NGF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PALWAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT-3
Note-write short answers (10-30 words)
QUESTION 1: - What is basis for dividing the refrigeration system into high- and low-pressure sides?
QUESTION 2: - Why is pressure difference necessary in a refrigeration system?
QUESTION 3: - What are advantages of mechanical refrigeration system over vapor absorption system?
QUESTION 4: - What are two temperatures of importance in Vapour compression refrigeration system?
QUESTION 5: - What are the main components of a vapor absorption unit?
QUESTION 6: - Where is ammonia separated from water?
QUESTION 7: - Define is the Carnot Cycle.
QUESTION 8: - What is Difference between closed cycle gas turbine and open cycle gas turbine?
QUESTION 9: - Which cycle is more efficient for the same compression ratio and heat input, Otto cycle or
Diesel cycle?
QUESTION10: - Write the expression for efficiency of the Otto cycle?
QUESTION 11: - What is meant by cut-off ratio?
QUESTION12: - Define Mean effective pressure of an I.C. engine.
QUESTION13: - What is the difference between Otto and Diesel cycle?
QUESTION 14: - What is meant by calorific value of a fuel?
QUESTION 15: - What is the function of intercooler in gas turbines? Where it is placed?

ANSWER 1:. Two different pressures exist in the cycle – the evaporating or low pressure in the “low
side,” and the condensing, or high pressure, in the “high side.” These pressure areas are separated by two
dividing points: one is the metering device where the refrigerant flow is controlled, and the other is at the
compressor.

ANSWER 2:. There is always a certain pressure inside the piping network to ensure that water circulates.
Similarly, in a cooling machine, the whole process of evaporation and condensation is made possible by
applying the right pressure and temperature. In other words, pressure is an important property for HVAC
systems.

ANSWER 3:. In a data center, computer room air conditioner (CRAC) is the most common use of
mechanical refrigeration. It typically involves cyclic heat absorption using a fluid refrigerant and a
compressor system. Common air conditioners use an electric motor to operate a compressor and also
drive air flow over heat sink coils.
ANSWER 4:. Mechanically chilled fluid loops and direct evaporation vapor compression systems are
useful at temperatures above approximately 210K. Cryogenic systems can be engineered to cool to liquid
helium (4K) temperatures. Large systems can be designed to lift large heat loads.

ANSWER 5:. Absorption system also consists of a condenser, an expansion valve and an evaporator.
System achieves the compression by the application of heat – thermal compression. Pump, a heat
exchanger (thermal compression), an analyzer and a rectifier (for separating the solvent from the
refrigerant).

ANSWER 6: It is in the evaporator where the refrigerant pure ammonia (NH3) in liquid state produces
the cooling effect. It absorbs the heat from the substance to be cooled and gets evaporated. From here,
the ammonia passes to the absorber in the gaseous state.

ANSWER 7:. An ideal reversible closed thermodynamic cycle in which the working substance goes
through the four successive operations of isothermal expansion to a desired point, adiabatic expansion to a
desired point, isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression back to its initial state.

ANSWER 8:. In closed cycle gas turbine, the gas that comes out from the gas turbine passes into the
cooling chamber. In an open cycle, the gases coming out from the gas turbine is exhausted in the
atmosphere.

ANSWER 9:. Otto cycle is more efficient than Diesel cycle for a given compression ratio. 6. For constant
maximum pressure and heat input, the air standard efficiency of the gas power cycle is in the order.

ANSWER 10: When we rewrite the expression for thermal efficiency using the compression ratio, we
conclude the air-standard Otto cycle thermal efficiency is a function of compression ratio and κ = cp/cv.

ANSWER 11:. The cutoff ratio is the ratio of the volume after combustion to the volume before
combustion.

ANSWER 12:. The mean effective pressure is a quantity relating to the operation of a reciprocating
engine and is a valuable measure of an engine’s capacity to do work that is independent of engine
displacement.

ANSWER 13:. Otto cycle is used by petrol ignition whereas diesel engine uses the diesel cycle. Another
noteworthy difference is that the Otto cycle heat occurs at constant volume, whereas the diesel cycle
works on constant pressure. This could be the main difference between Otto cycle and diesel cycle.
ANSWER 14:. Calorific value is the amount of energy released or produced when 1 kg of fuel burns or any
other substance is burnt in the presence of oxygen and the products of combustion are cooled to STP. Its SI
unit is kJ/kg.

ANSWER 15:. An intercooler is a mechanical device used to cool a gas after compression. Compressing a
gas increases its internal energy which in turn raises its temperature. An intercooler typically takes the
form of a heat exchanger that removes waste heat in a gas [Link] cold side intercooler pipe is the
side that connects the intercooler to the throttle body, delivering cooled air from the hot side of the
system. On this Civic, the cold side has three ports directly on the pipe for a temperature sensor, a MAP
(manifold pressure) sensor and a vacuum line.

ARYAN
S19CIV005
CIVIL