have been noticed
changes in the Kaveri River due to waste disposal
in it over the years.

Not only this, there is one more reason for the

cause of water pollution that is depleting forests
that resided on the banks of the river. Also,
people are disposing of their untreated sewage
waste in the river. In the last 20 years, there has
been a decline in 28 per cent of forest area on the
banks of the river Kaveri. One reason behind such
is an urban settlement. It is has deprived of the
water quality of the river. The untreated waste
from the paper mill of Madhya Pardesh is also one
reason for polluting Kaveri water.

Kaveri River Importance

Kaveri River has spiritual and historical
importance in India’s history. Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu believe it to be a sacred and holy river
associated with Goddess Kaveri. Also, a huge
temple is built on the river’s birthplace to pay
tribute to Goddess Kaveri. Without a doubt, this
river has provided livelihood to many people.
Also, it has been the basic source of drinking
water and for domestic use. This eastern flowing
river is the third largest South India river that
flows through the Western Ghats from North
West to South East.

There are several dams built over Kaveri, and thus

it is the basic source of hydroelectricity for the
two major states- Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The
importance and tales for this river remain
unlimited to discuss.

Short Essay on Kaveri River

Kaveri River is the basic source of water for two
major states of South India. It provides livelihood
to the farmers for irrigation and agriculture. Also,
the good number of dams built over the river
generates good hydro-power. The river covers
three states and a union territory and flows
towards the south-east, originating in the
Northwest direction.
The origin of the river is at Brahmagiri Hills in
Kodagu district of Karnataka. At the origin of the
river at Talakaveri, a huge temple is built in
association with Goddess Kaveri. Thus for Hindu
people, it is a holy and sacred river of South India.
Extending to 800 kilometres, this river drains into
the Bay of Bengal and forms a delta at its end.

This river forms two islands after it splits in

Karnataka- Shivanasamudra, and Srirangapatna.
The third island is formed in Tamil Nadu named
Srirangam. It is a dense river that spreads over the
area of 81,155 sq. km. Major tributaries formed
by river Kaveri includes Arakavathy, Hemavathy,
Harangi, Kabini, Shimshal, Lakshmana Thirtha, and
Suvarnavathy.

The major water source for Banglurur, the IT city,

is the Kaveri River, which stores water at
Torekandanahalli. The major dams built over the
Kaveri River include Upper Anicut in Tamil Nadu,
the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam (KRS) built-in Mandya,
and three other dams Amaravati Dam, Mettur
Dam, and Kalani Dam constructed in Tamil Nadu.

10 Lines On Kaveri River

 Kaveri River is the sacred river of South India
that originated from Karnataka and flowed
through Tamil Nadu.
 It is the basic water source for irrigation,
agriculture, domestic use, and electricity
generation in the two states.
 The river extends to 800 kilometres forming a
delta before it falls to the Bay of Bengal.
 It is the third-largest South Indian river that
gives birth to several tributaries, which further
form sub-tributaries.
 Kaveri forms islands of Srirangapatnam and
Sivanasamudra in Karnataka.
 It has the greatest importance in Indian history
for Hindu people. They associate it with
Goddess Kaveri.
 The catchment of the Kaveri River covers the
area of 81,155 sq. km.
 The head of the Kaveri river is TalaKaveri,
which is the birthplace of the river.
 About 28 percent of forest clearance is
observed near the Kaveri River banks for the
last 20 years.
  There are many stories associated with Kaveri.
However, the tale of Lopamudra is the major
one

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

~Classification and change

analysis.

The satellite images were digitally classified using

unsupervised method finally into four broad
classes and change analysis was carried out for
the years 2001 to 2019. The change study has
helped to identify how the urban growth has
impacted the pollution of river. With the help of
the results point and non-point sources of
pollution were identified and the impact of
change from 2001-19 on river pollution was also
identified. Obtaining the results helps to identify
the level of pollution across the river for the study
area and it helps to suggest appropriate and
suitable measures to prevent the pollution.
Area in [Link] %
Classes change
2001 2019 in area
Water 281 208 25.98
Urban 151 287 -90.07
Vegetation 1588 1639 -3.21
Barren/Sparse vegetation 2412 2298 4.73

Total 4432 4432 0

 Estimation of current
population.

