CONTROL SYSTEM

ENEE 251

Lecture :3 Year : II
Tutorial : 1 Part : II
Practical : 3/2

Course Objectives:
This course aims to provide foundational knowledge in control system analysis and
design. It introduces essential concepts needed to understand and create control
systems. Students will learn to model and analyze control mechanisms. The course
emphasizes applying these principles to real-world physical processes.

1 Control System Background (2 hours)

1.1 History of control system and its importance
1.2 Control system: Definition, Characteristics and basic features, Components
and variables
1.3 Types of control system and their comparison

2 Component Modeling (6 hours)

2.1 Differential equation and transfer function, Characteristics equation,
concept of pole and zero
2.2 Modeling of mechanical system (linear and rotational)
2.3 Modeling of electrical components: Inductance, capacitance, resistance,
DC and AC motor, transducers and operational amplifiers, electric circuit
and transfer function
2.4 Mechanical to electrical analogy: Force-voltage and force- current
2.5 Linearized approximations of non-linear characteristics

3 System Transfer Function and Responses (10 hours)

3.1 Block diagram modelling and reduction techniques
3.2 Signal flow graphs and mason's gain formula
3.3 Time response analysis
3.3.1 Types of test signals: Impulse, step, ramp, parabolic
3.3.2 Time response analysis of first order system
3.3.3 Time response analysis of second order system (Step)
3.3.4 Time response specifications: Rise time, peak time, delay time,
settling time and maximum overshoot and steady state error
3.4 Static error coefficients and steady state error
3.5 P, Pl, PD, PIO controller and derivative feedback controller

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4 Stability (4 hours)

4.1 Introduction of stability and causes of instability

4.2 Characteristic equation, root location and stability
4.3 R.:.H stability criterion and application
4.4 Relative stability analysis from complex plane axis shifting

5 Root Locus Technique (6 hours)

5.1 Introduction of root locus
5.2 Relationship between root loci and time response of systems
5.3 Rules for manual calculation and construction of root locus
.5.4 Stability concept from Root Locus

6 Frequency Response Techniques (8 hours)

6.1 Frequency domain characterization of the system
6.2 Relationship between real and complex frequency response
6.3 Polar Plot
6.4 Stability analysis in Frequency Domain: Gain Margin, Phase Margin
6.5 Nyquist Plot and Criterion for stability analysis
6.6 Bode Plot: Significance of Bode Plot, Magnitude and Phase Plot
6. 7 Stability analysis from Bode plot

7 Performance Specifications and Compensation Design (6 hours)

7.1 Compensation technique and compensators
7.2 Application of root locus and frequency response on control system design
7.3 Lead compensator and lag compensator design from:
7.3.1 Root locus method
7.3.2 · Bode plot method
7.4 Concept of Lead-lag compensator

8 State Space Analysis (3 hours)

8.1 Definition of state-space, state variables and state vector
8.2 State space representation of electrical and mechanical system
8.3 State space from differential equations
8.4 Conversion from transfer function to state space
8.5 Conversion from state space to a transfer function
8.6 State-transition matrix

Tutorial (15 hours)

1. Modeling exercises of Mechanical/Electrical System and analogy
2. Block diagram model development and reduction, SFG exercise
3.

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state error and PIO
RH criterion and relative stability numerical, root locu;
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 5. Polar and Nyquist Plot, Bode plotting and stability analysis in frequency
domain
6. Compensator design exercises from Root locus and Bode Plot approach for
Lead and Lag Compensator
7. State space model development exercises from differential equation,
transfer function model and vice versa and Stability check

Practical (22.5 hours)

1. To study open loop and closed mode for DC motor and familiarization with
different components in DC motor control module.
2. To determine gain and transfer function of different control system
components
3. To study effects of feedback on gain and time constant for closed loop
speed control system and position control system
4. To determine frequency response of first order and second order system
and to get transfer function
5. Simulation of closed loop speed control system and position control system
and verification

Final Exam
The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be
as indicated in the table below:
Chapter - Hours Marks distribution*
1 - 2 4
2 6 8
3 10 12
4 4 4
5· 6 8
6 8 12
7 6 8
8 3 4
Total 45 60
* There may be minor deviation in marks distribution.

