Mathematic I Prepared by Dr.

Sahar abdul Hadi

CHAPTER FIVE
Integration
Indefinite integrals:

The set of all anti derivative of a function is called indefinite integral of the function.

Assume u and v denote differentiable functions of x, and a, n, and c are constants, then
the integration formulas are:-

1) ∫ ݀‫ )ݔ(ݑ = ݑ‬+ ܿ
2) ∫ ܽ ∙ ‫ݔ݀ )ݔ(ݑ ∫ܽ = ݔ݀)ݔ(ݑ‬
3) ∫൫‫ )ݔ(ݑ‬∓ ‫)ݔ(ݒ‬൯݀‫ ݔ݀ )ݔ(ݑ ∫ = ݔ‬∓ ∫ ‫ݔ݀ )ݔ(ݒ‬
௨೙శభ ଵ
4) ∫ ‫ݑ‬௡ ݀‫= ݑ‬ + ܿ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊݊ ≠ −1 & ∫ ‫ିݑ‬ଵ ݀‫ = ݑ݀ ∫ = ݑ‬ln ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
௡ାଵ ௨
௔ೠ
5) ∫ ܽ௨ ݀‫= ݑ‬ + ܿ⇒ ∫ ݁௨ ݀‫݁ = ݑ‬௨ + ܿ
୪୬ ௔

‫ݔܧ‬1: ‫ݐ݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ‬ℎ݂݁‫ݏ݈ܽݎ݃݁ݐ݊݅݃݊݅ݓ݋݈݈݋‬:
௫ାଷ
1) ∫ 3 ‫ݔ‬ଶ݀‫ݔ‬ 6) ∫ ݀‫ݔ‬
√௫మା଺௫
ଵ ௫ାଶ
2) ∫( మ + ‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬ 7)∫ ቀ ቁ݀‫ݔ‬
௫ ௫మ
௘ೣ
3) ∫ ‫ݔ√ݔ‬ଶ + 1 ݀‫ݔ‬ 8)∫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵାଷ௘ೣ
ర
4) ∫(2‫ݐ‬+ ‫ିݐ‬ଵ)ଶ ݀‫ݐ‬ 9) ∫ 3‫ି݁ ∙ ݔ‬ଶ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଷ

5) ∫ ඥ(‫ݖ‬ଶ − ‫ିݖ‬ଶ)ଶ + 4 ݀‫ݖ‬ 10) ∫ 2ିସ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬

ܵ‫݈݋‬:
௫య
1) ∫ 3 ‫ݔ‬ଶ݀‫ = ݔ‬3 ∫ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ = ݔ‬3 + ܿ = ‫ݔ‬ଷ + ܿ
ଷ
ଵ ௫షభ ௫మ
2) ∫( మ + ‫ିݔ(∫ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ିݔ ∫ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ ݔ‬+ ∫ ‫= ݔ݀ݔ‬ + +ܿ
௫ ିଵ ଶ
3) ∫ ඥ(‫ݖ‬ଶ − ‫ିݖ‬ଶ)ଶ + 4 ݀‫ ∫ = ݖ‬ඥ(‫ݖ‬ସ − 2 + ‫ିݖ‬ସ + 4 ݀‫∫ = ݖ‬ √‫ݖ‬ସ + 2 + ‫ିݖ‬ସ ݀‫= ݖ‬
௭య ௭షభ ଵ ଵ
∫ ඥ(‫ݖ‬ଶ + ‫ିݖ‬ଶ)ଶ ݀‫ݖ(∫ = ݖ‬ଶ + ‫ିݖ‬ଶ) ݀‫= ݖ‬ ଷ
+
ିଵ
+ ܿ = ‫ݖ‬ଷ − + ܿ
ଷ ௭
భ భ
௫ାଷ ଶ ଵ
4) ∫ మ ݀‫ ݔ(∫ = ݔ‬+ 3) (‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ(∫ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬+ 3) (‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ି)ݔ‬మ݀‫∙ = ݔ‬
ି
మ
√௫ ା଺௫ ଶ ଶ
భ
(௫మା଺௫)మ
భ + ܿ = √‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
మ

(Integration) 1
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

௘ೣ ଷ ଵ ଷ௘ೣ ଵ
5) ∫ ݀‫݁ ∫ = ݔ‬௫ (1 + 3݁௫)ିଵ݀‫∫ = ݔ‬ ݀‫ = ݔ‬ln(1 + 3݁௫) + ܿ
ଵାଷ௘ೣ ଷ ଷ ଵାଷ௘ೣ ଷ
ିସ ௟௡ଶ ଵ ଵ
6) ∫ 2ିସ௫ ݀‫= ݔ‬ ∫ 2ିସ௫ ݀‫ ∫ = ݔ‬−4 2ିସ௫ ln 2 ݀‫ି = ݔ‬ସ ୪୬ ଶ 2ିସ௫ + ܿ
ିସ ୪୬ ଶ

Integrals of trigonometric functions:

1) ∫ sin ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬− cos ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ 6) ∫ csc ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬− ln|csc ‫ ݑ‬+ cot ‫ |ݑ‬+ ܿ
2) ∫ cos ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬sin ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ 7) ∫ sec ଶ ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬tan ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
3) ∫ tan ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬− ln | cos ‫ | ݑ‬+ ܿ8) ∫ csc ଶ ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬− cot ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
4) ∫ cot ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬ln | sin ‫ | ݑ‬+ ܿ 9) ∫ sec ‫ ∙ݑ‬tan ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬sec ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
5) ∫ sec ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬ln|sec ‫ ݑ‬+ tan ‫ |ݑ‬+ ܿ 10) ∫ csc ‫ ∙ݑ‬cot ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬− csc ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ

