The purest form of natural water is:

Rain water

Reason — Rainwater is the purest form of natural water. It is formed

naturally by evaporation followed by condensation of water vapour in the
atmosphere.

The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen by mass in a molecule of water

is:
1:8

Reason — one atom of Hydrogen has mass of 1 amu, while one atom of
Oxygen has mass of 16 amu. One molecule of water contains 2 atoms of
Hydrogen and 1 atom of Oxygen, so their mass ratio:
1 x 2 : 16 x 1 = 1 : 8

Sea water contains a large amount of:

Dissolved common salt

Reason — Sea water contains a large amount of dissolved common salt.

Water returns on earth's surface from the atmosphere by the

process of:
Condensation

Reason — Condensation is the process by which water vapour in the

atmosphere cools and changes back into liquid form, leading to the
formation of clouds, dew, or even precipitation like rain, snow, etc. This
is how water returns to Earth's surface from the atmosphere.

Spring water is classified as:

Underground water

Reason — spring water comes from underground water that has been
naturally filtered and then rises to the surface through a spring.

Name the four main sources of water.

1. Ocean and sea water, 2. River and lake water 3. Spring and well
water 4. Rainwater

What is the importance of water cycle in nature?

The importance of water cycle in nature are:

1. It helps in regulating the climate on the earth.

2. It makes water available in various forms on the earth.
Name the two gases from which water is formed. What is the
chemical composition of these two gases in water by mass? Give
the molecular formula of water.

Water is formed from hydrogen and oxygen gases. The chemical

composition of hydrogen and oxygen gases is 1:8 ratio by mass in water.
The molecular formula of water is H 2O.

Give reasons:

Water is used as a cooling agent.

Answer

Water has a high specific heat i.e., it needs a large amount of heat to
become hot. Thus, water can absorb a lot of heat without much rise in its
temperature. Hence, it is used as an excellent cooling agent.

Question 3(b)

Water pipes burst in severe winters.

Answer

During severe winters when temperature starts falling below 4°C, water
in pipelines expands (due to property of anomalous expansion of water)
and it exerts large pressure on the pipes causing them to burst.

Give reasons:

It is difficult to cook in hills as compared to plains.

Answer

The boiling point of water decreases with a decrease in pressure.

Therefore, water boils at a lower temperature (i.e., less than 100°C) in
hilly areas where the atmospheric pressure is lower as compared to the
plains. Due to this it takes a longer time to cook food making cooking
difficult in hills.

Give reasons:

Ice floats on water.

Answer

Density of ice is less than the density of water, so ice floats on water.

Give reasons:

Sea water does not freeze at 0°C.

Answer

The presence of impurities in water lowers its freezing point. Sea water
contains salt which lowers the freezing point of water. So sea water does
not freeze at 0°C.

Give reasons:

Aquatic plants and animals survive in very cold regions.

Answer

Water shows anomalous expansion. As the temperature falls below 4°C,

water at the surface becomes lighter and finally freezes at 0°C to form
ice, which floats. This ice layer is a poor conductor of heat, so it acts like
an insulating blanket and prevents the water below from freezing.
Therefore, the lower layers remain liquid and aquatic plants and animals
can survive in very cold regions.

Give reasons:

Water is used in room coolers and hot water bags.

Answer

Water needs a large amount of heat to become hot and takes a long time
to lose heat, so it neither heats up nor cools down quickly. Hence, it can
absorb a lot of heat from its surroundings without becoming very hot,
making it an excellent cooling agent. Therefore, water is used in room
coolers to absorb heat from air and in hot water bags because it stays
warm for a longer time.

The gases dissolved in natural water are:

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Reason — Many gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia

dissolve in water.

Colloids have the particle size ranging between:

10-7 to 10-10 m

Reason — A colloid is a homogeneous looking heterogeneous mixture in

which particles with size ranging from 10 -10 m to 10-7 m are dispersed in a
continuous medium. These particles remain suspended throughout the
medium and do not settle down.

Which of the following salts is hydrated?

Blue vitriol
Reason — Substances which contain water of crystallisation are called
hydrated substances, e.g. Blue vitriol (CuSO 4.5H2O).