The cities and towns considered for the study with

a minimum population of 10,000 . The cities
falling under the considered criteria for the study
are nine (Kollegal, Malavalli, Mandya,
Pandavapura, Srirangapatna, Krirshanrajanagara,
Mysore, Bannur and T. Narsipur. Mysore and
Mandya are the most populated cities amongst
these. The total population in 2001 was
11,33,368, as compared to 12,77,715 in 2011 and
estimated to be 14,18,070 in 2019. The total
population has increased since 2001 nearly 2.9
lakh has increased. All the cities have nominal
changes but Mysore has huge increase in
population (nearly 2 lakh).

~Comparison of water pollution

parameters and field survey
results.
A detailed comparison was made for water
pollution parameters from these datasets for
2001, 2011 and 2019. Based on the overall results,
it was inferred that over the years, river water in
this stretch has become highly contaminated.
Values of pollution parameters are compared for
years 2001, 2016 and 2019 in Tables 3. BOD
values ranged from 12 mg/l in Ranganathittu to
270 mg/l in Bannur (in 2019), suggesting that the
water has very high content of organic matter,
from untreated domestic sewage and agricultural
run-off from the surroundings.

Total Coliform was high in few locations, reaching

upto 5764 MPN/100 ml in Srirangapatna, while
Fecal Coliform ranged from 803 to 2153 (in 2001)
and 2219 to 6755 (in 2016). Srirangapatna
location also reported highest Fecal Coliform
(6755 against permissible limit of 2500 MPN/100
ml) as many religious rituals are performed on the
river banks and ashes are immersed into the river.
The monitoring stations/sampling locations were
mapped, and results of water quality analysis
were attributed in GIS environment to understand
the spatial distribution of pollutants along the
selected stretch..

Temperature D.O. (mg/l) pH

Station 2001 2016 2019 2001 2016 2019 2001 2016 2019
KRS Dam 27 26.23 N/A 7.9 6.80 5.5 8.3 8.16 8.42
Karekura 28 26.30 N/A 9 7.05 6.2 8.3 8.20 8.39
Srirangapatna 29 26.53 N/A 8 6.10 4.5 7.9 7.99 7.9
Sathyagala 29 27.33 N/A 9 6.84 6.5 8.2 7.89 8.55
Bannur N/A 26.35 N/A N/A 7.94 3.4 N/A 7.93 7.62
Ranganathittu N/A 25.73 N/A N/A 6.44 5.5 N/A 7.99 8.26
Mahadevapura N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.5 N/A N/A 6.55
T Narasipura N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4.5 N/A N/A 7.8
Dasanapura N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5.9 N/A N/A 8.45
B.O.D. (mg/l) Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml)
Station 2001 2016 2019 2001 (< 2500) 2016 (< 2500) 2019 (<1.8) 2001 2016 2019
KRS Dam 1 1.54 138 3175 1271.25 31 803 2219 N/A

Karekura 1 1.39 48 3109 1150.75 23 715 2310 N/A

Srirangapatna 1 2.63 84 2908 5764.25 0 2153 6755 N/A

Sathyagala 1 1.95 72 2358 1970.25 0 1625 2871 N/A

Bannur N/A 1.9 270 N/A 1574.25 0 N/A 3303 N/A

Ranganathittu N/A 2.04 12 N/A 3740.50 13 N/A 5222 N/A

Mahadevapura N/A N/A 780 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A N/A

T Narasipura N/A N/A 114 N/A N/A 11 N/A N/A N/A
Dasanapura N/A N/A 54 N/A N/A 2 N/A N/A N/A