References
1. Ogata, K. (2009). Modern Control Engineering. (5th edition). Pearson
2. Gopal, M. (2009). Control Systems: Principles and Design. (4th edition).
Tata McGraw-Hill.
3. Kuo, B. C. (2015). Automatic Control System (9th ed.). Willey India.
4. Nagrath, I. J., & Gopal, M. (2021) Modern Control Engineering. (7th edition)
New Age International. 'G-..-.. . ,~~,
5. Hassan, S. (2013). Automatic Control System. (Reprint 2013). Arihant · ,. · '
 ELECTRIC MACHINE II
ENEE 253

Lecture :3 Year : II
Tutorial : 1 Part: II
Practical : 3/2

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to provide knowledge on constructional details, operating
principle, performance characteristics of 3-phase synchronous generators, 3-phase
synchronous motors and single-phase AC motors. It also covers general understanding
of the dqO model of synchronous machines; and insights of reluctance motors,
permanent magnet motors and special purpose motors.

1 Three Phase Synchronous Machines (3 hours)

1.1 Basic concept of synchronous machines as generator and motor
1.2 Comparison with de generator and de motor
1.3 Constructional details: Armature core and windings, types of rotor, exciter
1.4 Advantages of stationary armature over rotating armature in DC machine

2 Three Phase Synchronous Generator (16 hours)

2.1 Working principle, necessity of constant speed operation, speed governor
2.2 EMF equation, distribution factor, pitch factor
2.3 Operation at no-load and Load conditions
2.4 Armature reaction and its affects with resistive load, inductive load and
capacitive load, phaser diagrams
2.5 Concept of synchronous reactance and impedance
2.6 Voltage regulation, synchronous impedance, ampere-turn and zero power
factor method
2. 7 Parallel operation of two synchronous generators and load sharing with
speed-droop characteristics
2.8 Transient condition, Transient and sub transient reactance
2.9 Synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus
2.10 Limits of active and reactive power generation-capability curve
2.11 Losses and efficiency
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 Three Phase Synchronous Motor (10 hours)

3.1 Operating principle, synchronous speed operation and torque production

3.2 Starting methods
3.3 No-load and load operation: Power angle (o), phaser diagram
3.4 Effect of excitation on power factor of motor, V and inverted V curves
3.5 Power-angle characteristic of cylindrical rotor machine
3.6 Power-angle characteristic of salient pole rotor machine, two reaction
model
3.7 Hunting in synchronous motor
3.8 Losses and efficiency
3.9 Synchronous condenser

4 DQ model of synchronous machines (4 hours)

4.1 Circuit equations of synchronous machines
4.2 Concept of d-axis and q-axis in synchronous machine and need of dqO
model of synchronous machine
4.3 Park's transformation, abc-dqO
4.4 DOD model of salient pole synchronous machine: Transformed circuit
equations
4.5 Power equation in dqO model, power invariance in abc and dqO reference
frame

5 Single Phase AC Motor and Special Purpose Motors (12 hours)

5.1 Single phase induction motors, construction, operating principle and double
revolving field theory
5.2 Self-starting split phase induction motors
5.2.1 ·Capacitor start motor, its operating principle and characteristic curve
5.2.2 Capacitor start and run motor, its operating principle and
characteristic curve
5.2.3 Shaded pole motor, its operating principle and characteristic curve
5.3 Single phase synchronous motors (Reluctance and hysteresis motors)
5.4 Switched reluctance motor: Construction, operating principle and torque
speed characteristic
5.5 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM): Principle of operation,
construction (Surface-mounted PMSM, lnterior-PMSM), EMF and torque
equation, torque-speed characteristics, features and application of PMSMs
5.6 Brushless DC Motor: Constructional feature of brush less DC (BLOC)
motors, Comparison of brushless DC motor relative to induction motor
drives, principle of operation of brushless de motor, classification of BLPM
DC motor, EMF and torque equation, torque-speed characteristics, features
and applications of BLOC motors •

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Tutorial (15 Hours)

1. Exercises on synchronous machine concepts, construction, and advantages
of stationary armature over rotating armature.
2. Problems on Three-Phase Synchronous Generator
3. Problems on Three-Phase Synchronous Motor
4. Practice on DQO model, Park's transformation, equivalent circuits, and power
equations in DQO frame.
5. Problems on single-phase induction motors, self-starting methods

Practical (22.5 hours)

1. To study no-load characteristic of 3-phase synchronous generator
2. To study Load characteristic of 3-phase synchronous generator with resistive,
inductive and capacitive loads.
3. To study effect of excitation on performance of three phase synchronous
motor and to plot V-curve
4. To study the characteristics of single-phase split phase motor and capacitor
start and run motor and compare their characteristics
5. Study of the T-S characteristics of PMSM

Final Exam
The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be
as indicated in the table below:
Chapter Hour Marks Distribution *
1 3 6
2 16 20
3 10 12
4 4 6
5 12 16
Total 45 ~ 60
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* There may be minor deviation in marks distribution.

