[Type here]

T MATHEMATICS
T
Formulae and Concepts CLASS-12

CBSE

Compiled by
Dr. R. Jayasankar [Link]., [Link]., Ph.D.
Head Of Mathematics Department
The Indian High School, Dubai
This book presents the essential formulae and key concepts
required for students’ learning and reference. While every effort
has been made to ensure accuracy, any typographical or
conceptual errors may kindly be brought to my attention through
WhatsApp.
Your valuable suggestions for improvement are most welcome, as
they will help us serve the student community more effectively.
1. If a set A has n-elements and the set B has m elements, then

2. Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two sets A x B is nm

3. Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two sets A x A is nn

4. The relation is a subset of cartesian product of two sets ( A  B )

nm
5. Number of relations that can be defined on A x B is 2

nn 2
6. Number of relations that can be defined on A x A is 2 =2n

m×n
7. Number of non-empty relations that can be defined on A x B is 2 −1

8. A relation R defined on A to itself is empty iff R =

9. A relation R defined on A to itself is universal iff R =A  A

10. A relation R in a set A is called identity relation in A, if R = {(a, a) : a ∈ A} = IA

11. A relation R defined on A to itself is reflexive iff ( a, a )  R for all a  A

12. A relation R defined on A to itself is symmetric iff

( a, b )  R  ( b, a )  R for all a&b  A

13. A relation R defined on A to itself is transitive iff

( a, b )  R & ( b, c )  R  ( a, c )  R for all a,b&c  A

14. A relation R defined on A to itself is equivalance iff

it is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive (R S T)
15. Identity relation is always equivalence Relation

16. Identity and Universal Relation are always Symmetric.

17. Void Relation is always symmetric and Transitive.

n2 - n
18. Number of Reflexive relations that can be defined on A x A is 2 = 2n (n-1)

n (n+1)
19. Number of Symmetric relations that can be defined on A x A is 2 2

n 2 -n
20. Number of Anti-Symmetric relations that can be defined on A x A is 2n × 3 2

21. Number of equivalence relations that can be defined on A x A is

n
Bn+1 =  n cr Br ( Bell's Equation)
r=0
B0 = 1, B1 = 1, B2 = 2, B3 = 5, B4 = 15, B5 = 52 ....

22. If R is a relation on a set A, then

i. R is reflexive ⇒ R−1 is reflexive
ii. R is symmetric ⇒ R−1 is symmetric
iii. R is transitive ⇒ R−1 is transitive

23. Any rule f from A to B is said to be function if f associates every element of A to

unique element in B

24. All functions are relations, but all relations may not be a function.

25. Domain: The set of A is called the domain of f i.e., all possible values of x for which f(x)
exists (denoted by Df).

26. Co-domain: The set of B is called the co-domain of f (denoted by Cf).

27. Range: The set of all f - images of the elements of A is called the range of function f. all
possible values of f(x), for all values of x (denoted by Rf)

28. Function f :A → B is said to be injective( one to one ) if distinct elements in A have

distinct images in B
29. The range of f is always a subset of co-domain B. i.e., Rf ⊆ Cf

30. Function which is not one to one ( injective ) is called many-one function
B has at least one pre image in A

31. Function which is not onto ( surjective ) is called into function .

32. A function f :A → B is said to be bijective function if it is both injective and surjective

i.e., it is both one-one and onto function

n(A)
33. Number of functions from A → B is n(B) = mn

n(A)
34. Number of functions from A → A is n(A) = nn

 n(B) p n(A) if n(B)  n(A)

35. Number of one-to-one functions from A → B is 
 0 if n(B)  n(A)

36. Number of many to one function = Total number of functions- Number of one-to-one
functions.

n
37. Number of one-to-one functions from A → A is p n= n !

m
 (-1)
m-r m
× Cr r n if n(A)  n(B)
38. Number of on to functions from A → B is  r=1
 0 if n(A)<n(B)


n r n r n r n
39. Number of on to functions = r - c1 (r-1) - c 2 (r-2) - c3 (r-3) -.........

40. Number of into functions = Total number of functions - total number of on to functions.

41. Number of on to functions from A(which has n-elements) → B (which has only two
n
elements) is 2 -2
42. Number of bijective functions from A → A is n!

43. A function f ( x ) is said to be even if f ( − x ) = f ( x )

44. A function f ( x ) is said to be odd if f ( − x ) = -f ( x )

45. Every function can be written as the sum of even and odd functions.

46. Sum of two even functions is an even function

47. Sum of two odd functions is an even function

48. Product of two even/odd functions is an even function

49. Product of two functions in which one even and one odd is an odd function

50. Derivatives of an even function is always and odd fucntion

51. Derivatiaves of an odd function is always and odd function.

52. Even function is symmetric about y-axis

53. An odd function is inversion of an even function (only on the left side of y-axis)

54. A function f ( x ) is said to be periodic if f ( k + x ) = f ( x ) for all x  A and k  0

55. If f :A → B and g:B → C are two functions then, the composition of f and g ,
denoted by gof is defined as function gof : A → C

56. If f :A → B defined as f(x) = y and g:B → A defined as x = g(y) is said to be

inverse of f ( f −1 ) if g(f(x))= x and f(g(y))=y.

57. A function is invertible if it is one to one and onto.

 Mathematics Domain and Range of basic functions

S.
Name of the Function Function Domain Range
No
01 Identity function f(x)=x R R
02 Constant function f(x)=k R k 
03 Quadratic Polynomial f(x)=x 2 R 0, )
04 Cubic Polynomial f(x)=x 3 R R

05 Bi quadratic f(x)=x 4 R 0, )

1
06 Reciprocal function f (x) = R-0 R-0
x
07 Modulus function f (x) = x R 0, )
x
08 Signum function f (x) = R-0 −1,0,1
x
Greatest Integer
09 f (x) =  x  R Integers
function
10 Fractional part of the fn. f (x) =  x = x −  x  R 0,1)
11 Exponential function f (x) = e x R ( 0, )
12 Logarithmic function f (x) =log a x ( 0, ) R

13 Square root function f (x) = x 0, ) 0, )

1
14 Cube root of a function f (x) = x 3 R R R

15 Special function f (x) = x. x R R

 Mathematics

S.
Name of the Function Function Domain Range
No
01 Sine function f(x) = sin x R  −1,1
02 Cos function f(x) = cos x R  −1,1
 π
03 Tan function f(x) = tan x R - ( 2n+1)  R
 2

