Intro.
Windows Operating system :
GUI
By: Benis Sula
Introduction to Operating Systems
• An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a
computer and computer hardware.
• The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in
which a user can execute programs in a convenient and efficient
manner.
• An operating system is a software that manages the computer
hardware.
• The hardware must provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the
correct operation of the computer system and to prevent user
programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system.
Operating System – Definition:
• An operating system is a program that controls the execution of
application programs and acts as an interface between the user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
• A more common definition is that the operating system is the one
program running at all times on the computer (usually called the kernel),
with all else being application programs.
• An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and
services, such as memory, processors, devices, and information. The
operating system correspondingly includes programs to manage these
resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, memory management
module, I/O programs, and a file system.
Functions of Operating system
Operating system performs three functions:
1. Convenience: An OS makes a computer more convenient to
use.
2. Efficiency: An OS allows the computer system resources to be
used in an efficient manner.
3. Ability to Evolve: An OS should be constructed in such a way
as to permit the effective development, testing and
introduction of new system functions at the same time
without interfering with service.
Functions of Operating system
• It boots the computer and performs basic computer tasks e.g., managing the various
peripheral devices such as mouse, keyboard.
• It provides a user interface, e.g., command line, graphical user interface (GUI).
• It handles system resources such as computer’s memory and sharing of the central
processing unit (CPU) time be various applications or peripheral devices.
• It provides file management which refers to the way that the operating system
manipulates stores, retrieves and saves data.
• Error handing is done by the operating system. It takes preventive measures whenever
required to avoid errors.
Operating system as User Interface
Every general-purpose computer consists of the hardware, operating system,
system programs, and application programs. The hardware consists of memory,
CPU, ALU, and I/O devices, peripheral device, and storage device. System
program consists of compilers, loaders, editors, OS, etc. The application
program consists of business programs, database programs.
Classification of Operating systems
Basics of Operating system
• Understanding of operating system is very essential because without an operating
system computer system is pretty much useless.
• The operating system is the most important software in a computer. We need an easy
way to interface with hardware.
• Software is that interface. There are many software’s are available to interface
hardware, but the most of important one is operating system.
• There are many different and complex functions in an operating system, but two of
them are most crucial functions:
1. Interfacing with hardware
2. Providing a platform on which other applications can run.
Examples Of Popular Operating Systems
Mac OS
• The Mac OS runs only on a Macintosh computer, this OS is not suitable for PC.
• Similar to Windows operating system, Mac OS has some vulnerabilities.
• The Mac OS contains a GUI similar to Windows, with icons and a mouse pointer driving
much of the action.
• Older versions of Macintosh operating systems and Windows are looked very similar,
only the looks of both operating system is different over the years.
• macOS 12 (Monterey) (Version 12.5.1) is the most current Macintosh operating
system.
Mac OS
• Here are the system requirements to run Mac OS X:
➢ Power PC, G3, G4, or G5 processor
➢ 256MB RAM
➢ 3GB available hard disk space (4GB if you want to install Xcode 2 developer tools).
➢ Apple-supplied video card with compatible or built-in display
➢ FireWire
➢ DVD drive
• Applications for Macintosh computers need to be written for the Mac, because the processor
technology is different for the PC and the Mac.
Mac OS
Mac OS
Dock :
It is a bar at the bottom of the screen. Most frequently used applications are placed to the left of the dotted
line, currently running applications with blue light underneath it, and most frequently accessed documents
are placed at the right.
Stacks are folders that spread upward when you click on them to reveal the contents without actually opening
a finder window. This feature was added to the right side of dock in 10.5 Leopard.
Mac OS
Finder:
As name says, it finds everything in your machine. This allows you find whatever you
have stored on your computer such as documents, applications, movies, music and photos.
There are four ways to view the contents of the directory you’re looking at that are chosen
from the four icons at the top left of the window:
➢Icons
➢List
➢Column
➢Cover Flow
Mac OS
Finder:
Mac OS
Compatibility
OS X functions same like Unix-based Linux systems which means that most BSD or
Linux packages can be run on OS X.
It is not backward compatible with earlier Mac Oss such as Windows standards,
documents due to earlier PowerPC processors.
Dual booting and Virtual machines are possible in new Intel-based machines.
Security and Usage
Same like Linux, OS X is also more secure OS than Windows. OS X is a closed OS
whereas Linux is opened OS.
LINUX OS
• Over the past several years, the open-source movement has been rallying around Linux
Torvalds and his Linux OS.
• Linux is one of the alternatives operating software; it is positioned as an excellent
alternative to the Microsoft juggernaut because users are uncomfortable with Microsoft’s
dominance of the critical OS market.
• It is a UNIX type OS and it has released into the public domain. Linux is an OS standard
that is developed same like as TCP/IP protocol standard.