‫ݔܧ‬2: ‫ݐ݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ‬ℎ݂݁‫ݏ݈ܽݎ݃݁ݐ݊݅݃݊݅ݓ݋݈݈݋‬:
ௗఏ
1) ∫ cos(3ߠ − 1) ݀ߠ 6) ∫
ୡ୭ୱమ ఏ
ଶ
2) ∫ ‫ݔ‬sin(2‫ݔ݀ ) ݔ‬ 7) ∫(1 − sinଶ 3‫ )ݐ‬cos 3‫ݐ݀ݐ‬
3) ∫ cos ଶ(2‫ )ݕ‬sin(2‫ݕ݀ )ݕ‬ 8) ∫ tanଷ(5‫ )ݔ‬sec ଶ(5‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
4) ∫ sec ଷ ‫ݔ‬tan ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬ 9) ∫ sinସ ‫ݔ‬cos ଷ ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
ୡ୭୲మ √௫
5) ∫ √2 + sin 3‫ ∙ ݐ‬cos 3‫ݐ݀ݐ‬ 10) ∫ ݀‫ݔ‬
√௫

ܵ‫݈݋‬:
ଷ ଵ
1) ∫ cos(3ߠ − 1) ݀ߠ = ∫ cos(3ߠ − 1) ݀ߠ = sin(3ߠ − 1) + ܿ
ଷ ଷ
2) ∫ sinସ ‫ݔ‬cos ଷ ‫ ∫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬sinସ ‫ݔ‬cos ଶ ‫ݔ‬cos ‫= ݔ݀ݔ‬
න sinସ ‫(ݔ‬1 − sinଶ ‫ )ݔ‬cos ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬න sinସ ‫ݔ‬cos ‫ ݔ݀ݔ‬− න sin଺ ‫ݔ‬cos ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬

sinହ ‫ ݔ‬sin଻ ‫ݔ‬

= − +ܿ
5 7
ୡ୭୲మ √௫ ୡୱୡమ √௫ିଵ ୡୱୡమ √௫
3) ∫ ݀‫∫ = ݔ‬ ݀‫ = ݔ‬2 ∫ ݀‫ ݔ‬− ∫ ‫ିݔ‬ଵ/ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
√௫ √௫ ଶ√௫
ଵ/ଶ
‫ݔ‬
= −2 cot √‫ ݔ‬− + ܿ = −2 cot √‫ ݔ‬− 2√‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
1/2

(Integration) 2
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

Integrals of inverse trigonometric functions:

ௗ௨ ௨ ௨
1) ∫ మ మ = sinିଵ + ܿ = − cos ିଵ + ܿ; ∀‫ݑ‬ଶ < ܽଶ
√௔ ି௨ ௔ ௔
ௗ௨ ଵ ௨ ଵ ௨
2) ∫ మ మ = tanିଵ + ܿ = − cot ିଵ + ܿ
௔ ା௨ ௔ ௔ ௔ ௔
ௗ௨ ଵ ௨ ଵ ௨
3) ∫ = sec ିଵ ቚ ቚ+ ܿ = − csc ିଵ ቚ ቚ+ ܿ; ∀‫ݑ‬ଶ > ܽଶ
௨√௨మି௔మ ௔ ௔ ௔ ௔

‫ݔܧ‬3: ‫ݐ݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ‬ℎ݂݁‫ݏ݈ܽݎ݃݁ݐ݊݅݃݊݅ݓ݋݈݈݋‬:
௫మ ଶௗ௫
1) ∫ ݀‫ݔ‬ 6) ∫
√ଵି௫ల √௫(ଵା௫)
ௗ௫ ௗ௫
2) ∫ 7) ∫
√ଽି௫మ ଵାଷ௫మ
௫ ଶୡ୭ୱ௫ௗ௫
3) ∫ ݀‫ݔ‬ 8) ∫
ଵା௫ర ଵା(ୱ୧୬ ௫)మ
షభ
ୱୣୡమ ௫ ௘౩౟౤ ೣ
4) ∫ ݀‫ ݔ‬9) ∫ ݀‫ݔ‬
√ଵି୲ୟ୬మ ௫ √ଵି௫మ
ௗ௫ ୲ୟ୬షభ ௫
5) ∫ 10) ∫ ݀‫ݔ‬
௫√ସ௫మିଵ ଵା௫మ

ܵ‫݈݋‬:
ଵ ଵ ଵ
1) ∫ య మ
(3‫ݔ‬ଶ݀‫ = )ݔ‬sinିଵ ‫ݔ‬ଷ + ܿ
ଷ ඥଵି(௫ ) ଷ
ௗ௫ ௫
2) ∫ = sinିଵ + ܿ
√ଽି௫మ ଷ
ଵ ଶ௫ ଵ
3) ∫ ݀‫ = ݔ‬tanିଵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ܿ
ଶ ଵା(௫మ)మ ଶ
ୱୣୡమ ௫
4) ∫ ݀‫ = ݔ‬sinିଵ(tan ‫ )ݔ‬+ ܿ
√ଵି୲ୟ୬మ ௫
ଶௗ௫
5) ∫ మ
= sec ିଵ(2‫ )ݔ‬+ ܿ
ଶ௫√ସ௫ ିଵ
భ
ଶ √௫ௗ௫
6) ∫ ݀‫ = ݔ‬4 ∫ మ
మ = 4 tanିଵ √‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
√௫(ଵା௫) ଵା൫√௫൯
ଵ √ଷௗ௫ ଵ
7) ∫ మ = tanିଵ൫√3‫ݔ‬൯+ ܿ
√ଷ ଵା൫√ଷ௫൯ √ଷ
ୡ୭ୱ௫ௗ௫
8) 2 ∫ = 2 tanିଵ(sin ‫ )ݔ‬+ ܿ
ଵା(ୱ୧୬ ௫)మ
షభ ೣ
௘౩౟౤ షభ ௫ ௗ௫ షభ ௫
9) ∫ ݀‫݁ ∫ = ݔ‬ୱ୧୬ = ݁ୱ୧୬ +ܿ
√ଵି௫మ √ଵି௫మ
୲ୟ୬షభ ௫ ௗ௫ (୲ୟ୬షభ ௫)మ
10) ∫ ݀‫ ∫ = ݔ‬tanିଵ ‫ݔ‬ = +ܿ
ଵା௫మ ଵା௫ మ ଶ

