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Science Notes

The document provides an overview of the properties and classifications of metals and non-metals, detailing their physical and chemical characteristics. It includes information on reactivity, the reactivity series, ionic compounds, extraction methods, corrosion, and practical uses of both categories of elements. Key examples and reactions are highlighted to illustrate the differences and applications of metals and non-metals.

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5 views4 pages

Science Notes

The document provides an overview of the properties and classifications of metals and non-metals, detailing their physical and chemical characteristics. It includes information on reactivity, the reactivity series, ionic compounds, extraction methods, corrosion, and practical uses of both categories of elements. Key examples and reactions are highlighted to illustrate the differences and applications of metals and non-metals.

Uploaded by

markbladzen
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Tab 4

Science Notes
📌 1. Definitions

👉 Metals:
Elements that are generally lustrous, good conductors of heat & electricity, malleable & ductile.
Examples: Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Aluminium (Al).

👉 Non-metals:
Elements that are dull, poor conductors of heat & electricity, brittle (if solid).
Examples: Carbon (C), Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P).

📌 2. Physical Properties

Property Metals Non-metals


Lustre Shiny Dull
Conductivity Good conductor of heat & Poor
electricity conductor
Malleability Malleable (can be Brittle
hammered)
Ductility Ductile (wire drawing) Non-ductile
Density Generally high Lower

Note: Alkali metals (Na, K) are soft. Some non-metals


like iodine are shiny but brittle.

📌 3. Chemical Properties

A. Reaction with Oxygen (Air)


● Most metals form metal oxides:
Metal + O₂ → Metal oxide
● Non-metals also form oxides (e.g., C + O₂ → CO₂).

B. Reaction with Water

● Highly reactive metals (Na, K) react vigorously:


Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide + H₂
● Some metals react with steam (Fe), others don’t react (Cu, Ag).

C. Reaction with Acids

● Most metals react with dilute acids producing hydrogen gas:


Metal + Dilute Acid → Salt + H₂↑
● Nitric acid does not release H₂ (it oxidises it).

D. Reactivity with Metal Salt Solutions

● A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.

📌 4. Reactivity Series
➡️An order of metals based on how easily they react (most reactive → least reactive).
(Sodium, Potassium > Calcium > Magnesium > … > Copper, Silver, Gold).
More reactive metals easily displace less reactive ones.

📌 5. Ionic Compounds
● Formed by metals + non-metals (e.g., NaCl).
● Properties: High melting & boiling points, conduct electricity in molten/aqueous state.

📌 6. Occurrence & Extraction of Metals


● Metals are found as ores in earth’s crust.
● Extraction steps:
1. Concentration of ore
2. Reduction to metal (by heat, carbon, or electrolysis)
3. Refining to purify the metal.

📌 7. Corrosion
● Corrosion: Gradual destruction of metals due to reaction with air/water (e.g., rusting
of Fe).
● Prevention: Coating with paint/oil, galvanising with zinc etc.

📌 8. Uses of Metals & Non-metals


🌟 Metals: Construction, machinery, electrical wires, utensils.
🌟 Non-metals: Making plastics, fertilizers, medicines, water treatment etc.

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