04 Cosine function f(x) = cosec x R -nπ R - ( −1,1)

 π
05 Secant function f(x) = sec x R - ( 2n+1)  R - ( −1,1)
 2

06 Cotangents function f(x) = cot x R -nπ R

 π π
07 Inverse Sine function f(x) = sin −1 x  −1,1 - 2 , 2 

08 Inverse Cos function f(x) = cos −1x  −1,1 0,π 

 π π 
09 Inverse Tan function f(x) = tan −1x R  - , 
 2 2 
 π π
10 Inverse Cosine function f(x) = cosec−1 x  − ( −1,1) - 2 , 2  − 0


11 Inverse Secant function f(x) = sec−1 x  − ( −1,1) 0,π  −  
2
12 Inverse Cot function f(x) = cot −1 x R ( 0,π )
1. Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric functions

Function Domain Range

 π π
sin −1 x  −1,1 - 2 , 2 
cos −1 x  −1,1 0,π 
 π π 
tan −1 x R  - , 
 2 2 
 π π
cosec −1 x  − ( −1,1) - 2 , 2  − 0

sec −1 x  − ( −1,1) 0,π  −  
2
cot −1 x  ( 0,π )
2. Rule-1
 π π
• sin −1 ( sin x ) = x , x  − , 
 2 2
• cos −1 (cosx) = x , x  0,π 
 π π
• tan −1 (tanx) = x , x  − , 
 2 2
 π π
• cosec −1 (cosecx) = x x   − ,  − 0
 2 2
π
• sec −1 (secx) = x , x  0,π  −  
2
• cot −1 (cotx) = x , x  ( 0,π )
3. Rule -2
• sin −1 ( − x ) = − sin −1 ( x ) , x 1
• cos -1 ( -x ) =π-cos -1 ( x ) , x 1

• tan -1 ( -x ) = -tan -1 ( x ) , x R

• cosec-1 ( -x ) = -cosec-1 ( x ) , x  1

• sec-1 ( -x ) = π-sec-1 ( x ) x 1

• cot -1 ( -x ) = π-cot -1 ( x ) , xR

4. Rule -3

sin −1 ( x ) + cos −1 ( x ) = , x 1
2

tan −1 ( x ) + cot −1 ( x ) = , xR
2

sec −1 ( x ) + cos ec −1 ( x ) = , x 1
2
5. Rule - 4
1
• sin -1   =cosec -1 ( x ) , x  1
x
1
• cos −1   = sec −1 ( x ) , x  1
x
1
• tan −1   = cot −1 ( x ) , x  0
x
1
• cosec-1   =sin -1 ( x ) , 0  x  1
x
1
• sec −1   = cos −1 ( x ) , 0  x  1
x
1
• cot −1   = tan −1 ( x ) , x  0
x
6. Rule – 5

( )
• sin −1 ( x ) + sin −1 ( y ) = sin −1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2

• sin −1 ( x ) − sin ( y ) = sin ( x 1 − y − y 1 − x )

−1 −1 2 2

• cos −1 ( x ) + cos ( y ) = cos ( xy − 1 − x 1 − y )

−1 −1 2 2

• cos −1 ( x ) − cos ( y ) = cos ( xy + 1 − x 1 − y )

−1 −1 2 2

 −1  x + y 
• tan   , xy  1
  1 − xy 
• tan −1 ( x ) + tan −1 ( y ) = 
 π + tan −1  x + y  , xy>1
  
  1 − xy 
 x−y 
• tan −1 ( x ) − tan −1 ( y ) = tan −1   , xy  −1
 1 + xy 
7. Rule - 6
 2x 
• 2 tan −1 ( x ) = tan −1  2 
 1− x 
 1 − x2 
• 2 tan ( x ) = cos 
−1 −1
2 
 1+ x 
 2x 
• 2 tan −1 ( x ) = sin −1  2 
 1+ x 
8. Rule- 7
• 3sin −1 ( x ) = sin −1 ( 3 x − 4 x3 )
• 3cos −1 ( x ) = cos −1 ( 4 x3 − 3 x )
 3x − x3 
• 3 tan ( x ) = tan 
−1 −1
2 
 1 − 3x 
9. Rule-8

(
• 2sin −1 ( x ) = sin −1 2 x − 1 − x 2 )
• 2 cos −1 ( x ) = cos −1 ( 2 x 2 − 1)
 2x 
• 2 tan −1 ( x ) = tan −1  2 
 1− x 
10. Rule-9
 1-x 2 
• sin -1 ( x ) =cos -1 ( )  x 
1-x 2 =tan -1 
2
 1-x 
 =cot -1

 x 
 
 1 
 =sec -1 
2
 1-x 

1
=cosec -1  
x
 1-x 2 
• cos -1
( x ) =sin -1
( 1-x 2
) =tan 
-1
 x 
 
 x
 =cot -1 
 1-x
2
 -1 
 =cosec 

1
 1-x
2
 -1  1 
 =sec  
 x
 1+x 2 
 x 
• tan -1 ( x ) =sin -1 
2
 1+x 

 1 
=cos -1 
2
 1+x 

1
=cot -1   =sec-1
x
( )
1+x 2 =cosec-1 
 x 



11. Substitution and Reasoning

Expression Substitution Reason

• a 2 -x 2 or a 2 -x 2 x=a sinθ ( or ) x=acosθ sin 2θ=1-cos 2θ

• x 2 -a 2 or x 2 -a 2 x=a secθ ( or ) x=acosecθ sec 2θ-1=tan 2θ

• a 2 +x 2 or a 2 +x 2 x=a tanθ ( or ) x=acotθ tan 2θ+1=sec 2θ

 2 1-cos2θ
a+x a-x sin θ = 2
• or x=a cos2θ 
a-x a+x cos 2θ = 1+cos2θ
 2
x a-x
• or x=a sin 2θ ( or ) x=a cos 2θ sin 2θ=1-cos 2θ
a-x x

x a+x
• or x=a tan 2θ sin 2θ=1-cos 2θ
a+x x

 2 1-cos2θ
a +x 2 2
a -x 2 2 sin θ = 2
• 2 2
or 2 2 x 2 =a 2 cos2θ 
a -x a +x cos 2θ = 1+cos2θ
 2
• (x-a)(x-b) x=a sec 2θ -btan 2θ

• (x-a)(b-x) x=a cos 2θ +bsin 2θ

1. Types of Matrices
2. Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers and variables arranged in a specific order.