(Integration) 3
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

Integrals of hyperbolic functions:

1) ∫ sinh ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬cosh ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
2) ∫ cosh ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬sinh ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
3) ∫ tanh ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬ln(cosh ‫ )ݑ‬+ ܿ
4) ∫ coth ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬ln(sinh ‫ )ݑ‬+ ܿ
5) ∫ sechଶ ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬tanh ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
6) ∫ cschଶ ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬coth ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
7) ∫ sech ‫ ݑ‬tanh ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬− sech ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
8) ∫ csch ‫ ݑ‬coth ‫ = ݑ݀ ݑ‬− csch ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ

‫ݔܧ‬4: ‫ݐ݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ‬ℎ݂݁‫ݏ݈ܽݎ݃݁ݐ݊݅݃݊݅ݓ݋݈݈݋‬:
ୡ୭ୱ୦(୪୬ ௫)
1) ∫ ݀‫ݔ‬ 6) ∫ sechଶ(2‫ ݔ‬− 3) ݀‫ݔ‬
௫
௘ೣି௘షೣ
2) ∫ sinh(2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ݀‫ݔ‬ 7) ∫ ݀‫ݔ‬
௘ೣା௘షೣ
ୱ୧୬୦ ௫ ௔௫
3) ∫ ݀‫ݔ‬ 8) ∫(݁ − ݁ି௔௫) ݀‫ݔ‬
ୡ୭ୱ୦ర ௫
ୱ୧୬୦ ௫
4) ∫ ‫ݔ‬cosh(3‫ݔ‬ଶ) ݀‫ݔ‬ 9) ∫ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵାୡ୭ୱ୦ ௫
5) ∫ sinhସ ‫ݔ‬cosh ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬ ଶ
10) ∫ csch ‫ݔ‬coth ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬

ܵ‫݈݋‬:
ௗ௫
1) ∫ cosh(ln ‫∙ )ݔ‬ = sinh(ln ‫ )ݔ‬+ ܿ
௫
ଵ ଵ
2)
ଶ
∫ sinh(2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) (2݀‫ = )ݔ‬ଶ cosh(2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) + ܿ
ଵ ୱ୧୬୦ ௫
3) ∫ ݀‫ ∫ = ݔ‬sechଷ ‫ݔ‬tanh ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬− ∫ sechଶ ‫(ݔ‬− sech ‫ݔ‬tanh ‫= ݔ݀ݔ‬
ୡ୭ୱ୦య ௫ ୡ୭ୱ୦ ௫
ୱୣୡ୦య ௫
− +ܿ
ଷ
ଵ ଵ
4)
଺
∫ cosh(3‫ݔ‬ଶ) (6‫ ଺ = )ݔ݀ݔ‬sinh(3‫ݔ‬ଶ) + ܿ
ୱ୧୬୦ఱ ௫
5) ∫ sinhସ ‫(ݔ‬cosh ‫= )ݔ݀ݔ‬ +ܿ
ହ

Integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions:

ௗ௨ ௗ௨
1) ∫ = sinhିଵ ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ4) ∫ = − sechିଵ |‫ |ݑ‬+ ܿ
√ଵା௨మ ௨√ଵି௨మ
ௗ௨ ௗ௨
2) ∫ మ = coshିଵ ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ5) ∫ మ
= − cschିଵ |‫ |ݑ‬+ ܿ
√௨ ିଵ ௨√ଵା௨

(Integration) 4
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

ௗ௨ tanhିଵ ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ |‫ < |ݑ‬1 ଵ ଵା௨

3) ∫ = ൜ ିଵ ൠ= ln ቚ ቚ+ ܿ,
ଵି௨ మ
coth ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ |‫ > |ݑ‬1 ଶ ଵି௨

‫ݔܧ‬5:‫ݐ݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ‬ℎ݂݁‫ݏ݈ܽݎ݃݁ݐ݊݅݃݊݅ݓ݋݈݈݋‬:
ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ௗ௫
1) ∫ 2) ∫ 3) ∫ 4) ∫
√ଵାସ௫మ √ସା௫మ ଵି௫మ ௫√ସା௫మ

sec ଶ ߠ ݀‫ݔ‬
5)න ݀ߠ6)න tanhିଵ(ln √‫)ݔ‬
√tanhଶ ߠ − 1 ‫(ݔ‬1 − lnଶ √‫ݔ‬

ܵ‫݈݋‬:
ଵ ଶௗ௫ ଵ
1)
ଶ
∫ √ଵାସ௫మ = ଶ sinhିଵ 2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
భ
ௗ௫ ௫
2) ∫ మ
= sinhିଵ + ܿ
మ ଶ
ට ଵାቀೣቁ
మ
ௗ௫
3) ∫ = tanhିଵ ‫ ݔ‬+ ݂ܿ݅|‫ < |ݔ‬1
ଵି௫మ
భ
ௗ௫ ଵ ௗ௫ ଵ ௫
4) ∫ = ∫ మ
= cschିଵ ቚ ቚ+ ܿ
௫√ସା௫మ ଶ ೣ మ ଶ ଶ
ට ଵାቀೣቁ
మ మ
ଵ
5) ∫ (sec ଶ ߠ ݀ߠ) = coshିଵ(tan ߠ) + ܿ
√୲ୟ୬మ ఏିଵ
ଵ ଵ
6) ݈݁‫ = ݑݐ‬ln √‫ = ݔ‬ln ‫= ݑ݀ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ ଶ௫
݀‫ݔ‬ 2݀‫ݑ‬
න tanhିଵ(ln √‫)ݔ‬ = න tanhିଵ ‫ݑ‬
‫(ݔ‬1 − lnଶ √‫)ݔ‬ 1 − ‫ݑ‬ଶ
(tanhିଵ ‫)ݑ‬ଶ ଶ
=2 + ܿ = ൣtanhିଵ൫ln √‫ݔ‬൯൧ + ܿ
2

Methods of integration
Integration by parts:
The formula for integration by parts comes from the product rule:-