• Linux has knowledgeable home users and is even being used as a server in many
corporate environments; it has able to break into the corporate desktop markets.
LINUX OS
• Linux provide core OS code to everyone who wants it, so that code is explored and
enhanced by users.
• Which in turn, by using a Linux source code users can create a full Unix type OS, they
can modify how they want and release it to the world as a Linux distribution.
• Linux has a basic philosophy that is the people who uses an OS are know that what is
best in order to improve it and those users feedback is most respected and acted upon.
• Linux is more complex to install and had little application support, so that it has not
always been an OS for the masses. It has improved based on suggestions given by small
army users.
LINUX OS
Design
• Linux is a modular Unix-based OS. The basic design of Linux is based on the principles
of Unix that has been established during the 1970s and 1980s.
• Linux handles process control, networking, and peripheral and file system access by
using monolithic kernel.
• The device drivers are integrated directly with the kernel.
• Linux can be controlled by one or more of a text-based command line interface (CLI),
GUI, or through controls on the device itself like on embedded machines.
Desktop machines have 3 popular user interfaces (UIs) :
1. KDE (K Desktop Environment)
2. GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment)
3. Xfce
WINDOWS OS
➢The leading operating system in the world is owned by Microsoft.
➢There are many types of operating systems: some of them are
1. DOS operating system 9. Windows 11
2. Windows 2000 Professional
3. Windows ME (Millennium ).
4. Windows XP
5. Windows Vista
6. Windows 7
7. Windows 8/8.1
8. Windows 10
WINDOW OS
DOS Operating system
• Microsoft Windows was born out of the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS)
world.
• It doesn’t have any graphical interface, so you should know that command and type it to
accomplish something.
• Microsoft’s DOS gained great acceptance and became a standard as a PC OS. Although
the computers became more powerful and programs are more complex, the limitations of
the DOS command-line interface became apparent.
• The solution is to makes the OS easier to navigate, more uniform, and generally
friendlier to the user.
WINDOW OS
Windows XP
• The term “XP” stands for experience. Windows XP is most common version and it is a successor to both
Windows 2000 Professional and Windows ME (Millennium ).
• This operating system is divided into 2 editions.
1. Home edition designed for home users.
2. Professional edition is designed for business and power users and it has additional features.
• There is also a Media Center version that has additional multimedia features enhancing the ability to
record and watch TV shows, view DVD movies, and listen to music.
• Windows XP has released a set of service packs which fix problems and add features.
• Each service pack is a superset of all previous packs and patches so that only the latest service packs needs
to be installed, also includes new revisions.
Windows XP
Windows Vista
• It is designed to provide a base to include the advanced technologies, any of which are related to how
the system functions and thus not readily visible to the user.
• Vista has many changes and new features compared with XP, some of them are listed here:
➢ An updated GUI and visual style
➢ Improving searching features
➢ New multimedia creation tools
➢ Redesigned networking
➢ Restructured architecture of the audio, print, display subsystems.
• Including these new features Vista also aims to increase the level of communication between machines
on a home network.
Windows Vista
Windows 7
• Windows 7 is the Microsoft Windows operating system released commercially in October 2009. In
development, Windows 7 was known by the code names “Blackcomb” and “Vienna”.
Prerequisite of Windows 7
• 1 GHz processor (32 – or 64 - bit)
• 1 GB of RAM (32 - bit) / 2 GB of RAM (64 - bit)
• 16 GB of available disk space (32 - bit) / 20 GB of available disk space (64 - bit)
• DirectX9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver.
Windows 7 is built on the Vista kernel. To many end users the biggest changes between Vista and Windows
7 are
• Faster boot times, new user interface, addition of Internet Explorer 8.
Windows 7
Windows 8
• The Windows 8 screen is tile-based, with each tile representing a specific app.
• The taskbar has no start button, although users can bring up a Start screen by touching or clicking the
lower-left corner of the display.
• The Windows 8 Release Preview contains a Metro version of Internet Explorer 10, along with apps for
news, sports, and travel.
• It also offers an updated Windows Explorer, and updated Task Manager, and picture password capability.
Major features of the basic Windows 8 OS, in addition to the ones noted above, include :
➢ Upgrades from Windows 7, Windows Store, Connected standby, Microsoft account, Language switching
“on the fly”, Windows Update, Windows Defender, Support for multiple displays, Mobile broadband
capability, Reset and refresh.
Windows 8
Windows 10
• Windows 10 is the most powerful operating system that Microsoft has ever made, but it’s also the most
complex.
• While the user interface is extremely intuitive and familiar to anyone who has used a PC in the past 20
years.
• It has most of features such as the Cortana voice assistant, Edge browser and multiple desktops.
• The most revolutionary change in Windows 10 is the concept of continuous improvement.
• New features are delivered through Windows Update, rather than being set aside for the next major
release.