References
1. Nagrath, I. J., Kothari, D. P. (2017). Electrical Machines. Tata McGraw-Hill.
2. Gupta, J. B. (2009). Theory and Performance of Electrical Machines. S.K.
Kataria and Sons.
3. Fitzgerald, A. E., Kingsley, C. Jr., Umas, S. D. (2000). Electric Machine~
Tata McGraw-Hill. ~[Link]:~\\---
4. M~han, N. (2012). Electric M~chine an? Drives. Wiley. . ~-· ~.,_.i':, ·\}/7
5. Bhirnbra, P. S. (2021). Electncal Machmes. Khanna P bl hers.~ . ·.: . :·?~~{l\
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MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS
ENEX 251

Lecture :3 Year : II
Tutorial : 1 Part : II
Practical : 3

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to provide knowledge of microprocessors and
microcontrollers to be able to develop assembly and C level programming and to
develop a microprocessor/microcontroller-based system.

1 Introduction (5 hours)
1.1 Introduction and history of microprocessor
1.2 Microprocessor based system
1.3 Bus organization of a microprocessor
1.4 Stored program concept (SPC) and Von Neumann architecture, Harvard
architecture
1.5 Control Unit: definition, types, block diagram and comparison

2 The 8085 Microprocessor (10 hours)

2.1 Features of 8085
2.2 Pin description and internal architecture
2.3 Instruction and data formats
2.4 Addressing modes and instruction set
2.5 Assembly programming examples
2.5.1 Basic data transfer operations
2.5.2 Basic arithmetic and logical operations
2.5.3 Conditions and loops
2.5.4 Array and table processing
2.5.5 8-bit and 16-bit multiplication and division operations
2.5.6 Data conversion: bed to binary, binary to bed
2.6 Interrupts: interrupt pins, interrupt priorities, types of interrupts, interrupt
instruction, processing sequence of interrupt

3 The 8086 Microprocessor (10 hours)

3.1 Features of 8086
3.2 Internal architecture and pipelining
3.3 Addressing modes and instruction set
 3.4 Assembly language syntax: comments, identifiers, reserve words,
operators, statement, directives
3.5 Assembling, linking and execution
3.6 DOS function I keyboard & video services: int 1 Oh, int 21 h
3. 7 Assembly programming examples
3.7.1 Simple programming for data transfer, arithmetic and logical
operations
3.7.2 Conditions and loops
3.7.3 Array and string processing
3. 7.4 8-bit and 16-bit multiplication and division operations
3.7.5 Use if input and output devices
3.7.6 Data conversion: bed to binary, binary to bed, etc
3.8 Interrupt: interrupt pins, priorities, instructions, types, ivt & its organization

4 Microprocessor System (10 hours)

4.1 Memory: classification, hierarchy
4.2 Address decoding and mapping i/o: definition, types
4.3 Address decoding for 1/0 ports (NANO Gate and Decoder) and memory
(RAM. ROM) (NANO Gate and Decoder) for 8085
4.4 Interfacing: definition, needs, types, comparison
4.5 Serial Interface: synchronous & asynchronous transmission, RS 232
4.6 Parallel Interface: simple, strobe, single and double handshaking
4.7 PPI Device 8255: block diagram, modes of operations and control words
generations
4.8 OMA and OMA controller
4.9 Bus timing diagram and rtl (register transfer language) for various
instructions in 8085

5 The 8051 Microcontroller (10 hours)

5.1 Microcontroller survey: 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers
5.2 Introduction to 8051 microcontroller and its family
5.3 Pin description, internal architecture and programming model
5.4 Internal memory organization and SFR (Special Function Registers)
5.5 The timer control (TMOD) and special function registers
5.6 The timer mode control (TCON) and special function registers
5. 7 Timer modes of operations (Mode 1, Mode 2, Mode 3)
5.8 Addressing modes and instruction set
5.9 Programming examples in assembly and c
5.9.1 Basic data transfer, arithmetic and logic operations
5.9.2 Multiplication and division
5.9.3 Conditions and loops
5.9.4 Array processing and look up table
5.9.5 Use of timers for delay and pulse generations lr
5.9.6 Interfacing with seven segment display and liquid crystal display.'