3. Dimemsion of matrix = number of rows × number of columns ( m×n )

4. Row Matrix :- It is a matrix with only one row and any number of columns (1×n )

5. Column Matrix :- It is a matrix with only one column and any number of rows ( m×1)

6. Null Matrix :- It is matrix with each of whose elements are zero

7. Square Matrix :- It is matrix having same number of rows and columns

8. Diagonal Matrix :- It is square matrix in which all its non-diagonal elements are Zero

9. Scalar Matrix :- It is square matrix in which all its non-diagonal elements are Zero and
diagonal elements are same

10. Unit Matrix :- It is square matrix in which all its non-diagonal elements are Zero and
diagonal elements are 1 . Genrally it is denoted by I

11. Note : Unit Matrix  Scalar Matrix  Diagonal Matrix

12. Comparable Matrices :- Two matrices A and B are said to be comparable if they have the same order
13. Eqivalent Matrices :- Two matrices A and B are said to be equivalent if they have the same order
14. Equal Matrices :- Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are comparable
and their corresponding elements are equal.

15. Singular Matrix :- A square matrix is said to be singular if A =0

16. Non Singular Matrix :- A square matrix is said to be non-singular if A 0

17. Results based on fundamental operation of matrices

18. ( A+B) = ( B+A ) ( addition is Commutative )
19. ( AB)  ( BA ) ( multiplication is not Commutative )
20. ( AB) C=A ( BC ) ( Associative property )
21. A. ( B+C ) =AB+AC ( Left distributive property )
22. ( A+B) C=AC+BC ( Right distributive property )
 ( A+B)
2
23.  A 2 +B2 +2AB

( A-B )
2
24.  A 2 +B2 -2AB

25. A 2 -B2  ( A+B )( A-B )

( A+B)
2
26. =A 2 +B2 +2AB is true only when AB=BA

27. A m .A n =A m+n
28. (A m ) n =(A) m n
29. A I = I A=A
30. AB =BA is true when A and B are diagonal matrices of same order
31. Transpose of a Matrix:- A matrix A obtained by changing all its rows in to

columns is called transpose and it is deneoted by A ' or A t

32. Important results based on Transpose of a matrix

33. ( A ) =A
t t

( A+B)
t
34. =A t +Bt

( A-B)
t
35. =A t -Bt

( AB)
t
36. =Bt A t (Reversal law of transpose)

( ABC )
t
37. =Ct Bt A t

( kA )
t
38. =kA t

39. (A ) = (A )
2 t t 2

40. (A ) = (A )
n t t n
nN

( adjA ) =adj ( A t )
t
41.

42. (A ) = (A )
−1 t t −1

43. At = A
44. Important results based on Symmetric and Skew-symmetric matrices
45. Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A is said to by symmetric if At =A

46. Skew Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A is said to by skew symmetric if A t = -A

47. Properties of symmetric and skew symmetric matrices are as follows

48. Main diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.

49. Every square matrix can be expressed as a sum of symmetric and skew symmmetric matrices. That is
1 1
A=
2
( A+A t ) + ( A-A t )
2
50. All positive Integral powers of a symmetric matrix is a symmtric matrix.

51. All odd positive Integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix is a skew symmtric matrix.

52. A+A t is always symmetric

53. A-A t is always skew-symmetric

54. AA t and A t A are always symmetric

55. A 2 n for n  N is always symmetric

56. A 2 n+1 for n  N is always skew-symmetric

57. kA for k  R is always symmetric
58. Transpose of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix
59. Inverse of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix
60. If A and B are symmetric matrices then (A+B) is symmetric
61. If A and B are symmetric matrices then (A-B) is symmetric
62. If A and B are symmetric matrices then (AB+BA) is symmetric
63. If A and B are symmetric matrices then (AB-BA) is skew-symmetric
64. AB is symmetric if AB=BA
65. If A and B are skew-symmetric matrices then (A+B) is a skew-symmetric
66. If A and B are skew-symmetric matrices then (AB+BA) is a skew-symmetric
67. If A and B are skew-symmetric matrices then (AB+BA) is symmetric
68. Null matrix is both symmetric and skew-symmetric .
69. Important Results based on Adjoint of a matrix
70. adj ( A+B )  adj ( A ) +adj ( B )

71. adj ( A-B )  adj ( A ) -adj ( B )

72. adj ( AB ) = adj ( B ) adj ( A )

73. adj ( ABC ) = adj ( C ) adj ( B ) adj ( A )

74. adj ( kA ) = k adj ( A ) adj ( kA ) = k n-1 ( adjA )

adj ( A t ) = ( adjA )
t
75.

adj ( A 2 ) = ( adjA )
2
76.

adj ( A n ) = ( adjA )
n
77.

adj ( A −1 ) = ( adjA )
−1
78.

adj(adj ( A ) ) = A
n− 2
79. A

80. A adj ( A ) = A I

81. adj ( I n ) = I n

82. Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix

83. The adjoint of a triangular matrix is also a triangular matrix
84. The adjoint of a singular matrix is also a singular matrix
85. The adjoint symmetric matrix is also a symmetric matrix
86. If A is a singular matrix, then det (AdjA)=0.
87. Important results based on Inverse of a matrix

88. (A )
−1 −1
=A

( A+B)
−1
89.  A −1 +B−1

( A-B)
−1
90.  A −1 -B−1

( AB)
−1
91. =B−1A −1
 ( ABC )
−1
92. =C−1B−1A −1

( kA )
−1
93. =kA −1

94. (A ) = (A )
2 −1 −1 2

95. (A ) = (A )
n −1 −1 n
nN

( adjA ) =adj ( A −1 )
−1
96.

97. (A ) = (A )
−1 t t −1

−1
98. A −1 = A

99. A A -1 = A -1A=I

100. A -1
=
(A ) c
t

101. The inverse of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix

102. Inverse of a triangular matrix is a triangular matrix
103. Inverse of a scalar matrix is also a scalar matrix
104. Inverse of symmetric matrix is also a symmetric matrix
105. The inverse of a matrix is always unique.
106. Solving simultaneous equations
107. If A  0 then the system is consistant and has a unique solution, given by X=A −1B

108. if A = 0 ( adj A) B  0, then the system is inconsistant (No solution )

109. if A = 0 ( adj A) B = 0, then the system is consistant and has infinitely many solutions.