݀(‫ ݒ݀ ∙ ݑ = )ݒ ∙ ݑ‬+ ‫ݑ(݀ = ݒ݀ ∙ ݑ ⇒ݑ݀ ∙ ݒ‬. ‫ )ݒ‬− ‫ݒ‬. ݀‫ݑ‬

ܽ݊݀݅݊‫݁ݒ݅݃݋ݐ݀݁ݐܽݎ݃݁ݐ‬:න ‫ = ݒ݀ ݑ‬න ݀ (‫ )ݒ ∙ ݑ‬− න ‫ݑ݀ݒ‬

‫ݐ‬ℎ݁݊‫ݐ‬ℎ݁݅݊‫ݏ݈݅ܽݑ ݉ݎ݋݂ݏݐݎܽ݌ݕܾ݊݋݅ݐܽݎ݃݁ݐ‬: −

(Integration) 5
 ‫‪Mathematic I‬‬ ‫‪Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi‬‬

‫ݑ݀ݒ ‪ − න‬ݒ ∙ ݑ = ݒ݀ ݑ ‪න‬‬

‫‪:‬ݏ݅ݒ݀݀݊ܽݑ݃݊݅ݏ݋݋‪ܿℎ‬ݎ݋݂݈݁ݑܴ‬

‫݀݁ݐܽ݅ݐ݊݁ݎ݂݂݁݅݀݊݁‪ℎ‬ݓݎ݈݁݌ ݉݅ݏݏ݁ ݉݋ܾܿ݁ݐܽ‪ℎ‬ݐ݃݊݅‪ℎ‬ݐ݁ ݉݋ݏ݁ݏ݋݋‪: ܿℎ‬ݑݎ݋ܨ‬

‫‪݈݁.‬݌ ݉݅ݏݏ݈݅ܽݎ݃݁ݐ݊݅݁ݏ݋‪ℎ‬ݓ݃݊݅‪ℎ‬ݐ݁ ݉݋ݏ݁ݏ݋݋‪: ܿℎ‬ݒ݀ݎ݋ܨ‬

‫‪݁ܿܽ݊.‬ݓ݊݁‪ℎ‬ݓݐݑܾ ‪݈݁,‬ݑݎݏ݅‪ℎ‬ݐ ݓ݋݈݈݋݂݋ݐ݈ܾ݁݅ݏݏ݋݌ݏݕܽݓ݈ܽݐ݋݊ݏ݅ݐܫ‬

‫‪:‬ݏ݈ܽݎ݃݁ݐ݊݅݃݊݅ݓ݋݈݈݋݂݁‪ℎ‬ݐ݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ ‪1:‬ݔܧ‬

‫ݔ݀ݔܽ ‪7) ∫ sinିଵ‬ݔ݀‪ଶ൯‬ݔ ‪ + √1 +‬ݔ‪4) ∫ ln൫‬ݔ݀‪݁௫‬ݔ ∫ )‪1‬‬

‫ݔ݀‪ଷ ݁௫‬ݔ ∫ )‪8‬ݔ݀ݔܾ ‪5) ∫ ݁௔௫ sin‬ݔ݀ݔ ‪cos‬ݔ ∫ )‪2‬‬
‫‪௫‬‬
‫∫ )‪3‬‬ ‫ݔ݀ݔ ‪sec ଶ‬ݔ ∫ )‪9‬ݔ݀ݔ ‪ଶ ln‬ݔ ∫ )‪6‬ݔ݀‬
‫‪√௫ିଵ‬‬

‫‪మ‬‬
‫ݔ݀ ‪ଷ ݁௫‬ݔ ‪10) න‬‬

‫‪݈:‬݋ܵ‬
‫ݔ݀ = ݑ݀ ⇒ݔ = ݑ‬
‫
ݐ݈݁ )‪1‬‬ ‫ݑ݀ݒ ∫ ‪ −‬ݒݑ = ݒ݀ ݑ ∫ ⇒‪ቅ‬‬
‫‪ = ݁௫‬ݒ ⇒ݔ݀‪ = ݁௫‬ݒ݀‬
‫ܿ ‪ ∙ ݁௫ − ݁௫ +‬ݔ = ݔ݀ ‪ ∙ ݁௫ − න ݁௫‬ݔ = ݔ݀‪݁௫‬ݔ ‪න‬‬
‫ݔ݀ = ݑ݀ ⇒ݔ = ݑ‬
‫
ݐ݈݁ )‪2‬‬ ‫ݑ݀ݒ ∫ ‪ −‬ݒݑ = ݒ݀ ݑ ∫ ⇒‪ቅ‬‬
‫ݔ ‪ = sin‬ݒ ⇒ݔ݀ݔ ‪ = cos‬ݒ݀‬
‫ܿ ‪ +‬ݔ ‪ + cos‬ݔ݊݅ݏ ∙ ݔ = ݔ݀ݔ ‪ − න sin‬ݔ ‪∙ sin‬ݔ = ݔ݀ݔ ‪cos‬ݔ ‪න‬‬
‫ݔ݀ = ݑ݀ ⇒ݔ = ݑ‬
‫
ݐ݈݁ )‪3‬‬ ‫‪ଵ‬‬ ‫‪భ‬‬
‫ݑ݀ݒ ∫ ‪ −‬ݒݑ = ݒ݀ ݑ ∫ ⇒ ‪ቋ‬‬
‫= ݒ݀‬ ‫‪ − 1)మ‬ݔ(‪ = 2‬ݒ ⇒ݔ݀‬
‫‪√௫ିଵ‬‬
‫ݔ‬ ‫‪భ‬‬ ‫‪భ‬‬
‫‪න‬‬ ‫ݔ݀ ‪ − 1)మ‬ݔ( ‪ − 1)మ − 2 න‬ݔ(ݔ‪ = 2‬ݔ݀‬
‫‪ − 1‬ݔ√‬
‫‪య‬‬
‫‪ − 1)మ‬ݔ(‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ − 1 −‬ݔ√ݔ‪= 2‬‬ ‫ܿ ‪ − 1)ଷ +‬ݔ(‪ − 1 − ඥ‬ݔ√ݔ‪+ ܿ = 2‬‬
‫‪3/2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪మೣ‬‬
‫‪ଵା‬‬
‫‪మ భశೣమ‬‬
‫‪ඥ‬‬
‫= ݑ݀ ⇒ )‪ଶ‬ݔ ‪ + √1 +‬ݔ(‪ = ln‬ݑݐ݈݁ )‪4‬‬ ‫ݔ = ݒ ⇒ݔ݀ = ݒ݀ ‪,‬ݔ݀‬
‫‪௫ା√ଵା௫మ‬‬
‫‪ଵൗ‬‬
‫ି)‪ଶ‬ݔ ‪(1 +‬ݔ ‪ଶ) − න‬ݔ ‪ + ඥ 1 +‬ݔ(‪ln‬ݔ = ݔ݀‪ଶቁ‬ݔ ‪ + ඥ 1 +‬ݔ‪න ln ቀ‬‬ ‫ݔ݀‪ଶ‬‬