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Tutorial (15 hours)
1. Assembly programming examples in 8085 for different group of instructions
2. Assembly programming examples in 8086 for different group of instructions
3. Examples covering address decoding for input port, output port and
memory
4. Assembly and C programming examples in 8051 for different group of
instructions

Practical (45 hours)

1. Familiarization with data transfer instructions in 8085
2. Familiarization with arithmetic instructions in 8085
3. Familiarization with logical instructions in 8085
4. Familiarization with branching and stack operations in 8085
5. Familiarization with miscellaneous problems in 8085
6. Familiarization with assembly language programming in 8086
7. Familiarization with dos service int 21 h in assembly language programming
in 8086
8. Familiarization with bias service int 1 Oh in assembly language programming
in 8086
9. Solving miscellaneous problems with assembly language programming in
8086
10. Familiarization with data transfer, arithmetic and logical instruction in 8051
11. Familiarization with branching and bit manipulation operations in 8051
12. · Familiarization with timers for delay and wave pulse generation in 8051

Final Exam
The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be
as indicated in the table below:
Chapter Hour Marks Distribution*
1 5 4
2 10 12
3 - 10 1~2
4 10 12
5 10 12
2,3 and 5 - 8
Total 45 60
* There may be minor deviation m marks distribution.

References
1. Gaonkar, R. (2002). Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and
Applications with the 8085. United States: Pearson Prentice Hall.
2.
 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS II
ENEE 252

Lecture :3 Year : II
Tutorial : 1 Part : II
Practical : 3/2

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to provide foundational knowledge of interconnected
power systems, focusing on the mathematical modeling of electrical networks. It aims
to' equip students with the ability to analyze load flow, symmetrical and unsymmetrical
faults, and perform stability analysis of power systems.

1 Interconnected Power System (4 hours)

1.1 Overview of interconnected power system
1.2 Types: Isolated Vs. interconnected, need and importance
1.3 Real power-frequency (P-f), Reactive power-voltage (Q-V) problem and
basic control mechanisms
1.4 Grid: Local, regional, national and international grid

2 Mathematical Model of Electrical Network (4 hours)

2.1 Basic concepts: Node equation and loop equation
2.2 Equivalent circuit of transformer and phase shift transformer
2.3 Admittance matrix: Formulation and modification
2.4 Applications of bus admittance matrixes in network analysis
2.5 Basic concept of bus impedance matrixes

3 Load Flow Analysis (9 hours)

3.1 Load flow problem, bus classification
3.2 Development of load flow equations
3.3 An approximate load flow solution
3.4 Iterative approaches for solving power flow equations
3.4.1 Gauss-Seidal method
3.4.2 Newton- Raphson method
3.4.3 Fast decoupled load flow method
3.5 Power flow studies in system design and operation

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 Symmetrical Fault Analysis (6 hours)
4.1 Definition and purpose of fault calculation
4.2 Types of faults in power system, symmetrical fault calculation
4.3 Short circuit computations of a synchronous machine (On no load and load)
4.4 Effect of short circuits

5 Symmetrical Components and Sequence Networks (6 hours)

5.1 Basic concepts
5.2 Symmetrical components transformation
5.3 Sequence components of the voltages, currents, impedance and power
invariance
5·.4 Phase shift in star-delta transformer
5.5 Sequence impedances and networks of transformers
5.6 Sequence impedances and networks of transmission lines
5.7 Sequence impedances and networks of synchronous machine

6 Unsymmetrical Faults Analysis (7 hours)

6.1 Symmetrical components analysis of unsymmetrical faults
6.2 Single line to ground fault
6.3 Line to line faults
6.4 Double line to ground faults
6.5 Open conductor faults
6.5.1 Two conductors open
6.5.2 One conductor open

7 Power System Stability (9 hours)

7.1 Concepts, classification
7.2 Dynamics of a synchronous machine
7.3 Swing equation
7.4 Power angle equation
7.5 Steady state stability, synchronizing power coefficients
7.6 Transient stability, equal area-criterion
7.7 Numerical solution of swing equation
7.8 Stability enhancement techniques