a 0 0 a n 0 0 a -1 0 0
   
110. If A= 0 b 0  then A n =  0 b n
0  , A -1 =  0 b -1
0  and A =abc
 
0 0 c  0 0 c n  0 0 c-1 
 
111. Inverse of a 3x3, shortcut. 1) write the matrix, 2) Rewrite the first two columns 3) rewrite the
first two rows 4) leave the first row and first columns and perform the cross multiplication. 5)
obtained matrix is called adjoint 6) get inverse from adjoint.
112. Time saving results (Shortcut tricks may be used to solve MCQ)
1 0  1 0 
113. If A =   then A n =   where n  N
0 1  0 1 
1 1 1 1
114. If A =   then A n = 2n=1   where n  N
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 n 
115. If A =   then A n =   where n  N
0 1 0 1 
1 0  1 0
116. If A =   then A n
= n 1 where n  N
1 1   
1 k  1 nk 
117. If A =   then A n =   where n  N
0 1  0 1 

a 0 0  a n 0 0 
 
118. If A = 0 b 0  then A n =  0 bn 0  where n  N
0 0 c  0 0 c n 


a 0 0  a −1 0 0 
 
119. If A = 0 b 0  then A −1 =  0 b −1 0 
0 0 c  0 0 c −1 


a 0 0 
120. If A = 0 b 0  then A = abc
0 0 c 

a 0 0  a 0 0 
 
121. If A = 0 b 0  then A = 0 b 0 
t

0 0 c  0 0 c 

a 0 0  d 0 0  ad 0 0 
 
122. If A = 0 b 0  then B =  0 e 
0  then AB=  0 be 0 
0 0 c   0 0 f   0 0 cf 

a a12 
123. If A =  11 2
 then A - (a11 +a 22 ) A+ ΔI=0
a
 21 a 22 

 a11 a12 a13 

124. If A = a 21 a 22 a 23  then A 3 - (a11 +a 22 +a 33 ) A 2 + (A11 +A 22 +A 33 )A - ΔI=0
 a 31 a 32 a 33 
125. Important results and formula for Competitive examinations

126. Upper triangular Matrix :- A square matrix A = aij ( ) mn

is an upper triangular matrix if a ij = 0 for i>j

127. Lower triangular Matrix :- A square matrix A = aij ( ) mn

is an lower triangular matrix if a ij = 0 for i<j

128. A diagonal matrix is both upper and lower triangular matrices

129. Involutary Matrix :- A square matrix is said to be involutary if A 2 = I

130. Idempotent Matrix :- A square matrix is said to be idempotent if A 2 = A

131. Orthogonal Matrix :- A matrix is said to be Orthogonal if AAt = I

132. A square matrix A is said to be a Nilpotent matrix of index p if Ap =0 where p is the least
positive integer and p is called index.
133. A square matrix A is said to be periodic matrix if A k+1 = A for some least positive integer
value k and here k is called period of the matrix A.
134. Conjugate of matrix A is obtained by replacing all the complex numbers into its conjugates and
it is denoted by A
θ
135. Transpose of a conjugate matrix is denoted as A
θ
136. A square matrix is said to be Hermitian matrix if A = A
θ
137. Square matrix A is said to be Skew-Hermitian if A = - A
138. Minimum number of zeros in a diagonal matrix is n 2 - n
n2 - n
139. Minimum number of zeros in a triangular matrix is
2

a 0 0 a n 0 0 a -1 0 0
   
140. If A= 0 b 0  then A n =  0 b n
0  , A -1 =  0 b -1
0  and A =abc
 
0 0 c  0 0 c n  0 0 c-1 
 
141. The determinant value of a Nilpotent matrix is always zero.
142. Characteristic equations and characteristic roots (eigen values) of a square matrix A is given
by A-  I = 0

143. The roots of the characteristic equation are called characteristic roots or eigen values of the
matrix A.
144. The sum of the eigen values of a square matrix A is the sum of the diagonal elements of A.
145. The product of the eigen values of square matrix A is given by (-1) n A

146. The constant term of the characteristic equations of a matrix A is A

147. One of the Eigen values of the matrix A will be zero if and only if A is singular.
148. The eigen values of matrix A and A’ are the same.
149. The eigen values of a diagonal matrix are its diagonal elements.
150. The eigen values of the triangular matrix are its diagonal elements.
1. Determinant :- Every square matrix is associated with a number or an
expression which is known as its determinant.

2. Singular Matrix and Non-singular Matrix

3. Minors and Cofactors of a Matrix

4. Results involving co factors of a Matrix

x1 y1 1
1
5. Area of triangle ABC where A(x1 ,y1 ), B(x 2 ,y 2 )&C(x 3 ,y3 ) is x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

x1 y1 1
6. Equation of a straight line passing through two points A(x1 ,y1 ), B(x 2 ,y 2 ) is x2 y2 1 =0
x y 1

x1 y1 1
7. Three points A(x1 ,y1 ), B(x 2 ,y 2 ) and C(x 3 ,y3 ) are collinear if x2 y2 1 =0
x3 y3 1

8. Results based on determinant value of a matrix. If A is a square matrix of order n then

9. A.B = A B
n −1
10. Adj A = A
n
11. [Link] A = A

12. adj ( Adj A ) = A

n −2
.A
13. kA = k n A
1
14. A −1 =
A
1 −1
15. ( kA )
−1
= A
k
16. AA −1 = 1
 2
17. AA t = A

18. A = A t

( n −1)2
19. adj ( Adj A ) = A

20. AB  BA but AB = BA

21. Properties of determinants

22. P1 :- Value of a determinant , remains unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged

23. P2 :- Value of a determinant changes by minus sign only if any two rows or columns are interchanged

24. P3 :- Value of a determinant is zero if any two rows or columns are identical

25. P4 :- Value of a determinant is zero if any two rows or columns are proportional

26. P5 :- Value of a determinant , remains unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged

27. P6 :- Value of a determinant is zero if all the elements of a row or columns are zero

28. P7 :- If each element of a row ( column ) of a determinant is expressed as sum of two or more terms ,
then the determinant can be expressed as sum of two or more determinants.

29. P8 :- If , to any row or column of a determinant , a multiple of any row or column

is added , the value of a determinant is unaltered.