‫)‪(Integration‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

ଵൗ
1 (1 + ‫ݔ‬ଶ) ଶ
= ‫ݔ‬ln(‫ ݔ‬+ ඥ 1 + ‫ݔ‬ଶ) − + ܿ = ‫ݔ‬ln(‫ ݔ‬+ ඥ 1 + ‫ݔ‬ଶ) − ඥ 1 + ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ܿ
2 1ൗ
2
ଵ
5) ݈݁‫݁ = ݑݐ‬௔௫ ⇒ ݀‫݁ܽ = ݑ‬௔௫݀‫ = ݒ݀&ݔ‬sin ܾ‫ = ݒ ⇒ݔ݀ݔ‬− ௕ cos ܾ‫ݔ‬
1 ܽ
න ݁௔௫ sin ܾ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬− ݁௔௫ cos ܾ‫ ݔ‬+ න ݁௔௫ cos ܾ‫( ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ݔ݀ݔ‬1)
ܾ ܾ
1
݈݁‫݁ = ݑݐ‬௔௫ ⇒ ݀‫ܽ = ݑ‬. ݁௔௫݀‫ = ݒ݀&ݔ‬cos ܾ‫ = ݒ ⇒ ݔ݀ݔ‬sin ܾ‫ݔ‬
ܾ
1 ܽ
න ݁௔௫ cos ܾ‫݁ = ݔ݀ݔ‬௔௫ sin ܾ‫ ݔ‬− න ݁௔௫ sin ܾ‫( ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ݔ݀ݔ‬2)
ܾ ܾ
‫(ܾݑݏ‬2)݅݊(1) ⇒
1 ௔௫ ܽ ௔௫ ܽଶ
න ݁ sin ܾ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬− ݁ cos ܾ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶ ݁ sin ܾ‫ ݔ‬− ଶ න ݁௔௫ sin ܾ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
௔௫
ܾ ܾ ܾ
ଶ
ܽ 1 ܽ
න ݁௔௫ sin ܾ‫ ݔ݀ݔ‬+ ଶ න ݁௔௫ sin ܾ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬− ݁௔௫ cos ܾ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶ ݁௔௫ sin ܾ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ܾ ܾ ܾ
ଶ ௔௫
ܽ ݁
ቆ1 + ଶቇන ݁௔௫ sin ܾ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬ଶ (ܽsin ܾ‫ ݔ‬− ܾcos ܾ‫ )ݔ‬+ ܿ
ܾ ܾ
௔௫
݁
∴ න ݁௔௫ sin ܾ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬ଶ (ܽsin ܾ‫ ݔ‬− ܾcos ܾ‫ )ݔ‬+ ܿ
ܽ + ܾଶ
ܽ݀‫ݔ‬
7)݈݁‫ = ݑݐ‬sinିଵ ܽ‫= ݑ݀ ⇒ݔ‬ &݀‫ݔ = ݒ ⇒ݔ݀ = ݒ‬
√1 − ܽଶ‫ݔ‬ଶ
ܽ‫ݔ‬
න sinିଵ ܽ‫ݔ = ݔ݀ݔ‬sinିଵ ܽ‫ ݔ‬− න ݀‫ݔ‬
√1 − ܽଶ‫ݔ‬ଶ
1
= ‫ݔ‬sinିଵ ܽ‫ ݔ‬+
න −2ܽଶ ‫(ݔ‬1 − ܽଶ‫ݔ‬ଶ)ିଵ/ଶ݀‫ݔ‬
2ܽ
ିଵ
1 (1 − ܽଶ‫ݔ‬ଶ)ଵ/ଶ ିଵ
√1 − ܽଶ‫ݔ‬ଶ
= ‫ݔ‬sin ܽ‫ ݔ‬+ + ܿ = ‫ݔ‬sin ܽ‫ ݔ‬+ +ܿ
2ܽ 1/2 ܽ
8)න ‫ݔ‬ଷ ݁௫݀‫ݒ݂݀݋݊݋݅ݐܽݎ݃݁ݐ݊݅ݑ݂݋݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ = ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଷ + ݁௫
3‫ݔ‬ଶ − ݁௫
6‫ݔ‬+ ݁௫
6 − ݁௫

0݁௫

(Integration) 7
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

න ‫ݔ‬ଷ ݁௫݀‫ݔ = ݔ‬ଷ݁௫ − 3‫ݔ‬ଶ݁௫ + 6‫݁ݔ‬௫ − 6݁௫ + ܿ = ݁௫(‫ݔ‬ଷ − 3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬− 6) + ܿ

మ 1 మ
‫ݔ = ݑݐ݈݁ݎ݋‬ଶ ⇒ ݀‫ = ݑ‬2‫݁ݔ = ݒ݀&ݔ݀ݔ‬௫ ݀‫݁ = ݒ ⇒ ݔ‬௫
2
మ 1 మ 1 మ 1 మ
න ‫ݔ‬ଷ ݁௫ ݀‫ݔ = ݔ‬ଶ݁௫ ݀‫ݔ = ݔ‬ଶ݁௫ − ݁௫ + ܿ
2 2 2