Tutorial (15 hours)

1. Problems on node and loop equations, impedance matrix, admittance
matrix formulation including transformer in a network
2. Problems on development of load flow equations, bus classification, and
iterative methods (Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, Fast Decoupled)
3. Problems on symmetrical faults in power system network (no load a _
loaded synchronous machine) and symmetrical c mponents of :. ,· " .-
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impedance
4. Problems on unsymmetrical fault analysis
5. Problems on the swing equation, steady-state/transient stability, and equal
area criterion

Practical (22.5 hours)

1. Introduction to simulation of short, medium, and long transmission lines
2. Formation of Ybus matrix and Zbus matrix
3. Load flow analysis by Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, and fast decoupled
method (any one method)
4. Symmetrical fault analysis
5. Unsymmetrical fault analysis (L-G fault only)

Final Exam
The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be
as indicated in the table below:
Chapter Hour Marks Distribution *
1 and 2 8 10
3 9 12
4 6 8
5 6 10
6 - ,- 7 10
7 . 9 10
Total 45 60
* There may be minor deviation in marks distribution.

References
1. John J., Grainger, William, D., Stevenson, Jr. (1994). Power System
Analysis. McGraw-Hill.
2. D.P Kothari, I.J Nagrath, (2011 ). Modern Power System Analysis. Tata
McGraw Hill Education Private Limited.
3. Kundur, P. (2006). Power System Stability and Control. McGraw Hill, Inc.
4. Wadhwa,C.L. (2018). Electrical Power Systems. New Academic Science
Limited.
5. Stagg, G. W., EI-Abiad, A. H. (1968). Computer Methods in Power System
Analysis. Colombia: McGraw-Hill.
6. Hadi, S. (2002). Power System Analysis. McGraw Hill.
 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
ENSH 203

Lecture :3 Year : II
Tutorial :1 Part : II
Practical :0

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to equip students with foundational knowledge in
probability and statistics, focusing on core concepts essential for engineering
applications. Students will develop essential skills in statistical data analysis, enabling
them to apply various statistical techniques to address real-world engineering
challenges. Additionally, the course emphasizes the interpretation and effective
communication of statistical results, preparing students to make informed, data-driven
decisions in their professional practice.

1 Descriptive Statistics and Basic Probability (6 hours)

1.1 Introduction to statistics and its importance in engineering
1.2 Measure of central tendency and measure of variation
1.3 Graphical representation of data: Histograms, box plots and scatter plots
1.4 Basic probability concepts, additive law, multiplicative law
1.5 Conditional probability and Bayes’ theorem

2 Probability Distributions and Sampling Distribution (14 hours)

2.1 Random variables: Discrete and continuous
2.2 Expectation and variance of discrete and continuous random variables
2.3 Discrete probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson, negative Binomial
2.4 Continuous probability distributions: Normal, Gamma, Chi-Square
2.5 Population and sample
2.6 Sampling distribution of mean and proportion
2.7 Central limit theorem

3 Statistical Inference (14 hours)

3.1 Point estimations and properties of estimators
3.2 Confidence intervals for mean and proportions
3.3 Hypothesis testing, parametric and non-parametric tests, procedure of
hypothesis
3.4 Hypothesis testing of mean (Single mean, two means, paired t-test and
one-way)
3.5 Goodness of fit tests and independence of attributes (Chi-square and
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test)
4 Correlation and Regression (6 hours)
4.1 Correlation analysis and test of linear correlation
4.2 Simple regression analysis, the concept of explained, unexplained, and
total
4.3 Multiple regression analysis

5 Statistical Quality Control (5 hours)

5.1 Quality control and its importance in engineering
5.2 Control charts for variables (X-bar, R-chart, P-chat)
5.3 Six sigma concepts

Tutorial (15 hours)

1. Visualize data, compute central tendency, and variance in engineering proble
ms using computer software
2. Solve different engineering problems involving probability
3. Solve different engineering problems involving discrete probability distribution
and its interpretation
4. Solve different engineering problems involving continuous probability distributi
on and its interpretation
5. Analyze numerical engineering datasets, perform normality tests, confidence i
ntervals, significance tests of means, and ANOVA
6. Analyze categorical engineering datasets, perform crosstabulation, proportion
tests, Chi-Square tests, and draw conclusions using computer software
7. Calculate the correlation coefficient and perform correlation tests on engineeri
ng data
8. Fit and interpret simple/multiple regression models on engineering data using
computer software
9. Use control charts for process monitoring on sample engineering data.
10. Create control charts using computer software