30. P9 :- The determinant value of a diagonal matrix is equal to the product of diagonal elements

31. P10 :- The determinant value of a skew − symmetric matrix of odd order is always zero.

32. Determinant value of a diagonal matrix is equal to product of its main diagonal elements.
 Limit of a function

• For a function f(x) , lim f(x) exist , if lim− f(x) = lim+ f(x)
x →a x →a x →a

• Left hand limit is lim f(x)= lim f(a-h)

x →a - h →0

• Right hand limit is lim f(x)= lim f(a+h)

x →a+ h →0

 x n -a n   x m -a m  m m-n
, lim  x n -a n  = n a
n-1
1. lim  x-a  =n a x →a
x→a
   

sinx x sin 2 x sin n x sin −1

x
2. lim =1 , lim =1 , lim 2 =1 , lim n =1 , lim =1
x →0 x x →0 sinx x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x

tanx x tan n x tan −1 x

3. lim = 1 , lim =1 , lim = 1 , lim =1
x →0 x x →0 tanx x →0 xn x →0 x

a x −1 ex − 1
4. lim = log e a lim =1
x →0 x x →0 x

log e (1 + x) log a (1 + x)
5. lim =1 lim = log e a
x →0 x x →0 x
x
 1 1
6. lim 1 +  = e lim (1 + x ) = e
x
x →0
 x x →0

sin ax a tan ax a sin ax a sin ax + bx a + b

7. lim = lim = lim = lim =
x →0 sin bx b x →0 tan bx b x →0 tan bx b x →0 tan cx + dx c + d

1 − cos mx m2 1 − cos mx m2
8. lim = 2 lim =
x →0 1 − cos nx n x →0 m2 2

sin ( x − a )
9. lim =1
x →a x−a

tan ( x − a )
10. lim =1
x →a x−a
11. Algebra of Limits

12. lim ( f ( x )  g ( x ) ) = lim f ( x )  lim g ( x )

x →a x →a x →a

13. lim ( f ( x )  g ( x ) ) = lim f ( x )  lim g ( x )

x →a x →a x →a

 f (x)  lim f ( x )
lim  
 = x →a
 g(x)  lim g ( x )
14. x →a
x →a

15. lim ( K f ( x ) ) = K lim f ( x )

x →a x →a

16. The seven Indeterminate forms

0 
, ,  −  , 00 ,  0 , 0. and 1
0 
17. Limits at infinity

 a0
= b if m = n
 a 0 x m + a1x m −1 + a 2 x m − 2 + ............ + a n  
0

lim  n −1 n −2  = 0 if m  n
x →
 0 b x n
+ b x + b x + ....... + b .  
1 2 n
if m  n and a 0  0

 −
 if m  n and a 0  0
 1. Continuity of a function

A function f(x) is continuous at 'a' if lim- f(x) = lim- f(x) = f(a) ( LHL=RHL=VALUE )
x →a x →a

2. Properties of continuous functions. If f and g are two continuous functions, then

3. f+g is continuous at 'a'

4. f-g is continuous at 'a'

5. f.g is continuous at 'a'

f
6. is continuous at 'a' g ( a )  0
g
7. k f is continuous at 'a'

8. f is continuous at 'a'

9. All differentiable functions are continous

10. All contnious functions are not differentiable
11. All polynomial functions are continuous
12. Exponential and Logarithmic functions are continuous in their respective domains
13. Inverse trigonometric functions are continuous in their respective domains
14. The functions f (x) = sin(x) and f(x)=cosx continuous and differentiable everywhere

15. f (x) = e x and f(x)=log(x) are continuous and differentiable in their respective domains.

16. f (x) = x is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x=0

17. f (x) = x − 1 is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x=1

18. f (x) = x − 1 + x − 3 is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x=1and x=3

19. f (x) = sin x is continuous everywhere but not differentiable

x
20. f (x) = e is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x=0

21. f (x) = log x is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x=a

1. Differentiation of Algebraic functions
d n
2.
dx
(x ) = n x n-1

d
3. (x) = 1
dx
d
4. (c) = 0
dx

5.
d
dx
( x) =
1
2 x
d 1 1
6.   = −
dx  x  x2
d  1  n
7.   = -
dx  x n  x n+1
8. Differentiation of exponential and logarithmic functions
d x
9.
dx
(a ) = a x .log a

d x
10.
dx
(e ) = ex

d 1
11. ( log e x ) =
dx x
d 1
12. ( log a x ) =
dx [Link] a
13. Differentiation of Trigonometric functions
d
14. ( sin x ) = cos x
dx
d
15. ( cos x ) = -sin x
dx
d
16. ( tan x ) = sec2 x
dx
d
17. ( cos ecx ) = − cos [Link] x
dx
d
18. ( s ecx ) = s [Link] x
dx
d
19. ( cot x ) = − cos ec 2 x
dx
20. Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric functions
d 1
21.
dx
( sin −1 x ) =
1 − x2
d 1
22.
dx
( cos −1 x ) = -
1 − x2
d 1
23.
dx
( tan −1 x ) =
1 + x2
d 1
24.
dx
( cot −1 x ) =−
1 + x2
d 1
25.
dx
( s ec −1 x ) =
x x2 − 1
d 1
26.
dx
( cos ec −1 x ) =−
x x2 −1
27. Rules of Differentiation
28. (u  v) / = u / + v / addition/subtraction rule

29. (ku) / = k u / constant rule

30. (u v) / = u / v + v / u product rule

31. (u vw) / = u / vw + uv / w + uvw/ extention of product rule

/
u u v−v u
/ /
32.   = quotient rule
v v2
33. Chain rule in Differentiation
d
34.
dx
( sin ( ax+b ) ) = [Link] (ax+b)

d
35.
dx
( cos ( ax+b ) ) = -[Link] ( ax+b )

d
36.
dx
( tan ( ax+b ) ) = [Link] 2 ( ax+b )

d
37.
dx
( cos ec ( ax+b ) ) = − [Link] ec ( ax+b ) .cot(ax + b)
d
38.
dx
( s ec ( ax+b ) ) = a.s ec ( ax+b ) .tan(ax + b)
d
39.
dx
( cot ( ax+b ) ) = − [Link] ec 2 ( ax+b )
 dy
1. Rate of change of y with respect to x is denoted by
dx

2. A function f(x) is said to be increasing in ( a, b ) if f(x1 )  f(x 2 ) whenever

x1  x 2 for all x1 ,x 2  ( a, b )

3. A function f(x) is said to be decreasing in ( a, b ) if f(x1 )  f(x 2 ) whenever

x1  x 2 for all x1 ,x 2  ( a, b )

4. A function f(x) is said to be Strictly increasing in ( a, b ) if f(x1 )  f(x 2 ) whenever

x1  x 2 for all x1 ,x 2  ( a, b )

5. A function f(x) is said to be Strictly decreasing in ( a, b ) if f(x1 )  f(x 2 ) whenever

x1  x 2 for all x1 ,x 2  ( a, b )

6. Critical point. A point x=c is called critical point of the function f(x) if f(x) exists and either
f / (c)=0 or f / (c)=

