TOPIC:

ELECTRIC INDUCTION
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who
helped me in the successful completion of this physics
project on Electric Induction.
First and foremost, I extend my heartfelt thanks to my
physics teacher, [Link] UPADHYAY SIR, for their valuable
guidance, encouragement, and support throughout the
project. Their insightful suggestions and deep knowledge of
the subject were instrumental in shaping this work.
I would also like to thank my school, HOLY PUBLIC SCHOOL,
for providing the necessary facilities and a conducive
environment for learning and experimentation.
Lastly, I am grateful to my parents and friends for their
constant support, motivation, and understanding
throughout this endeavour.
This project has enhanced my understanding of electric
induction and deepened my interest in the fascinating world
of physics.

Signature of Teacher
MR JP UPADHYAY
(HOD PHYSICS)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Keshav Srivastava, a student of
Class 12th science B, has successfully completed the
Physics project titled “Electric Induction” as part of
the academic requirements for the session [2025-26].
The project was carried out under the guidance and
supervision of [Link] UPADHYAY, Physics Department,
HOLY PUBLIC SCHOOL. The work presented in this
project is the original work of the student and has
been completed with sincerity and dedication.
We wish the student all the best for future academic
endeavours.

Signature of Teacher
[Link] UPADHYAY
(HOD PHYSICS)
 INDEX
 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY
 FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT
 FARADAY’S LAWS
 LENZ LAW
 THE CONCEPT OF SELF INDUCTION
 THE CONCEPT OF MUTUAL INDUCTON
 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC INDUCTION


 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY INTRO
DUCTION
The word electromagnetic Induction is made up of two words
Electromagnet + Induction. So let's understand the meaning of
these two words :

Electro Magnet
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is
produced by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the
current is turned off.

Induction
The process of generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in
a changing magnetic field is called induction.

So we can define electromagnetic induction as-

It is the production of a potential difference (voltage) across a conductor

when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes molecule
in another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter). Finally, it is refers to the
phenomenon where an emf is induced when the magnetic flux linking a
conductor change.
PRINCIPLE-

Electromagnetic induction is a process where a conductor placed in

a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a
stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage
across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in
turn, causes an electrical current it is said to induce the current.

THEORY
Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday,
published in 1831. It was discovered independently by Joseph
Henry in 1832
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an E.m.f. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained
by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday
discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or
by
(b) changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in
some way.
 Faraday's Experiment
Michael Faraday performed series of experiments and based on
the results he gave law on induction.
Magnetic field is capable of producing current in a conductor
Faraday took a coil and attached a galvanometer to it.
As there is no battery attached therefore there is no source of
current.
He brought the magnet near the coil.
When the magnet is moved towards the coil galvanometer
showed deflection.
Galvanometer even showed the deflection in the opposite
direction when the magnet is taken away from the coil.
When magnet was not moved there was no deflection in the
galvanometer.
This show current is related to magnet.
Direction Of Movernent
Coil or Loop

Magnet
 Faster the magnet is moved the more is the deflection in the
galvanometer. This showed more and more current flows if the
magnet is moved very fast.
Same effect was observed if the coil is moved and the magnet was
not moved.
From this experiment, Faraday concluded that whenever there is
relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field, the flux
linkage with a coil changes and this change in flux induces a
voltage across a coil.
Michael Faraday formulated two laws on the basis of the above
experiments. These laws are called Faraday's laws of
electromagnetic induction

Faraday's First Law-

Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field an EMF gets
induced across the conductor (called as induced emf), and if the conductor
is a closed circuit then induced current flows through it. Magnetic field can
be varied by various methods -
1. By moving magnet
2. By moving the coil
3. By rotating the coil relative to magnetic field
 Faraday's Second Law
Faraday's second law of electromagnetic induction states
that, the magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of
change of flux linkages with the coil. The flux linkages is
the product of number of turns and the flux associated
with the coil.

N = number of loops
ACPM At
= change in magnetic flux
Faraday's Law
At —change in time

= induced voltage
(also known as emf)

Lenz Law
Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz was a Russian physicist of
Baltic German descent who gave his law on
electromagnetic induction. His law was important
because it states that when a voltage is created by a
change in magnetic flux, the induced voltage must create
a current whose magnetic field is in opposition to the
change which produces it.
An induced Current always flows in a direction such that it
opposes the change which produced it.
 Coil

When the "N" Pole of the magnet is moved When the "N" Poles of the magnet is moved towards the coil, end of
the coil becomes "N" Pole. away from the coil, end of the coil becomes "S" Pole.
 THE CONCEPT OF SELF INDUCTION
Self-induction is a fundamental concept in electromagnetism, closely related to
the phenomenon of electric induction. It refers to the process by which a changing electric
current in a coil or circuit induces an electromotive force (emf) within the same circuit.
This phenomenon is a direct consequence of the property of inductance, which opposes
changes in current flow, thereby maintaining the stability of the circuit.