• In a major change of longstanding best practices, Microsoft now recommends that enterprise customers
enable Windows Update for the majority of users, although the option to use Windows Server Update
Services (WSUS) is still available for some configurations.
Windows 10
• Each new Windows 10 build proceeds through different “branches” on its way to the general public and
business users.
➢ Windows 10 Editions
➢ Windows 10 Home
➢ Windows 10 Mobile
➢ Windows 10 Enterprise
➢ Windows 10 Education
➢ Windows 10 Mobile Enterprise
Windows 10
Setting Windows 10 - With Graphical User Interface
(GUI)
The User Interface
• Windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of device being used and available
input methods.
• It offers two separate user interface modes : a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard, and a
“Tablet mode” designed for touch screens.
• Users can toggle between these two modes at any time, and windows can prompt or automatically switch
when certain events occur, such as disabling Tablet mode on a tablet if a keyboard or mouse in plugged in,
or when a 2-in-1 PC is switched to its laptop state.
• In Tablet mode, programs default to a maximized view, and the taskbar contains a back button and hides
button for opened or pinned programs; Task View is used instead of switch between programs.
• The full screen Start menu is used in the mode, similarly to Windows 8, but scrolls vertically instead of
horizontally.
The User Interface
Task bar
The windows 10 task bar sits at the bottom of the screen giving the user access to the Start Menu, as well as
the icons of frequently used applications.
The User Interface
Notification Area
The Notification Area is located at the right side of the Taskbar. It shows different types of
notifications from your computer like your Internet Connection, the volume level, charge
of the laptop battery etc. It shows limited amount of icons, but you click the upward arrow
on its left-side to see other icons as well.
The User Interface
Pin/Unpin an application from the taskbar
The icons in the middle of Taskbar are “pinned” applications, which is a way to have quick
access to applications you use frequently.
“Pinned” applications will stay in the Taskbar until you “unpin” them.
Steps to pin an application to taskbar:
Step 1 : Search for the application you want to pin in the Start Menu
Step 2 : Right-click on the application
Step 3 : Select “More” option at the top of the menu
Step 4 : Select the “Pin to taskbar” option.
The User Interface
The User Interface
Steps to unpin an application to taskbar:
Step 1 : Right-click on the application in the taskbar.
Step 2 : Select the “Unpin from taskbar” option.
The User Interface
Task View
• Task View allows you to quickly move within your open windows and applications
(short cut for this is Alt+Tab).
• We can access it by using “Task View” button from the Taskbar.
The User Interface
Icons
• Most Windows versions will feature different icons on the background.
• An icon is simply a graphic representation of an application or file. To open or access an icon, just
double click on it.
• We can add more icons by using the below steps:
Step 1 : Right-click on the Desktop Background
Step 2 : Choose “New” and “Shortcut”
Step 3 : Browse for the application or file you want to create a shortcut to.
Step 4 : Assign a name to the shortcut and click “Finish”.
• Icons can be moved around by clicking on them and dragging them to another place in the screen.
The User Interface
Icons
The User Interface
Menu
• Windows 8 replaced the old Start menu with the Start Screen, the Start menu is back and better
than before in Windows 10.
• Click on the Start button. Some apps can be displayed as Live Tiles, which can show information
from that app.
• Ex: Mail messages will be summarized in the Mail app’s tile, while the Weather app’s tile will
show your weather forecast.
• Start Menu consists of “All Apps” option which consists of all the application on the computer in
alphabetical sequence.
• One can scroll and search for the required apps here and click to run them or select the app and
right click on them to pin them to start menu or task bar.
The User Interface
Menu
Operating System Simple Setting
Changing System Date and Time
• Different ways are available to set Date and Time in windows 10.
• The easiest way to achieve this is by clicking on the bottom-right date and time icon.
This gives an option “Change Date and Time Setting” where date, time and time zone of
the system can be changed.
• User can set the required date and time by setting them in the calendar and clock
provided in the option and click on the “OK” to make the changes applicable.
• Another way to configure date and time is by selecting the option “Date and Time” under
PC setting menu.
Operating System Simple Setting
Operating System Simple Setting
Changing Display Properties
• Windows 10 provides various display settings such as brightness, Resolution orientation and many more.
• All these setting are grouped under the tab “Display Setting”. User can right click anywhere on the
desktop, which displays a popup menu consisting this option.
• On clicking the display setting, following panel (shown in next slide) will open, where you can adjust the
brightness and size of text, apps, and other items and also change the orientation.
• To change the resolution setting, scroll down the window and click on “Advanced Display Setting”.
• Standard recommended screen resolution for PC is 1366 X 768. It may be different in few cases. User can
modify it to make PC appear larger.
• Lower the resolution then content will be shown larger on the screen. User can select any option in drop
down list and click apply to change the resolution of screen.
Operating System Simple Setting
Operating System Simple Setting
To Add or Remove a windows component
• Installation of any application can be easily done by running setup file for the required application.