Odd and even powers of sine and cosine:

To integrate an odd positive power of sin ‫ݕܽݏ(ݔ‬sinଶ௡ାଵ ‫݂݂݋ݐ݈݅݌ݏ݁ݓ)ݔ‬

݂ܽܽܿ‫݂݋ݎ݋ݐ‬sin ‫ݐ݁ݐ݅ݎݓ݁ݎ݀݊ܽݔ‬ℎ݁‫ݐ݂݋ݏ ݉ݎ݁ݐ݊݅ݎ݁ݓ݋݌݊݁ݒ݁݃݊݅݊݅ܽ ݉݁ݎ‬ℎ݁

ܿ‫݁݊݅ݏ݋‬. ܹ ݁‫ ∶ ݁ݐ݅ݎݓ‬−

න sinଶ௡ାଵ ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬න (1 − cos ଶ ‫)ݔ‬௡ sin ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬

න cos ଶ௡ାଵ ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬න (1 − sinଶ ‫)ݔ‬௡ cos ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬

‫ݔܧ‬2: ‫ ∶ ݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ‬− 1)න sinଷ ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬2)න cos ହ ܿ݀‫ݔ‬

ܵ‫݈݋‬:

1) ∫ sinଷ ‫ ∫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬sinଶ ‫ݔ‬sin ‫(∫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬1 − cos ଶ ‫ )ݔ‬sin ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬

1
= න sin x dx + න cos ଶ ‫(ݔ‬− sin ‫ = ݔ݀)ݔ‬− cos ‫ ݔ‬+ cos ଷ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
3
ହ ସ ଶ ଶ
2) ∫ cos ܿ݀‫ ∫ = ݔ‬cos ‫ݔ‬cos ‫(∫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬1 − sin ‫ )ݔ‬cos ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
= න cos ‫ݔ‬dx − 2 න sinଶ ‫ݔ‬cos ‫ ݔ݀ݔ‬+ න sinସ ‫ݔ‬cos ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
2 1
= sin ‫ ݔ‬− sinଷ ‫ ݔ‬+ sinହ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
3 5
To integrate an even positive power of sine (say sinଶ௡ ‫ݐ݁ݏݑ݁ݓ)ݔ‬ℎ݁‫ݏ݊݋݅ݐ݈ܽ݁ݎ‬: −
1 + cos 2ߠ 1 − cos 2ߠ
cos ଶ ߠ = ‫ݎ݋‬sinଶ ߠ =
2 2
Then we can write:-

(Integration) 8
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

ଶ௡
1 − cos 2ߠ ௡ ଶ௡
1 − cos 2ߠ ௡
න sin ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬න ൬ ൰ ݀‫݀݊ܽݔ‬න sin ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬න ൬ ൰ ݀‫ݔ‬
2 2

‫ݔܧ‬3: ‫݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ‬: 1)න cos ଶ ߠ݀ߠ2)න sinସ ߠ݀ߠ

ܵ‫݈݋‬:
ଵାୡ୭ୱଶఏ ଵ ଵ
1) ∫ cos ଶ ߠ ݀ߠ = ∫ ଶ
݀ߠ = ቂ∫ ݀ߠ + ∫ 2 cos 2ߠ݀ߠቃ
ଶ ଶ
1 1
= ൤ߠ + sin 2ߠ൨+ ܿ
2 2
ଵିୡ୭ୱଶఏ ଶ ଵ
2) ∫ sinସ ߠ݀ߠ = ∫ ቀ ଶ
ቁ ݀ߠ = ସ [∫ ݀ߠ − ∫ cos 2ߠ(2݀ߠ) + ∫ cos ଶ 2ߠ݀ߠ]

1 1 + cos 4ߠ 1 1 1
= ൤ߠ − sin 2ߠ + න ݀ߠ൨= ൤ߠ − sin 2ߠ + ൬ߠ + sin 4ߠ൰൨+ ܿ
4 2 4 2 4
3 1 1
= ߠ − sin 2ߠ + sin 4ߠ + ܿ
8 4 32
ܶ‫ݐ݁ݐܽݎ݃݁ݐ݊݅݋‬ℎ݂݁‫ݏ݁݅ݐ݅ݐ݊݁݀݅݃݊݅ݓ݋݈݈݋‬: −

න sin ݉ ‫ݔ‬sin ݊‫ݔ݀ݔ‬,න sin ݉ ‫ݔ‬cos ݊‫ݔ݀ݔ‬, න cos ݉ ‫ݔ‬cos ݊‫ݔ݀ݔ‬

We use the following formulas:-

cos(݉ − ݊)‫ ݔ‬− cos(݉ + ݊)‫ݔ‬
sin ݉ ‫ݔ‬sin ݊‫= ݔ‬
2
sin(݉ − ݊)‫ ݔ‬+ sin(݉ + ݊)‫ݔ‬
sin ݉ ‫ݔ‬cos ݊‫= ݔ‬
2
cos(݉ − ݊)‫ ݔ‬+ cos(݉ + ݊)‫ݔ‬
cos ݉ ‫ݔ‬cos ݊‫= ݔ‬
2

‫ݔܧ‬4: ‫݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ‬: 1)න sin 3‫ݔ‬cos 5‫ݔ݀ݔ‬, 2)න cos ‫ݔ‬cos 7‫ݔ݀ݔ‬, 3)න sin ‫ݔ‬sin 2‫ݔ݀ݔ‬

ܵ‫݈݋‬:
sin(3 − 5)‫ ݔ‬+ sin(3 + 5)‫ݔ‬
1) න sin 3‫ݔ‬cos 5‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬න ݀‫ݔ‬
2