7. A function f(x) is said to have attain its local maxima (relative maxima) at x= c if
f / (c)=0 or f / / (c)  0

8. A function f(x) is said to have attain its local minima (relative maxima) at x= c if
f / (c)=0 or f / / (c)  0

9. A function f(x) is said to have point of inflexion at x= c if f / (c)=0 , f / / (c) = 0 and f / / / (c)  0
 Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic functions

d  x n+1  x n+1
01   =x n
  x dx = n+1 +c
n
( n  1)
dx  n+1 
d
02. (x) = 1   1 dx = x+c
dx
d
03. (c) = 0   0 dx = c
dx
d x
04.
dx
( e ) = ex  e
x
dx = e x +c

d  ax  ax
  a dx =
x x
05.   =a +c
dx  log e a  log e a
d 1 1
06. ( log e x ) =  x dx = l og e x +c
dx x

Integration of Trigonometric functions

d
07. ( sinx ) = cosx   cosx dx = sinx+c
dx
d
08. ( cosx ) = -sinx   sinx dx = - cosx+c
dx
d
09. ( tanx ) = sec2 x   sec x dx = tanx+c
2

dx
d
10. ( cosecx ) = -[Link]   [Link] dx =- cosecx+c
dx
d
11. ( secx ) = [Link]   [Link] dx =secx+c
dx
d
12. ( cotx ) = -cosec2 x   cosec 2 x dx =- cotx+c
dx
d
13. ( logsecx ) = tanx   tanx dx = log secx +c
dx
d
14. ( logsinx ) = cotx   cotx dx = log sinx +c
dx
d
15. ( logsecx+tanx ) = secx   secx dx = log secx+tanx +c
dx
d
16. ( logcosecx-cotx ) = cosecx   cosecx dx = log cosecx-cotx +c
dx
 Integration of Inverse Trigonometric functions
d 1 1
17.
dx
( sin -1x ) =
2
  2
dx =sin -1x+c
1-x 1-x
d 1 1
18.
dx
( tan -1x ) =
1+x 2
  1+x 2 dx =tan x+c
-1

d 1 1
19.
dx
( sec-1x ) =   x x 2 -1 dx =sec x+c
-1

x x 2 -1

Rules of Integration

20.  ( f (x) +  f
1 2 )
(x) dx =  f1 (x) dx +  f 2 (x) dx

21.  k.f(x) dx = k. f(x) dx

Special Formulae in Integration

f ' (x) f ' (x)

22.  dx = log f ( x ) +c 23.  dx = 2 f ( x ) +c
f (x) f (x)

(f ( x ))
n+1

 (f ( x ))
n '
24. f (x) dx = +c
n+1

Nine Important Formulae in Integration

dx 1 x-a
25. x 2
-a 2
=
2a
log
x+a
+c

dx 1 x
26. x 2
+a 2
=
a
tan -1   +c
a
dx 1 a+x
27. a 2
-x 2
=
2a
log
a-x
+c

dx
28.  x -a2 2
= log x+ x 2 -a 2 +c

dx
29.  x +a2 2
= log x+ x 2 +a 2 +c

dx x
30.  a 2 -x 2
= sin -1   +c
a
x a2

2 2 2 2
31. x -a dx = x -a - log x+ x 2 -a 2 +c
2 2
2
x a
32.  x 2 +a 2 dx =
2
x 2 +a 2 +
2
log x+ x 2 +a 2 +c

x a2 x
33.  a 2 -x 2 dx =
2
a 2 -x 2 +
2
sin -1   +c
a
 Integration by Parts

34.  u. dv =u .v -  v du (OR)

(first function). 2 nd function dx −  (  2nd fn).d(first fn)

Special Integration

35 .  e x  f ( x ) + f ( x )  dx = e x f ( x ) + c
e ax
36 .  e sin bx dx = 2
ax
( asin bx-b cosbx ) + c
a + b2
e ax
37 .  e cosbx dx = 2
ax
( acos bx+b sinbx ) + c
a + b2

Integration by Partial Fraction

[Link] Expression Selection of contants

px+q A B
38. (a  b) +
( x-a )( x-b ) ( x-a ) ( x-b )
px 2 +qx+c A B C
39. + +
( x-a )( x-b )( x-c ) ( x-a ) ( x-b ) ( x-c )
px+q A B
40. +
( x-a )
2
( x-a ) ( x-a )2
px 2 +qx+c A B C
41. + +
( x-a )
3
( x-a ) ( x-a ) ( x-a )3
2

px 2 +qx+c A B C
42. + +
( x-a ) ( x-b )
2
( x-a ) ( x-a ) ( x-b )
2

px 2 +qx+c
43. A Bx+c
( x-a ) (x 2
+bx+c ) + 2
( x-a ) x +bx+c
(x 2
+bx+c ) → not factorizable
 Properties of Definite Integrals

b b
44.  f(x) dx =  f(t) dt
a a
b a
45.  f(x) dx = −  f(x) dx
a b
c b c
46.  f(x) dx =  f(x) dx +  f(x) dx
a a b
a bc

a a
47.  f(x) dx =  f(a-x) dx
0 0
b b
48.  f(x) dx =  f(a + b-x) dx
a a

 a

 f(x) dx
a
 2 if f(x) is even
49.  f(x) dx =  0
-a  0 if f(x) is odd

 a

 f(x) dx if f(2a-x) = f(x)

2a
 2
50. 0 f(x) dx =  0
 0 if f(2a-x) = −f(x)

 8 2
1. Area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4ax and its Latusrectum is a
3

8 2
2. Area bounded by the parabola x 2 = 4ay and its Latusrectum is a
3

8 a2
3. Area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4ax and the line y= mx is
3 m3

8 2 3
4. Area bounded by the parabola x 2 = 4ay and y=mx is am
3

5. Area of the circle x 2 +y 2 = a 2 is  a 2

1 2
6. Area of the circle semi-circle y = a 2 -x 2 is a
2

1 1 
7. Area bounded by the circle x 2 +y 2 = a 2 and the line x+y = a is  πa 2 - a 2 
4 2 


8. Area of the circle x 2 +y 2 = a 2 and the line y = mx is  r 2 . Here m = tan 
360

x 2 y2
9. Area of the ellipse + is  ab
a 2 b2

b 2 2 1
10. Area of the semi-ellipse y = a -x is πab
a 2

x 2 y2 x y 1 1 
11. Area of the ellipse 2
+ 2 =  ab and the line + = 1 is  πab - ab 
a b a b 4 2 