Final Exam
The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be
as indicated in the table below:
Chapter Hours Marks distribution*
1 6 10
2 14 15
3 14 20
4 6 10
5 5 5
Total 45 60
* There may be minor deviation in marks distribution.
References
1. Ronald, E.W., Raymond, H.M., Sharon, L.M. (2012). Probability & Statistics
for Engineers & Scientists (9th edition). Boston USA: Prentice Hall.
2. Richard A.J. (2018). Probability and Statistics for Engineers (9th edition).
Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Education Limited
3. Sheldon M.R. (2009). Introduction to Probability and Statistics for Engineers
and Scientists (4th edition). London: Elsevier Inc.
4. Jay L.D. (2012). Probability and Statistics for Engineering and Sciences.
Boston: Thomson Brooks/Cole
5. Brian S.E., Ibrsten H. (2010). A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using R
(2nd edition). London: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup
6. Andy F. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th
edition). London: SAGE Publications.
 NUMERICAL METHODS
ENSH 202

Lecture :3 Year : II
Tutorial :1 Part : I
Practical :3

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to equip students with a thorough understanding of
numerical methods, focusing on their application in obtaining approximate solutions to
complex mathematical problems commonly encountered in science and engineering.
Emphasizing algorithm development, programming, and visualization techniques, the
course enables students to apply computational approaches effectively, enhancing their
problem-solving capabilities in real-world applications.

1 Solution of Non-Linear Equations (7 hours)

1.1 Errors and accuracy in numerical computations
1.2 Bisection method
1.3 Regula Falsi method and secant method
1.4 Newton Raphson method
1.5 Fixed point iteration method
1.6 Comparison of the methods (Bracketing vs open-ended methods and rates
of convergence)
1.7 Solution of system of non-linear equations
1.7.1 Direct approach
1.7.2 Newton Raphson method

2 Solution of System of Linear Algebraic Equations (8 hours)

2.1 Direct methods
2.1.1 Gauss Jordan method
2.1.2 Gauss elimination method, pivoting strategies (Partial and complete)
2.1.3 Matrix inverse using Gauss Jordan and Gauss elimination methods
2.1.4 Factorization methods (Do-Little’s method and Crout’s method)
2.2 Iterative methods
2.2.1 Jacobi’s method
2.2.2 Gauss-Seidal method
2.3 Determination of largest and smallest Eigen values and corresponding
vectors using the power method
3 Interpolation (9 hours)
3.1 Polynomial Interpolation
3.1.1 Finite differences (Forward, backward, central and divided
differences)
3.1.2 Interpolation with equally spaced intervals: Newton’s forward and
backward difference interpolation, Stirling’s and Bessel’s central
difference interpolation
3.1.3 Interpolation with unequally spaced intervals: Newton’s divided
difference interpolation, Lagrange interpolation
3.2 Least square method of curve fitting
3.2.1 Linear form and forms reducible to linear form
3.2.2 Quadratic form and forms reducible to quadratic form
3.2.3 Higher degree polynomials
3.3 Cubic spline interpolation
3.3.1 Equally spaced interval
3.3.2 Unequally spaced interval

4 Numerical Differentiation and Integration (6 hours)

4.1 Numerical differentiation
4.1.1 Differentiation using polynomial interpolation formulae for equally
spaced intervals
4.1.2 Local maxima and minima from equally spaced data
4.2 Numerical integration
4.2.1 Newton Cote’s general quadrature formula
4.2.2 Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s 1/3 and 3/8 rules, Boole’s rule,
Weddle’s rule
4.2.3 Romberg integration
4.2.4 Gauss-Legendre integration (up to 3-point formula)

5 Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) (8 hours)