(Integration) 9
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

1 1 1 1 1
= ൤− න sin 2‫(ݔ‬2݀‫ )ݔ‬+ න sin 8‫(ݔ‬8݀‫)ݔ‬൨= cos 2‫ ݔ‬− cos 8‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
2 2 8 4 16
1 1 1
2)න cos ‫ݔ‬cos 7‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬න (cos(6‫ )ݔ‬+ cos(8‫= ݔ݀))ݔ‬ sin 6‫ ݔ‬+ sin 8‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
2 12 16
ଵ ଵ ଵ
3) ∫ sin ‫ݔ‬sin 2‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬ଶ ∫(cos ‫ ݔ‬− cos 3‫ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬ଶ sin ‫ ݔ‬− ଺ sin 3‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ

Trigonometric substitutions:
Trigonometric substitutions enable us to replace the binomials ܽଶ − ‫ݑ‬ଶ, ܽଶ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ

ܽ݊݀‫ݑ‬ଶ − ܽଶܾ݁‫ݏ ݉ݎ݁ݐ݁ݎܽݑݍݏ݈݁݃݊݅ݏ‬. ܹ ݁ܿܽ݊‫݁ݏݑ‬: −

‫ܽ = ݑ‬sin ߠ݂‫ܽݎ݋‬ଶ − ‫ݑ‬ଶ = ܽଶ − ܽଶ sinଶ ߠ = ܽଶ(1 − sinଶ ߠ) = ܽଶ cos ଶ ߠ

‫ܽ = ݑ‬tan ߠ݂‫ܽݎ݋‬ଶ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ = ܽଶ + ܽଶ tanଶ ߠ = ܽଶ(1 + tanଶ ߠ) = ܽଶ sec ଶ ߠ

‫ܽ = ݑ‬sec ߠ݂‫ݑݎ݋‬ଶ − ܽଶ = ܽଶ sec ଶ ߠ − ܽଶ = ܽଶ(sec ଶ ߠ − 1) = ܽଶ tanଶ ߠ

EX-5 Evaluate the following integrals:

௭ఱ ௫మ ௗ௧
1) ∫ ݀‫ݖ‬3) ∫ ݀‫ݔ‬5) ∫
√ଵା௭మ √ଽି௫మ √ଶହ௧మିଽ
ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ௗ௬
2) ∫ 4) ∫ 6) ∫
√ସା௫మ ସି௫మ ඥଶହାଽ௬మ

ܵ‫݈݋‬:
‫ݖ‬
1)݈݁‫ = ݖݐ‬tan ߠ⟹ ݀‫ = ݖ‬sec ଶ ߠ ݀ߠtan ߠ =
1
‫ݖ‬ହ tanହ ߠsec ଶ ߠ݀ߠ
න ݀‫ = ݖ‬න = න tanହ ߠ sec ߠ݀ߠ
√1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ √1 + tanଶ ߠ
∫ tan ߠsec ߠ (sec ଶ ߠ − 1)ଶ݀ߠ =
∫ sec ସ ߠ (tan ߠ sec ߠ݀ߠ) − 2 ∫ sec ଶ ߠ (tan ߠ sec ߠ݀ߠ) + ∫ tan ߠsec ߠ ݀ߠ
ଵ ଶ
= sec ହ ߠ − sec ଷ ߠ + sec ߠ + ܿ√1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ‫ݖ‬
ହ ଷ

ଵ ହ ଶ ଷ
= ൫ξ 1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ൯ − ൫ξ 1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ൯ + √1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ + ܿθ 1
ହ ଷ

(Integration) 10
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

‫ݔ‬
2)݈݁‫ = ݔݐ‬2 tan ߠ⟹ ݀‫ = ݔ‬2 sec ଶ ߠ݀ߠtan ߠ =
2
ௗ௫ ଶ ୱୣୡమ ఏௗఏ
∫ √ସା௫ మ
=∫ = ∫ sec ߠ ݀ߠ = ln | sec ߠ + tan ߠ | + ܿ√4 + ‫ݔ‬ଶ
√ସାସ୲ୟ୬మ ఏ

√ସା௫మ ௫
= ln ฬ + ฬ+ ܿθ ‫ݔ‬
ଶ ଶ

= lnหξ 4 + ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬ห+ ܿᇱ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁‫ܿ݁ݎ‬ᇱ = ܿ− ln 2 2

1) ݈݁‫ = ݔݐ‬2 sin ߠ⟹ ݀‫ = ݔ‬2 cos ߠ ݀ߠ

݀‫ݔ‬ 2 cos ߠ ݀ߠ 1 ݀ߠ 1 1
න = න = න = න sec ߠ݀ߠ = ln|sec ߠ + tan ߠ| + ܿ
4 − ‫ݔ‬ଶ 4 − 4 sinଶ ߠ 2 cos ߠ 2 2
ଵ ଶ ௫
= ln ቚ + ቚ+ ܿ 2 ‫ݔ‬
ଶ √ସି௫మ √ସି௫మ
θ
ଵ ଶା௫ ଵ ଶା௫ ଵ ଶା௫
= ln ฬ
ଶ
ฬ+ ܿ = ଶ ln ቤට ଶି௫ቤ+ ܿ = ସ ln ቚଶି௫ቚ+ ܿξ 4 − ‫ݔ‬ଶ
ඥ(ଶି௫)(ଶା௫)

‫ݔܧ‬6: ܲ‫ݐ݁ݒ݋ݎ‬ℎ݂݁‫ݏ݈ܽݑ ݉ݎ݋݂݃݊݅ݓ݋݈݈݋‬:

݀‫ݑ‬ ‫ݑ‬ ݀‫ݑ‬ 1 ‫ݑ‬
1)න = sinିଵ + ܿ2)න ଶ = tanିଵ
+ܿ
ξ ܽଶ − ‫ݑ‬ଶ ܽ ܽ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ ܽ ܽ

ܲ‫݂݋݋ݎ‬:

1)݈݁‫ܽ = ݑݐ‬sin ߠ⟹ ݀‫ܽ = ݑ‬cos ߠ ݀ߠ

݀‫ݑ‬ ܽcos ߠ ݀ߠ ‫ݑ‬
න =න = න ݀ߠ = ߠ + ܿ = sinିଵ + ܿ
ξ ܽଶ − ‫ݑ‬ଶ ξ ܽଶ − ܽଶ sinଶ ߠ ܽ