12. Area bounded by sine curve for one loop is 2 square units.  0
sin x dx=2

8
13. Area bounded by the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x 2 =4by is ab
3

x1 y1 1
1
14. Area of the triangle with vertices ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x2 , y2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) is A= x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
1. Differential Equation:- An equation containing an independent varibale
and differential coefficient of dependent variable with respect to independent
variable is called a differential equation

2. Order:- It is the order of the highest differential coefficient appearing in it

3. Degree:- It is the exponent of the highest differential coefficient

4. Solving different type of differential equation

dy f ( x)
• Variable separbale =
dx g ( y )
dy
• Homogeneous Equation of the type =f ( x , y ) (Put y = vx )
dx
dy  y 
• Homogeneous Equation of the type =f   (Put y = vx )
dx  x 
dx  x 
• Homogeneous Equation of the type =f   (Put x = vy )
dy  y 
dy
• Linear Differential Equation of the type + Py = Q
dx
Here P and Q are either varibles of x or constants
General solution is y. (I.F)=  Q .(I.F) dx +c .

Here I.F is integrating factor and = e 

P .dx

dx
• Linear Differential Equation of the type + Px = Q
dy
Here P and Q are either varibles of y or constants
General solution is x. (I.F)=  Q .(I.F) dy +c .

Here I.F is integrating factor and = e 

P .dy
1. Vector

2. Direction ratios of a vector

3. Direction cosines of a vector

4. Magnitude of Vector

5. Unit vector

6. Null vector

7. Position vector

8. Like parallel vectors

9. Unlike parallel vectors

10. Co-initial vectors

11. Co-terminus vectors

12. Addition of two vectors

13. Subtraction of two vectors

14. Multiplication of a vector by a scalar

15. Dot product (scalar product) of two vectors

16. Cross product ( vector product) of two vectors

17. Scalar triple product (Box product)of three vectors

18. Vector triple product of three vectors

19. Parallel vectors

20. Perpendicular vectors

21. Collinear vectors

22. Coplanar vectors

 
 a
23. Unit vector in the direction of a is nˆ = 
a

 a
24. Unit vector in the direction opposite of of a is -nˆ = - 
a

 a
25. Vector in the direction of a with magnitude p is pnˆ = p 
a

26. Dot product between the two vectors a and b is a . b= a b cosθ

27. Cross product between the two vectors a and b is ax b= a b sinθ nˆ
 
 ax b
28. Unit vector ⊥ to both a and b is nˆ = 
ax b

 a. b
29. Angle between a and b is cos = 
a. b

 a. b
30. Projection of a on b is = 
b
1 
31. Area of a ( in terms of sides) is A = ax b
2
 
32. Area of a  ( in terms of sides) is A = ax b
1 
33. Area of a  ( in terms of diagonals) is A= d1x d 2
2

34. Two vectors a and b are ⊥  a . b = 0

35. Two vectors a and b are   a x b = 0

36. Two vectors a and b are   a = b

( )

37. Volume of a Parlellopiped is V= a . b  c
38. The Position vector of the point ‘p’ which divides the line AB
 
mb + na
internally in the ratio m : n is op =
m+n

39. The Position vector of the point ‘p’ which divides the line AB
 
 mb − na
externally in the ratio m : n is op =
m−n

40. The position vector of the mid point of the line joining points
 
a+b
A and B is
2

 a+ b + c
41. The position vector of the centroid G of the triangle ABC is OG =
3

2 2 2
42. a + b = a + b + 2a.b


2 2 2
43 . a − b = a + b − 2a.b


a + b + a − b = 2  a + b  (parallelogram law)
2 2 2 2
44.
 

 2 2 2 
2
45. a + b + c = a + b + c + 2a.b + 2b.c + 2c.a


 2 2 2
46. axb + (a.b) 2 = a b (Lagrange's Identity)

 
2 a.a a.b
47. a×b = 
 (Lagrange's Identity)
b.a b.b
48. ( )

a.b  a b (Cauchy & Schwartz In-equality)

( i ) a.b=b. a , ( ii ) ( a×b ) = - ( b× a )


49.

 2
50. ( i ) a.a=
a , ( ii ) ( a×a ) = 0

( ) ( ) ( )
 
51. a. = a.iˆ ˆi+ b.jˆ ˆj+ c.kˆ kˆ


 
52. ax(b + c) + bx(c + a) + c(a + b) = 0

  
53. a+b  a + b

  
54. a +b = a −b a⊥ b

  
55. a +b = a + b  a / /b

 
2 2 2 
56. a+b = a + b  a ⊥b



57. ax(bxc) = (a.c)b − (a.b)c
1. Coordinates in Three-Dimensional geometry

Octant Coordinate
I ( +, +, + )
II ( −, +, + )
III ( −, −, + )
IV ( +, −, + )
V ( +, +, − )
VI ( −, +, − )
VII ( −, −, − )
VIII ( +, −, − )

2. Distance between 2 points AB = (x1 − x 2 )2 + (y1 − y2 ) 2 + (z1 − z 2 )2

 mx 2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 mz 2 + nz1 

3. Internal Division  , , 
 m+n m+n m+n 

 mx 2 − nx1 my2 − ny1 mz 2 − nz1 

4. External Division  , , 
 m−n m−n m−n 

 x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 z1 + z 2 
5. Mid point  , , 
 2 2 2 

 x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y2 + y3 z1 + z 2 + z3 
6. Centroid  , , 
 3 3 3 

7. General point on the X − axis in 3 − D is ( x,0,0 )

8. General point on the Y − axis in 3 − D is ( 0, y,0 )

9. General point on the Z − axis in 3 − D is ( 0,0, z )

10. General point on the XY − plane in 3 − D is ( x, y,0 )

11. General point on the YZ − plane in 3 − D is ( 0, y, z )

12. General point on the XZ − plane in 3 − D is ( x,0, z )

13. Equation of XY plane is z=0

14. Equation of YZ plane is x =0

15. Equation of ZX plane is y=0

16. Equation of x-axis in three-D is y =0 and z=0

17. Equation of y-axis in three-D is x =0 and z=0

18. Equation of z-axis in three-D is x =0 and y=0

19. Distance of ( a,b,c ) the origin is a 2 +b 2 + c 2

20. Distance of ( a,b,c ) from X axis is b2 +c2

21. Distance of ( a,b,c ) from Y axis is a 2 +c2

22. Distance of ( a,b,c ) from Z axis is a 2 +b2

23. Distance of ( a,b,c ) from XOY plane is c

24. Distance of ( a,b,c ) from YOZ plane is a

25. Distance of ( a,b,c ) from ZOX plane is b

26. Image of ( a,b,c ) with respect to xy-plane is ( a,b,-c )

27. Image of ( a,b,c ) with respect to yz-plane is ( -a,b,c )

28. Image of ( a,b,c ) with respect to xz-plane is ( a,-b,c )

29. Foot of perpendicular of ( a,b,c ) on x-axis is ( a,0,0 )

30. Foot of perpendicular of ( a,b,c ) on y-axis is ( 0,b,0 )

31. Foot of perpendicular of ( a,b,c ) on z-axis is ( 0,0,c )

32. Direction ratios of the line joining points A(x1 , y1 , z1 ) & B(x 2 , y2 , z2 ) is x 2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1