Understanding Electric Induction

Electric induction involves the generation of an electric field and subsequent current in a
conductor due to the influence of a nearby changing magnetic field. When a magnetic flux
through a coil varies, it induces an emf in the coil according to Faraday's Law of
Electromagnetic Induction. This law states that the induced emf in a circuit is proportional
to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit:

emf = -dΦ/dt

where Φ is the magnetic flux. The negative sign indicates the direction of the induced emf
opposes the change in flux, a principle known as Lenz's Law.

Self-Induction Explained
Self-induction occurs when a changing current in a coil produces a changing magnetic flux
linked with the same coil. This changing flux induces an emf in the coil itself, which
opposes the original change in current. The magnitude of this emf is given by:

emf = -L (dI/dt)

where L is the inductance of the coil, and dI/dt is the rate of change of current. The
negative sign signifies that the induced emf opposes the change in current, according to
Lenz's Law.

Diagram of Self-Induction
Below is a simple diagram illustrating the concept of self-induction in a coil connected to a
voltage source:
In the diagram, when the switch is closed, current begins to increase in the coil. This
changing current produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces an emf in the coil that
opposes the increase in current. Conversely, when the switch is opened, the current
decreases, and the changing flux induces an emf that opposes the decrease, attempting to
keep the current flowing.

Applications of Self-Induction
 Transformers: Utilize mutual induction, which is related to self-induction principles.
 Inductors in circuits: Used to store energy in magnetic fields and filter signals.
 Electrical relays and switches: Rely on inductance to control circuit connections.

In conclusion, self-induction is a vital concept that explains how

circuits resist changes in current due to their inherent
inductance, a property rooted in the principles of electric
induction. Understanding this phenomenon is essential for
designing and analyzing electrical and electronic systems.
The Concept of Mutual Induction
Mutual induction is a fundamental principle in electromagnetism, closely related
to the phenomenon of electric induction. It describes the process by which a changing
magnetic field in one coil induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a nearby coil. This
concept is pivotal in the operation of transformers, inductors, and many electrical devices.

Fundamental Principles of Electric Induction

Electric induction, discovered by Michael Faraday, involves the generation of an electric
current in a conductor due to a changing magnetic field. When a magnetic flux linked with
a conductor varies with time, an EMF is induced in the conductor. This phenomenon is
described by Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which states:

EMF = -dΦ/dt

where Φ is the magnetic flux. The negative sign indicates the direction of the induced EMF
opposes the change in flux, as per Lenz's Law.

Mutual Induction Explained

Mutual induction extends this concept to two separate coils or circuits. When an
alternating current flows through the primary coil, it produces a time-varying magnetic
field. This changing magnetic field links with the secondary coil, inducing an EMF in it. The
efficiency of this process depends on factors such as the number of turns in each coil, the
core material, and the relative positioning of the coils.

Diagram of Mutual Induction

Below is a simplified diagram illustrating mutual induction:
In the diagram, the primary coil (L1) carries an alternating current, creating a changing
magnetic flux. The secondary coil (L2) is placed nearby, and the changing flux links with it,
inducing an EMF. The core material, often iron, enhances the magnetic coupling between
the coils, increasing the efficiency of induction.

Applications of Mutual Induction

 Transformers: Used to step up or step down voltage levels in power transmission.
 Wireless Charging: Induces current in a receiver coil without direct contact.
 Inductive Sensors: Detect changes in magnetic fields for various sensing applications.

Conclusion
Mutual induction is a vital concept that demonstrates how changing magnetic fields can induce
voltages in nearby circuits. It is the foundation of many electrical devices and power systems,
enabling efficient energy transfer and transformation. Understanding this principle is essential for
advancements in electrical engineering and technology.
Applications Of Electromagnetic Induction
• Electrical Generator
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative movement
of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators. When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through
an electrical load, current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated,
converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy

Magnetic Poles

 Card Readers
When you swipe the card, the credit card machine's coil of wires causes a
change in the magnetic field. The change in magnetic field induces a voltage
that creates a current that is used to signal your account information to the
machine
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Physics Textbook NCERT

 [Link]
 [Link]

 Search Engine
1. GOOGLE 2. YAHOO