• All the installed applications will present in the computer unless the user uninstalls it manually.
• If we delete shortcut of the application present on desktop, will not uninstall application from computer.
• To uninstall any application from computer follow the below steps:
Step 1 : Select “setting” option from the start menu, which consists of “system”. This option consists of
settings related to system.
Step 2 : “System” option consist of “App and Feature” tab which has details of all the application or
program installed on the computer. On clicking app and feature, it displays all the application installed on the
system. User can select the unwanted application and click on that, to get an option to uninstall it.
Operating System Simple Setting
Operating System Simple Setting
To Add or Remove a windows component
Step 3 : On clicking uninstall, the application ask for confirmation to delete the application. On
confirmation the app will be removed and can no longer be accessed in the computer.
Operating System Simple Setting
Changing Mouse Properties
• To configure the basic features of mouse or touchpad, user need to access the Settings
app.
• In order to do so, select setting menu from the start option and this time select device
instead of system.
• Device option consist of a setting by name “mouse and touchpad” which helps in
changing the property of mouse or touchpad as shown in figure (next slide).
Operating System Simple Setting
Operating System Simple Setting
Changing Mouse Properties
Choose how many line scroll each time :
On selecting a scroll Multiple lines at a time, the scrollbar below become active: here you can set how many
lines to scroll at a time. Click and drag the bar cursor to the left or to the right to decrease or increase the
number of lines. The default setting is 3.
Scroll inactive windows when I hover over them :
When multiple windows are open, user need to click on the tab required and then scroll the content when this
setting is off. Whereas, when if “on” user can scroll the content of inactive window or background window
just by moving the cursor on them.
Operating System Simple Setting
Adding and Removing Printer
Installing a printer in Windows 10 is very easy. First thing to be considered while installing a printer is to
check if the printer is connected to a PC by a USB cable, which makes it a local printer.
Step 1 : Connect the printer via USB cable and turn it on.
Step 2 : Select the setting app from the start menu
Step 3 : Select Device option
Step 4 : Select Printer and Scanners
Step 5 : Select Add Printer or Scanner
Step 6 : If Windows detects your printer, click on the name of the printer and follow the on-screen
instructions to finish the installation of printer and drivers.
Operating System Simple Setting
Adding and Removing Printer
File and Directory (Folder) Management
Operating System Simple Setting
File and Directory(folder) Management
Creating a New Folder
Folders can be created in any desired location on the hard disk with one of the following
step:
• The fastest way to create a new folder in Windows is with the CTRL+Shift+N (Shortcut)
• Right-click on a blank space in the folder location and select new folder.
• Click on the New Folder option from the Ribbon menu.
Operating System Simple Setting
File and Directory Management
Creating a New Folder
Operating System Simple Setting
File and Directory Management
Creating a New File
• File can be various format for example text, word, power point, excel, image, pdf or any other
format.
• Creating of these files needs respective application to be installed before creating or opening the files.
Example : Microsoft Office is required to be installed before creating word, excel or a power point
document.
• Once the application are installed user can create the document just by right clicking anywhere on the
screen, which pop up an option “New”.
• Once user select new option all the different format of applications installed appears on the screen.
• User can click on the required format which in-turn creates the file of that format on the screen.
Operating System Simple Setting
File and Directory Management
Renaming the File/ Folder
To rename any file or folder user can just single click on the document. On clicking the
system provides an option to change the name of the file or folder.
Another way to rename is by right clicking on the file/folder, where rename option is
available. User can change the name of the file or folder based on the requirement.
Operating System Simple Setting
File and Directory Management
Renaming the File/ Folder
Operating System Simple Setting
File and Directory Management
Copying and moving a file or folder
The simplest way to perform this operation is by using shortcut
Ctrl+C – Copy the File/Folder
Ctrl+X – Cut the File/Folder
Ctrl+V – Paste the File/Folder
Otherwise user can right click on the file/folder and select cut/copy from its original location and move to the
desired location and right click to paste it.
The difference between cut and copy is that on copying the original file will not be disturbed while a
replication of it will be prepared in the desired location. Whereas in case of cut file will be deleted from its
original location and shifted to the new location.
Operating System Simple Setting
File and Directory Management
Copying and moving a file or folder
Operating System Simple Setting
File and Directory Management
Copying and moving a file or folder
The same operations can also be achieved in other way. Under the Home tab within the
organize group, click ‘Copy to’ or ‘Move to’ button, and choose the location if its listed, or
click the Choose Location button and select the location to copy or move the file or folder.
Operating System Simple Setting
File and Directory Management
Copying and moving a file or folder
Operating System Simple Setting
File and Directory Management
Deleting the File/Folder
User can delete the file just by selecting the file and clicking delete key on the keyboard or
right clicking the document and selecting delete.