UNIT 4.
PICTURE THIS
VERBS WITH -ING OR TO+INFINITIVE:
GERUNDS:
• We use gerunds after prepositions:
o After GOING to the gallery, we can have lunch
• As the subject of a sentence:
o PAINTING is a great activity
• After specific verbs:
admit advise avoid can’t help can’t imagine can’t stand complete consider discuss dislike don’t mind enjoy finish give
up imagine keep mention mind miss practise recommend report resist risk suggest
INFINITIVES:
• We use infinitives after an adjective or adverb + enough, or after too + adjective or adverb
o He’s driving too fast to see the road signs
o The room isn’t dark enough for me to go to sleep
• To explain the objective of an action=express purpose or reason of doing something
o Elizabethans used white paint TO LOOK pale
• We use infinitives after adjectives:
o It’s easy TO LEARN how to draw
• After specific verbs:
Afford agree appear arrange ask attempt beg choose dare decide demand deserve expect fail hesitate hope intend
learn manage mean need offer prepare pretend promise refuse reem threaten wait want wish would like
EXAMPLES:
o I ask you to bring the book o You promised you to buy you a ring
VOCABULARY PHOTOGRAPHY:
• Angle • Flash • Set up
• Close-up • Frame • Shoot
• Contrast • Highlight • Shot
• Depth • Impact • Subject
• Effective • Point at • Viewer
VOCABULARY PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES:
• At first • In / out of focus • In fact
• By chance • In a hurry • In general
• By far • In contrast • Out of the ordinary
VOCABULARY ADJE CTIVE SUFFIXES:
• Cheerful • Hopeless • Powerful
• Cultural • Impressive • Useless
• Dependent • Natural • Valuable
• Effective • Pleasant
• Enjoyable • Political
UNIT 5. CONDITIONALS
CONDITIONALS:
- Condition + result
- Flexible (we can swap conditions) (conditions+result/result+conditions) → If (condition sentence/ to separate condition
and result, we put a comma, and finally we put the result) (result/ if/ condition/ we don’t have to put comma if
we talk about the result first)
o If ........ condition , ........ result o Result ................ if ............... condition
- If → Positive - Unless → Negative - When
ZERO CONDITIONAL→ PRESENT SIMPLE + PRESENT SIMPLE :
- Things that are always true
o If I go to sleep late, I don’t feel good in the morning → Reality personal or experience
o If you put water at 100ºC, it boils → General reality
- Commands / orders
o If you see the assassin, run!
FIRST CONDITIONAL→ PRESENT SIMPLE + FUTURE SIMPLE (WILL/WON’T) :
- Things that are always true
o If I go to sleep late, I don’t feel good in the morning → Reality personal or experience
o If you put water at 100ºC, it boils → General reality
- Commands / orders
o If you see the assassin, run!
SECOND CONDITIONAL→ PAST SIMPLE + WOULD + INFINITIVE :
- Imaginary situations (hypothetical)
o I would take all the money if I found a wallet
o * ONLY SECOND CONDITONAL → Would = could
▪ If I were you, I would sleep
THIRD CONDITIONAL→ PAST PERFECT (HAD+THIRD COLUMN) + WOULD HAVE + THIRD COLUMN INFINITIVE :
- NEGATIVE → Past perfect + WOULDN’T HAVE + 3 COLUMN
- QUESTION → Would you have worked?
- Possible situation in the past that didn’t happen
o If he hadn’t broken the speed limit, the police wouldn’t have caught him
WHAT IF …?:
• To ask about an imaginary alternative
o What if … + past perfect (had + past participle)
▪ What if I had shared a room?
▪ What if I had gone to Barcelona?
IF ONLY/ I WISH:
• Regrets about the present
o If only / I wish + past simple
▪ If only / I wish I was good at football
▪ If only / I wish I had an umbrella
• Regrets about the past
o If only / I wish + past perfect ( had + past participle )
▪ If only / I wish we had bought the present before he did
▪ If only / I wish I hadn’t talked to him like that this morning
VOCABULARY SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT:
• Compass • Metal pot • Torch
• First-aid kit • Multitool • Waterproof bag
• Magnifying glass • Rope • Water purification tablets
• Matches • Tarpaulin • Whistle
VOCABULARY DISASTERS :
• Avalanche • Flooding • Nuclear explosion
• Cyber attack • Forest fire • Volcanic eruption
• Drought • Global warming
• Earthquake • Hurricane
VOCABULARY SURVIVAL SKILLS:
• Attitude • Protect • Task
• Heat • Source
UNIT 6. NEWS TRAVELS FAST
KINDS OF SPEECH:
• Direct speech → to reproduce exactly what people said (con comas)
o “I like apples” she said
• Indirect or reported speech → to tell another person what you or somebody else have said before (sin comas pq solo estamos
hablando)
o She said she likes apples
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SAY AND TELL :
• SAY something = General
o He said (that) we had to work
o He said us we had to work
o He said to us (that) we had to work (not common)
• TELL someone something = more specific
o He told me we had to work
STATEMENTS:
• We can find changes in:
o PRONOUNS o PLACE/TIME
o TENSES EXPRESSIONS
PRONOUNS Examples:
• Susany says: “My dad likes pizza· • Reported speech: Susan says that her dad likes pizza.
• “Tells us the joke!” Marc told me. • Reported speech: Marc told me to tell them the joke.
TENSES
- There are two situations here:
o If we use the reporting verb in the present, we don’t need to change verb tenses:
o “I like chocolate cake” → She said she likes chocolate cake
o If we use the reporting verb in the past, we need to change verb tenses:
o “I like chocolate cake” → She said she liked chocolate cake
PLACE/TIME EXPRESIONS
Examples:
• “I will check this now” She said. → she said she would chec that then
• “I saw Anne here yesterday” He told me → He told me he saw Anne there the day before.
QUESTIONS:
• They also have changes in pronouns, tenses, place/time expressions
• We don’t use auxiliaries do/does/did in reported speech questions
• There are two types:
o WH- word/how+subject+verb questions:
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Why are you here? He asked me why I was there
Where are you going? He asked me where I was going
Which movie do you recommend? He asked me which movie I recommended
When are you visiting Merida? He asked me when I was visiting Merida
o YES / NO questions:
▪ We use whether or if+subject+verb
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Do you live near here? He asked (me) if I lived near there
Are you buying a new car? He asked (me) whether I was buying a new car
Would you lend me some money? He asked (me) if I would lend him some money
Did you go to the concert last night? He asked (me) whether I had gone to the concert the night before
REQUESTS / COMMANDS :
• Imperative = order
• Reporting verb + pronoun + To-infinitive
o “Give me the money” → he told/ordered me to give him the money
o “Come in, please” → he told/asked me to come in
• Negative requests/commands:
o “Don’t run” → she told me not to run
REPORTING VERBS:
• SAY/TELL • ANNOUNCE (anunciar) • CONFIRM (confirmar/ say yes
• CLAIM (afirmar) • COMPLAIN (queixar-se) to something)
• BOAST (fardar)
VOCABULARY NEWS AND MEDIA:
• Breaking news • Journalist • Report
• Eyewitness • Live • Reporter
• Headline • News presenter • Source update
VOCABULARY COMPOUND NOUNS: MEDIA :
• Celebrity influencer • Fake news • Social media platform
• Clickbait • Media outlet • Visual medium
• Conspiracy theory • Newsfeed
• Current affairs • Paywall
VOCABULARY ADVERB AND ADJECTIVE COLLOCATIONS :
• Absolutely delighted • Highly unlikely • Ridiculously easy
• Completely different • Incredibly friendly • Extremely weird