33. If l,m,n are directional cosines then l 2 + m2 + n 2 = 1



34. Equation of st. line passing through one point ( a ) and parallel to one vector b is ()
 
Vecotr form r = a + tb
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
Cartesian form = =
l m n
 

()
35. Equation of st. line passing through two points ( a ) and b is Vecotr form

r = a + t(b-a)

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
Cartesian form = =
x 2 -x1 y2 -y1 z 2 -z1


36. Equation of st. line passing through one point ( a ) and ⊥ to 2vectors b1 & b2 ( ) is
 
Vecotr form r = a + t(b1xb 2 )
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
Cartesian form = =
l m n

  b1.b 2
37. Angle between the two lines r = a1 + λb1 & r = a 2 + μb 2 is cosθ = 
b1 . b 2

 
( a -a1 ).(b1xb2 )
38. Shortest distance between the two skew lines is D = 2 
b1xb 2
 
b  ( a 2 -a1 )
39. Shortest distance between the two parallel lines is D = 
b

40. Two lines intersect if the shortest distance between them is zero ( D = 0)
[Link] to find the image and foot of perpendicular of a given point with respect to the given
line
1. Optimisation Problem An optimisation problem is one that aims to maximise or
minimise a function. It may involve maximising profit, output, or production, or
minimising cost, time, or resources, subject to given conditions

2. Linear Programming Problem (LPP) A Linear Programming Problem is a special type

of optimisation problem that deals with the maximisation or minimisation of a linear
function of two variables (usually 𝑥and 𝑦), called the objective function. This function
is subject to: A set of linear inequalities (called constraints), and non-negative
conditions on the variables

3. Objective Function linear function of the form 𝑍 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 where 𝑎and 𝑏are

constants, which is to be maximised or minimised, is called the objective function.

4. Decision Variables The variables 𝑥and 𝑦in the objective function are called decision
variables, as their values determine the outcome of the problem

5. Constraints The linear inequalities or restrictions imposed on the decision variables in

an LPP are called constraints.

6. Non-Negative Constraints The conditions 𝑥 ≥ 0and 𝑦 ≥ 0are called non-negative

constraints, since decision variables cannot take negative values.

7. Feasible Region The common region determined by all the constraints, including the
non-negative constraints, is called the feasible region of the LPP

8. Feasible Solutions All the points lying inside or on the boundary of the feasible region
represent feasible solutions.

9. Infeasible Solutions Any point outside the feasible region is called an infeasible
solution

10. Optimal (Feasible) Solution A feasible solution that gives the maximum or
minimum value of the objective function is called the optimal solution.

11. Convex Polygon If the feasible region 𝑅of an LPP is a convex polygon, and the
objective function has an optimal value, then this optimal value occurs at one of the
corner points (vertices) of the feasible region

12. Bounded Region If the feasible region 𝑅is bounded, then the objective function has
both a maximum and a minimum value, and each occurs at a corner point of 𝑅

13. Unbounded Region If the feasible region 𝑅is unbounded, the objective function may or
may not have a maximum or minimum value. However, if an optimal value exists, it will
occur at a corner point of 𝑅.

14. Multiple Optimal Solutions If two corner points of the feasible region give the same
maximum or minimum value of the objective function, then every point on the line
segment joining these two points is also an optimal solution.
1. Basic results of Probability

Number of favourable cases

2. P(A)=
Total number of cases

3. P(S)= 1 and P( )= 0

( )
4. P A = 1- P(A) (OR) P(A) + P A = 1 ( )
5. Addition theorem in Probability

6. P(A  B)=P(A) + P(B) − P(A  B) if A and B are any two events

7. P(A  B  C) = P(A) + P(B)+P(C) − P(A  B) − P(B  C) − P(C  A) + P(A  B  C)

8. P(A  B)=P(A) + P(B) if A and B are mutually exclusive

9. P(A  B)=P(A) + P(B) = 1 if A and B are mutually exclusive and exhaustive

10. P(notA)  P(A)=1-P(A)

11. P(notB)  P(B)=1-P(B)

12. P( Neither A nor B)  P(A  B)=1-P(A  B)

13. P( A not B)  P(A  B) = P(A)-P(A  B)

14. P( B not A)  P(A  B) = P(B)-P(A  B)

15. Results based on Conditional Probability

P ( A  B)
16. P ( A / B ) = P ( B)  0
P ( B)

P ( A  B)
17. P ( B / A) = P ( A)  0
P ( A)
 (
P AB )= P ( B ) − P ( A  B)
(
18. P A / B = ) P ( B) P ( B)
=1-P ( A / B ) P ( B)  0

(
P AB ) = 1 − P ( A  B)
(
19. P A / B = ) P ( B)  1
P B ( ) 1− P ( B)

20. Results based on independent events

21. P ( A  B ) = P(A).P(B)

( )
22. P A  B = P( A ).P( B )  A & B are also independent 
 

( )
23. P A  B = P( A ).P( B )  A & B are also independent 

( )
24. P A  B = P(A ).P( B )  A & B are also independent 

25. P ( A  B ) = 1 − P(A ).P( B )

26. Bayes Theorem

27. Let E1 ,E 2 , E 3 .........E n be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events

and let A be any event associated with these events then

P ( E1 ) .P ( A/E1 )
28. P ( E1 /A ) =
P ( E1 ) .P ( A/E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) .P ( A/E 2 ) + .......... + P ( E n ) .P ( A/E n )

P ( E 2 ) .P ( A/E 2 )
29. P ( E 2 /A ) =
P ( E1 ) .P ( A/E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) .P ( A/E 2 ) + .......... + P ( E n ) .P ( A/E n )

30. Total law of Probability P ( A ) = P ( E1 ) .P ( A/E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) .P ( A/E 2 ) + .......... + P ( E n ) .P ( A/E n )