Which of the following substances is hygroscopic in nature?

silica gel

Reason — Certain substances absorb moisture (water vapour) from the

atmosphere without dissolving in it. Such substances are called
hygroscopic substances. E.g. silica gel.

The products formed when water is subjected to electrolysis are:

hydrogen and oxygen

Reason — When water is subjected to electrolysis, it decomposes into

hydrogen and oxygen gases at the cathode and anode respectively.

Classify the following into solutions, colloids and suspensions :

Sugar and water, chalk and water, milk, sand and water, salt and
water, soap solution.

Answer

Solutions — Sugar and water, salt and water.

Colloids — milk, soap solution.

Suspensions — chalk and water, sand and water,

Name the gas produced when:

(a) Steam is passed over hot coke.

(b) Chlorine is dissolved in water and exposed to sunlight.

(c) A piece of calcium is added to water.

(d) When fossil fuel is burnt.

Answer

(a) Water gas [CO + H2]

(b) Oxygen gas (O2)

(c) Hydrogen gas (H2)

(d) Carbon dioxide gas (CO2)

Define the following terms:

(a) Solution

(b) Solute

(c) Solvent

Answer

(a) A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

whose composition can be varied.

(b) A solute is a substance that dissolves in other substances. It is in a

smaller quantity in the solution.

(c) A solvent is a medium in which a solute dissolves. It is in a larger

quantity in a solution.

What is meant by:

(a) Unsaturated

(b) Saturated and

(c) Supersaturated solutions?

Answer

(a) A solution in which more of the solute can be dissolved at a given

temperature is called an unsaturated solution.

(b) A solution that cannot dissolve any more of the solute at a given
temperature is called a saturated solution.

(c) A saturated solution that contains more solute than it can hold at
room temperature is called supersaturated solution.

How do the solubility of a solid and a gas get affected by

(a) Increase in temperature?

(b) Increase in pressure?

Answer

(a) Solubility of a solid generally increases with an increase in

temperature.
Solubility of a gas decreases with an increase in temperature.
(b) Pressure has practically no effect on the solubility of a solid in water.
In the case of gases, the amount of a gas dissolved in water increases
with an increase in pressure and decreases with a decrease in pressure.

Define 'water of crystallisation'. Give two examples with

formulae.

Answer

The fixed amount of water which is in a loose chemical combination with

one molecule of a substance in its crystal form is called water of
crystallization.

The two examples are:

Common name Chemical name Formula

Blue vitriol Copper sulphate pentahydrate CuSO4.5H2O

Washing soda Sodium carbonate decahydrate Na2CO3.10H2O

What is the effect on boiling point of water when:

(a) Pressure is increased?

(b) Impurity is added?

Answer

(a) When pressure is increased, boiling point of water is increased.

(b) When impurity is added, the boiling point of water increases.

Why is water very precious for all living beings? List four points.

Answer
Water is very precious for all living beings due to the following reasons:

1. Water is the source of life. It is the most essential substance for the
existence of life.
2. It is required for everyday uses like drinking, cleaning, bathing,
washing etc.
3. It provides medium for all biochemical reactions inside our bodies
to take place.
4. It regulates our body temperature through sweating and
evaporation.
How does anomalous expansion of water help the aquatic
organisms in cold climates?

Answer

In lakes, as the temperature drops, the surface water cools, sinks and
mixes with the deeper water, this process continues until the temperature
reaches 4°C. Beyond that point, the surface water expands, becomes
lighter and it does not sink. So, further cooling takes place only at the
surface while temperature of lower layers of water does not change. The
water at the surface freezes to form a layer of ice that insulates the
deeper water and allows aquatic organisms to survive in the water
beneath the ice.

Give two examples for each of the following:

(a) Hydrated substances

(b) Crystalline anhydrous substances

(c) Drying agents

(d) Deliquescent substances

(e) Efflorescent substances

(f) Colloids

(g) Solvents other than water.