~ Point and non-point

sources of pollution.
The point sources in the study are concentrated
on the stream network that carry waste water
from all around it and join the main river stream
artificial point sources are neglected because of
time constraints. The stream network carry
domestic sewages form cities around it and even
the waste disposed in it along the path. It was
observed that along these locations, either very
few Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) were located
or altogether absent, suggesting that untreated
waste water was directly let into the river. Among
the selected sites, no STPs were available at
Kollegal, Malavalli, PandavaPura and Bannur
locations, while 1 STP each was functional for
Srirangapatna, Krishnarajanagara and T. Narsipur
locations. Mandya and Mysore had 2 and 3 STPs,
respectively.
The non-point sources of pollution are may mainly
be considered the urban areas on the sides of
river banks within a distance of 1km . The wastes
from urban area within 1km are very likely to end

up into the river, these pollutants may be solid

wastes, biomedical wastes or chemicals wastes.
The waste are thrown into river which accumulate
and the waste that are thrown surrounding the
river banks end up into the river either due to
runoffs etc. The cultivation land or farm lands also
contribute to the contamination of the river; the
fertilizers used in the farms are the pesticides are
in the soil and the ground which end up in river
with the runoff of storm water. These fertilizers
and pesticides mainly impact on the chemical
parameters of the river like the heavy metal
contents, COD etc. The contamination of the river
through non-point sources is slow and in small
quantities and over a large area hence it is also
called ‘Diffused’ source of pollution.

5. CONCLUSIONS

The Kaveri River is the main source of water for

drinking and irrigation for both Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu states. Over the years, river water has
become highly polluted in several stretches. The
water in Kaveri has very high BOD and Coliform
(mainly Fecal Coliform). The main reason for the
high values of these parameters is the pollution
caused due to anthropogenic activities. At several
locations, the colour of the river has changed
drastically with a foul smell caused due to the
sewage disposal into the river. In some parts of
river, the water is unfit for irrigation also, as per
WHO guidelines. There are a few industries
situated surrounding the banks of the river mainly
textile and chemical industries that also
contribute to the pollution of the river which
leads to adverse health impacts in human beings.
Kaveri is a source of drinking for many people and
at several locations, where people still drink water
directly from the river untreated. Karekura
location is one such place, with a BOD of 48 and
Coliform content of 23. Drinking water should
have BOD less than 1; Coliform contains E-coli
bacteria, which are very harmful if consumed. The
temporal study has helped to understand that
B.O.D and Fecal Coliform in the river water have
increased drastically as compared to other
parameters in the past 19 years. The main reason
for this is the increase in the population, which in-
turn generates increased sewage, making its way
into the river in untreated form. Satellite data
gives us the synoptic view of the study area
facilitating in mapping the growth of cities/towns
and the river course; and in understanding the
pollution dimension along the selected stretch.

6. SUGGESTIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS.

Based on the findings of the study, suitable

remedial measures have been suggested to
prevent and reduce the river pollution. They
include:
i) Treatment of sewage before letting it into the
river.

ii) Setting up of small STPs to reduce the impact

of sewage on the water pollution even for
villages.
iii) Industries to have basic and initial treatment
for the waste generated by them before letting it
to the streams.
iv) Ozone Waste Water Treatment.
v) Small settlements to have septic tanks to store
the waste generated instead of letting it to the
nearby stream.
vi) Open defecation to be stopped.
vii) Proper landfill sites to be arranged that are
far from any water body, as it will help reduce
dumping of waste into rivers.
viii). Proper segregation of wastes to be done to
reduce the impact and possible uses of recyclable
materials.
ix) Implementation of waste-to-energy plant to
be considered as it combusts waste to produce
electricity.
x) Use of sewage treated water to recharge the
ground water table or for irrigation purpose to
reduce waste reaching the rivers.
xi) Reduction in the disposal of oil or grease to
storm drains as they affect the water quality
highly.
xii) Installation of rainwater harvesting in
households to reduce the use of municipal water
hence saving water thrown down the drain.
xiii) Minimize the use of fertilizers and pesticides
for farming.