5.1 Initial value problems
5.1.1 Solution of first order equations: Taylor’s series method, Euler’s
method, Runge-Kutta methods (Second and fourth order)
5.1.2 Solution of system of first order ODEs via Runge-Kutta methods
5.1.3 Solution of second order ODEs via Runge-Kutta methods
5.2 Two-point boundary value problems
5.2.1 Shooting method
5.2.2 Finite difference method
6 Solution of Partial Differential Equations (7 hours)
6.1 Introduction and classification
6.2 Finite difference approximations of partial derivatives
6.3 Solution of elliptic equations
6.3.1 Laplace equation
6.3.2 Poisson’s equation
6.4 Solution of parabolic and hyperbolic equations
6.4.1 One-dimensional heat equation: Bendre-Schmidt method,
Crank-Nicolson method
6.4.2 Solution of wave equation

Tutorial (15 hours)

1. Solution of non-linear equations
2. Solution of system of linear algebraic equations
3. Polynomial interpolation
4. Least square method of curve fitting
5. Cubic spline interpolation
6. Numerical differentiation
7. Numerical Integration
8. Solution of ordinary differential equations (Initial value problems)
9. Solution of ordinary differential equations (Boundary value problems)
10. Solution of partial differential equations

Practical (45 hours)

Programming language to be used: Python
Results to be visualized graphically wherever possible
Practical report contents: Working principle, Pseudocode, Source code, Test Cases

1. Basics of programming in Python:

Basic input/output
Basic data types and data structures
Control flow
Functions and modules
Basic numerical and scientific computation
Graphical visualization
2. Solution of Non-linear equations:
Bisection method
Secant method
Newton-Raphson
System of non-linear equations using Newton-Raphson method
3. System of linear algebraic equations:
Gauss Jordan Method
Gauss elimination method with partial pivoting
Gauss-Seidal method
Power method
 4. Interpolation
Newton’s forward difference interpolation
Lagrange interpolation
Least square method for linear, exponential and polynomial curve fitting
Cubic spline interpolation
5. Numerical Integration
Trapezoidal rule
Simpson’s 1/3 rule or Simpson’s 3/8 rule
Boole’s Rule or Weddle’s Rule
Gauss-Legendre integration
6. Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations:
Runge-Kutta fourth order method for first order ODE
Runge-Kutta fourth order method for system of ODEs / 2nd order ODE
Solution of two-point boundary value problem using Shooting method
Solution of two-point boundary value problem using finite difference
method
7. Solution of partial differential equations using finite difference approach:
Laplace equation using Gauss-Seidal iteration
Poisson’s equation using Gauss-Seidal iteration
One-dimensional heat equation using Bendre-Schmidt method
One-dimensional heat equation using Crank-Nicholson method

Final Exam
The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be
as indicated in the table below:
Chapter Hours Marks distribution*
1 7 10
2 8 10
3 9 10
4 6 10
5 8 10
6 7 10
Total 45 60
* There may be minor deviation in marks distribution.
References
1. Chapra, S. C., Canale, R. P. (2010). Numerical Methods for Engineers (6th
edition). McGraw-Hill.
2. Kiusalaas, J. (2013). Numerical Methods in Engineering with Python 3 (3rd
edition). Cambridge University Press.
3. Grewal, B. S. (2017). Numerical Methods in Engineering & Science (11th edition).
India: Khanna Publishers.
4. Yakowitz, S., Szidarovszky, F. (1986). An Introduction to Numerical Computations
(2nd edition). Macmillan Publishing.
5. Kong, Q., Siauw T., Bayen A. (2020). Python Programming and Numerical
Methods. Academic Press.
 COMMUNICATION ENGLISH
ENSH 204

Lecture :3 Year : II
Tutorial :0 Part : I
Practical :1

Course Objectives:
The general objective of this course is to focus on English as a communication tool.
Specifically, it emphasizes using English for professional communication for
engineering works. It aims to increase English language ability to use appropriate
research formats and methodology, develop concept papers, prepare research
proposals and abstracts, set research questions, write a literature review, determine a
research gap, link ideas, write technical proposals, prepare formal and informal reports
and engage in project works, seminars/conferences.