Answer

(a) Blue vitriol (CuSO 4.5H2O), Washing soda (Na 2CO3.10H2O)

(b) Common salt (NaCl), Potassium nitrate (KNO 3)

(c) Quicklime (CaO), Anhydrous calcium chloride (CaCl 2)

(d) Caustic soda (NaOH), Magnesium chloride (MgCl 2)

(e) Washing soda (Na2CO3.10H2O), Glauber's salt (Na 2SO4.10H2O)

(f) Milk, blood

(g) Alcohol, Carbon tetrachloride

Give balanced chemical equations for the reaction of water with:

(a) Sodium

(b) Iron

(c) Carbon dioxide

(d) Sodium oxide

Answer

(a) 2Na + 2H2O ⟶ 2NaOH + H2 (g)

(b) 3Fe + 4H2O ⇌ Fe3O4 + 4H2 (g)

(c) CO2 + H2O ⟶ H2CO3

(d) Na2O + H2O ⟶ 2NaOH

Differentiate between:

(a) Solution and suspension

(b) Suspension and colloid

Answer

(a) Difference between Solution and suspension:

Solution Suspension

Suspension is a heterogeneous
Solution is a homogeneous mixture.
mixture.

Particle size less than 10 -10 m. Particle size greater than 10 -7 m

It is transparent. It is opaque.

Particles of solute are invisible. Solute particles are visible.

 Solution Suspension

Solute particles settle at the

Particles of solute do not settle.
bottom of the container.

Solute particles cannot be filtered. The solution Solute particles do not pass
passes easily through a filter paper. through a filter paper.

(b) Difference between Suspension and colloid:

Suspension Colloid

Particle size greater than

Particle size between 10 -10 - 10-7 m.
10-7 m.

It is opaque. It is translucent.

Solute particles can be seen with the help of a

Solute particles are visible.
powerful microscope.

Solute particles settle at the

Solute particles do not settle.
bottom of the container.

Solute particles pass easily through ordinary filter

Solute particles do not pass
papers but do not pass through ultra-fine filters or
through a filter paper.
Nano filters.

What are the main causes of water pollution? State three ways
to control water pollution.

Answer

The main causes of water pollution are:

1. Chemical wastes from industrial and agricultural processes.

2. Thermal wastes from nuclear and thermal power plants.
3. Sewage and garbage disposed into water bodies.

It can be controlled by the following ways:

1. Domestic sewage should be treated before being discharged into

water bodies.
 2. Waste products of industries should be treated before being
discharged into water bodies.
3. Use non-biodegradable materials such as detergents, pesticides
and polythene responsibly to avoid pollution of water and the
environment.

Give one word/words for the following statements:

(a) Water fit for human consumption.
(b) The harmful substances dissolved in water.
(c) The change of states of water from one form to another.
(d) The gaseous form of water found in air.
(e) A mixture of common salt and ice.
(f) A substance which does not contain water in its chemical
structure.
(g) A property due to which a substance absorbs water without
dissolving.
(h) Water molecules in loose chemical combination with other
substances.
Answer
(a) Potable water
(b) Impurities
(c) Water cycle
(d) Water vapours
(e) Freezing mixture
(f) Anhydrous substance
(g) Hygroscopy
(h) Water of crystallisation

Fill in the blanks:

(a) Water has ..................... density and ................. volume at 4°C.

(b) Freezing mixture contains .................. and ................ .

(c) The solubility of a gas in water ................. with rise in temperature

and ....................... with rise in pressure.

(d) ................... is the purest form of natural water.

(e) Use of excessive .................. by farmers causes water pollution.

(f) Boiling removes the ................... hardness of water.

(g) Water turns the colour of anhydrous copper sulphate ................... .

(h) The sticky substance formed when soap is added to hard water
is ...................... .

Answer

(a) maximum, minimum

(b) salt, ice

(c) decreases, increases

(d) Rain water

(e) fertilizers

(f) temporary

(g) blue

(h) scum

Write true or false for the following statements and correct the
false ones.

(a) Hard water forms lather easily with soap.

(b) Permanent hardness is due to bicarbonate salts of calcium and

magnesium.

(c) Silica gel is a drying agent.

(d) The reaction of steam with magnesium produces hydrogen gas and
magnesium hydroxide.

(e) An example of a colloid is ink.

Answer

(a) False
Correct Statement — hard water does not form lather easily with soap.

(b) False
Correct Statement — Temporary hardness is due to bicarbonate salts
of calcium and magnesium.

(c) True

(d) True

(e) True