ABSTRACT

Insecurity has been a major problem in our country. That is, during blackouts (at
night), criminals and goons tend to take this chance to vandalize people’s
property and even take lives of residents. In areas such as Baringo county
where goons terrorize people. This gadget will be very useful in catching up
with the goons who attack the locals at night. Security personnel can use this
gadget to conduct their operations at night in such areas. This will make their
work easier since they will be able to spot the goons but the goons cannot see
them.
This project is useful since they can store the recorded videos in the
smartphone. This can be used in future reference and as evidence. The gadget
works under the principle of photoelectric effect. It uses infrared LEDs which
provide light that is invisible to human eye. The human eye blocks infrared light
due to a filter known as infrared filter. The camera that has been used in this
gadget has an ability to gather and focus the available ambient light as well as
infrared light which is invisible to human eye. The light will be able to be seen
through the phones screen.
This technology is an amalgam of several different methods each having its own
advantages and disadvantages. Our project is designed to provide visibility low
light conditions by amplifying the available [Link] employs techniques such as
image enhancement to achieve this goal. Image enhancement amplifies tiny
amounts of light, including infrared light to create visible images.
The gadget uses a solar panel which works under the principle of photovoltaic
effect. The solar converts the A.C currents to D.C current through the help of
solar cell. The battery which is connected in parallel with the resistor connected
in series. When the switch is closed, the infrared LEDs are switched on and web
camera can gather and focus the infrared light. The light will then hit the image
intensifier tube’s photocathode converting the photons to electrons. The light
then passes through a microchannel plate significantly increasing the number of
electrons. The electrons then hit the phosphor screen converting them back to
visible light. This light the passes through eyepiece lens and now can be seen
by the user through the smartphone.
Infrared us an electromagnetic radiation with wavelength longer than that of a
visible light but shorter than microwaves and it is invisible to human eye.
Position in the electromagnetic spectrum
INFRARED-wavelength = 700nm-1mm
FREQUENCY(Hz)= 300GHz-430THz
PHOTON ENERGY(ev)= 1.7 ev-1.24mev.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Insecurity has been a rising challenge facing Kenya especially the north-eastern
part of Kenya. Baringo county has been experiencing challenges of insecurities
due to possession of guns and arms illegally. The criminals take this chance to
terrorize residents since they are located in remote areas where electricity
supply is scarce. Not only in Baringo county but also in other areas too. For
instance, in Rageng’ni area where our school is located, our two teachers were
attacked and their properties stolen at night time. We decided to come up with
a project that will help in curbing the problem of insecurity. Our project is
designed in a way that it can help security personnel to conduct their
operations at night since most part of the area lack electricity supply.
OBJECTIVE
 To design a night vision gadget that can help in curbing crime.
 To produce a night vision whose cost is lower.

BACKGROUND IFORMATION
Night-vision devices were introduced in the German Army as early as 1939 and
were used in World War II. AEG started developing its first devices in 1935. In
mid-1943, the German Army began testing infrared night-vision devices and
telescopic rangefinders mounted on Panther tanks. Two arrangements were
constructed. The Sperber FG 1250 ("Sparrow Hawk"), with a range of up to
600metres (2,000 ft), had a 30-centimetre (12 in) infrared searchlight and an
image converter operated by the tank commander.
From late 1944 to March 1945 the German military conducted successful tests
of FG 1250 sets mounted on Panther Ausf. G tanks (and other variants). During
the war, approximately 50 (or 63) Panthers were equipped with the FG 1250
and saw combat on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. The "Vampir" man-
portable system for infantry was used with StG 44 assault rifles.
Parallel development occurred in the US. The M1 and M3 infrared night-sighting
devices, also known as the "sniperscope" or "snooperscope", saw limited
service with the US Army in World War II and in the Korean War, to
assist snipers. These were active devices, using an infrared light source to
illuminate targets. Their image-intensifier tubes used an anode and an S-
1 photocathode, made primarily of silver, cesium, and oxygen, the image was
inverted electrostatically and electron acceleration produced gain.
In 1938 the British Admiralty assumed responsibility for British military infra-red
research. They worked with Philips until the fall of the Netherlands, then with
Philips' UK subsidiary Radio Transmission Equipment Ltd., and finally with EMI,
who in early 1941 provided compact, lightweight image converter tubes. By July
1942 the British had produced a binocular apparatus called 'Design E'. This was
bulky, needing an external power pack generating 7,000 volts, but saw limited
use with amphibious vehicles of 79th Armoured Division in the 1945 crossing of
the Rhine. Between May and June 1943, 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division trialled
man-portable night vision sets, and the British later experimented with
mounting the devices to Mark III and Mark II(S) Sten submachine guns.
However, by January 1945 the British had only made seven infra-red receiver
sets. Although some were sent to India and Australia for trials before the end of
1945, by the Korean War and Malayan Emergency the British were using night
vision equipment supplied by the United States.
REQUIREMENTS
1. A smart phone 7. A push button switch
2. A logi web camera 8. One red LED
3. 4 infrared LEDs 9. A 9v photovoltaic panel(12cm
4. V.R Cardboard model by 4cm)
5. A 5V batteries 10. A 1m copper wire
6. A USB On-The-Go 11. A 10Ω resistor

PROCEDURE

1. Mount the web camera on the V.R model.

Infrared LED
Head strap
Solar panel
smartphone
web camera
WORKING MECHANISM
THE CIRCUIT
The photovoltaic cells in the photovoltaic panel converts photons from sunlight
into electrons through photoelectric effect. The direct current from the
photovoltaic panel is then transmitted unidirectional to the battery in which it
charged the battery. When the switch is closed, currents flowing to the infrared
LEDs are controlled with the resistor. The current flowing to the infrared is 0.5A.
the circuit obeys Ohm’s law which states that current through a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference across it provided temperature
and other physical conditions are constant.

THE WEBCAMERA
The objective lens gathers and focuses available ambient light as well as
infrared light that is not visible to the naked eye. This light then hits the image
intensifier tube's photocathode, which converts the photons into electrons.
These electrons are multiplied through the micro-channel plate, significantly
increasing their number. The multiplied electrons strike the phosphor screen,
converting them back into visible light. This light is now much brighter than the
original ambient light. Finally, the intensified image is magnified by the
eyepiece lens and can be seen by the user.