1 Technical Communication (2 hours)

1.1 Definition, nature and scope of technical communication
1.2 Professional ethics in communication (Ethical issues, plagiarism and
copyright concerns, honesty, transparency and clarity)

2 Writing Skills (8 hours)

2.1 Principles of effective technical writing (Clarity, conciseness and
coherence)
2.2 Grammar (Pronoun and its antecedent, subject-verb agreement, non-finite
verbs), sentence construction (Simple, compound, complex, and mixed
sentences), error analysis and punctuation
2.3 Bias-free language guideline, reducing bias

3 Technical Writing (15 hours)

3.1 Technical proposals (Purpose, types, structure, key considerations and
examples)
3.2 Research proposals and reports (Title page, table of contents, summary
and abstract)
3.3 Technical reports (Progress, feasibility and case study)
3.4 Manuscript for journal (Structure, key considerations and examples)
3.5 Citation and referencing (In-text citation, direct quote citations, indent
citation, indirect citation, citing from books and journals, citing multiple
authors in a single text, citing multiple texts from the same author, using
numerical, pagination, preparing a reference page
4 Business Correspondence (10 hours)
4.1 Writing formal letters (Applications, inquiries, complaints and orders)
4.2 E-mails (Structure, etiquette, and tone)
4.3 Notice, minutes and memos
4.4 Resume and cover letter
4.5 Press release/communique
4.6 Calling tender and responding to it

5 Listening and Oral Communication (4 hours)

5.1 Active listening (Barriers and strategies)
5.2 Effective speaking skills (Clarity, tone and pace)
5.3 Oral presentation skills (Structuring a presentation and handling questions)
5.4 Group discussions (Strategies and active participation)
5.5 Public speaking and speech delivery techniques

6 Use of Visual Aids in Communication (6 hours)

6.1 Tables
6.2 Graphs
6.3 Charts
6.4 Diagrams

Practical (15 hours)

1. Listening skill test
2. Visual skill test
3. Reading skill test
4. Oral communication test
5. Presentation skill test
6. Research proposals and project proposals
7. Team-based technical writing and presentations
8. Presentation on the prescribed texts
8.1 “Which is More Important When Designing a Building: Beauty or
Function?” from Unlock: Reading and Writing Skills by Chris Sowton
8.2 On Being Modern-minded (Bertrand Russell)
8.3 A Fable of Tomorrow” from The Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
8.4 Religion and Science (From The World as I See It- Albert Einstein)
8.5 “The Tamarisk Hunter” from Metatropolis by Paolo Bacigalupi
8.6 Artificial Intelligence from The Art of Doing Science and Engineering by
Richard W. Hamming
8.7 Guglielmo Marconi and the History of Radio. Part II (Gerald A. Isted)
8.8 Human-Centered Design (From The Design of Everyday Things- Don
Norman)
8.9 “The Paper Managerie” from The Paper Managerie and Other Stories by
Ken Liu
 8.10 “The Algorithm Will Save Us” from The New Voices of Fantasy by Sam J.
Miller
8.11 “The Phantom Heart” by Laurence Yep
8.12 “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker

Final Exam
The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be
as indicated in the table below:
Chapter Hours Marks distribution*
1 2 5
2 8 10
3 15 20
4 10 10
5 4 10
6 6 5
Total 45 60
* There may be minor deviation in marks distribution.

References
1. Markel, M. and Selber, S. A. (2018). Technical communication (12th edition).
Bedford/St. Martin's.
2. Ingre, D. (2017). Engineering communication: A practical guide to workplace
communications for engineers (2nd edition). Cengage Learning.
3. Weisman, H. M. (2000). Technical communication for engineers: A handbook
for engineers, scientists, and technicians. Prentice Hall.
4. Stevenson, S. and Whitmore, S. (2002). Strategies for engineering
communication. John Wiley & Sons.
5. Rothwell, E. J., Cloud, M. J. (2017). Engineering writing by design: Creating
formal documents of lasting value. CRC Press.
6. Blake, G., Bly, R. W. (1993). The elements of technical writing. Macmillan.
7. Beer, D., Mc Murrey, D. (2013). A guide to writing as an engineer (4th
edition). John Wiley and Sons.
8. Farhathullah, T. M. (2002). Communication skills for technical students. Orient
Longman.
9. Lebrun, J. L. (2007). Scientific writing: A reader and writer’s guide. World
Scientific Publishing.
10. Ligawa. H. (2021). Communication skills notes. Siaya Institute of Technology.
11. Katz, M. J. (2009). From research to manuscript: A guide to scientific writing
(2nd edition). Springer.
12. Swales, J. M., Feak, C. B. (2012). Academic writing for graduate students:
Essential tasks and skills (3rd edition). University of Michigan Press.
13. Hofmann, A. H. (2014). Scientific writing and communication: Papers,
proposals, and presentations (2nd edition). Oxford University Press.