2)݈݁‫ܽ = ݑݐ‬tan ߠ⟹ ݀‫ܽ = ݑ‬sec ଶ ߠ ݀ߠ

݀‫ݑ‬ ܽsec ଶ ߠ݀ߠ 1 1 1 ିଵ

‫ݑ‬
න ଶ = න = න ݀ߠ = 
ߠ + ܿ = tan +ܿ
ܽ + ‫ݑ‬ଶ ܽଶ + ܽଶ tanଶ ߠ ܽ ܽ ܽ ܽ

(Integration) 11
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

૛
Integral involving
By using the algebraic process called completing the square, we can convert any
quadratic: ܽ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ܾ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ, ܽ ≠ 0‫ݐ݋ݐ‬ℎ݂݁‫ݑ(ܽ ∶ ݉ݎ݋‬ଶ ∓ ‫ܣ‬ଶ) ,we can then use one of the
trigonometric substitutions to write the expression as a times a single square term.
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔܧ‬7: ‫݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ‬: 1)න 2)න
√2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ √1 + ‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
3)න 4)න 5)න
2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 √‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2 ξ ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬− 8
ܵ‫݈݋‬:
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
1)න =න =න
√2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ ඥ1 − (‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ඥ1 − (‫ ݔ‬− 1)ଶ

݈݁‫ ݔݐ‬− 1 = sin ߠ⟹ ݀‫ = ݔ‬cos ߠ݀ߠ

݀‫ݔ‬ cos ߠ ݀ߠ
න =න = න ݀ߠ = ߠ + ܿ = sinିଵ(‫ ݔ‬− 1) + ܿ
√2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ √1 − sinଶ ߠ
݀‫ݔ‬ 1 ݀‫ݔ‬ 1 ݀‫ݔ‬
3)න = න = න
2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 2 ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬+ 1/2 2 ଵ ଶ
ቀ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶቁ + 1/4

1 1 1
݈݁‫ ݔݐ‬+ = tan ߠ⟹ ݀‫ = ݔ‬sec ଶ ߠ݀ߠ
2 2 2
ௗ௫ ଵ ଵ/ଶୱୣୡమ ఏௗఏ
∫ ଶ௫మାଶ௫ାଵ = ଶ ∫ భ = ∫ ݀ߠ = ߠ + ܿ = tanିଵ(2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) + ܿ
ାଵ/ସ
ర ౪౗౤మ ഇ

ௗ௫ ௗ௫
4) ∫ మ =∫ √‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1
√௫ ାଶ௫ାଶ ඥ(௫ାଵ)మାଵ

݈݁‫ ݔݐ‬+ 1 = tan ߠ⟹ ݀‫ = ݔ‬sec ଶ ߠ ݀ߠθ

ௗ௫ ୱୣୡమ ఏௗఏ
∫ √௫మାଶ௫ାଶ = ∫ √୲ୟ୬మ ఏାଵ = ∫ sec ߠ ݀ߠ 1

= ln|sec ߠ + tan ߠ| + ܿ = ln ቚඥ ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2 + ‫ ݔ‬+ 1ቚ+ ܿ

(Integration) 12
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

Partial fractions:
௙(௫)
Success in separating into a sum of partial fractions hinges on two things:-
௚(௫)

1- The degree of f(x) must be less than the degree of g(x) .

(If this not case, we first perform a long division, and then work with the
remainder term).
2- The factors of g(x) must be known. If these two conditions are met we can carry
out the following steps:
Step I:- Let x-r be a linear factor of g(x). Suppose (‫ ݔ‬− ‫)ݎ‬௠ is the highest power
of (‫ ݔ‬− ‫ )ݎ‬that divides g(x). Then assign the sum of m partial factor, as follows:
‫ܣ‬ଵ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ‫ܣ‬௠
+ +∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ +
(‫ ݔ‬− ‫ ݔ( )ݎ‬− ‫)ݎ‬ଶ (‫ ݔ‬− ‫)ݎ‬௠
‫ݐ݋ܦ‬ℎ݅‫ܿܽ݁ݎ݋݂ݏ‬ℎ݀݅‫)ݔ(݂݂݋ݎ݋ݐ݂ܿܽݎ݈ܽ݁݊݅ݐܿ݊݅ݐݏ‬.
ଶ
ܵ‫ܫܫ݌݁ݐ‬:- Let ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ݔ݌‬+ ‫)ݔ(݂݃݋ݎ݋ݐ݂ܿܽܿ݅ݐܽݎ݀ܽݑݍ݈ܾ݁݅ܿݑ݀݁ݎݎܾ݅݊ܽ݁ݍ‬.
ܵ‫ݔ(݁ݏ݋݌݌ݑ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ݌‬+ ‫)ݍ‬௡ ݅‫ݐݏ‬ℎ݁ℎ݅݃ℎ݁‫ݐ݂݋ݎ݁ݓ݋݌ݐݏ‬ℎ݅‫ݐݎ݋ݐ݂ܿܽݏ‬ℎܽ‫ݐ‬
݀݅‫)ݔ(݃ݏ݁݀݅ݒ‬. ܶℎ݁݊, ‫ݐ݋ݐ‬ℎ݅‫ݎ݋ݐ݂ܿܽݏ‬, ܽ‫ݐ݊݃݅ݏݏ‬ℎ݁‫ݐ݂݋ ݉ݑݏ‬ℎ݁݊‫݈ܽ݅ݐݎܽ݌‬
݂‫ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿܽݎ‬:
‫ܤ‬ଵ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿଵ ‫ܤ‬ଶ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿଶ ‫ܤ‬௡ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ௡
+ +∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ +
‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ݌‬+ ‫ݔ( ݍ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ݌‬+ ‫)ݍ‬ଶ (‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ݌‬+ ‫)ݍ‬௡
‫ݐ݋ܦ‬ℎ݅‫ܿܽ݁ݎ݋݂ݏ‬ℎ݀݅‫)ݔ(݂݃݋ݎ݋ݐ݂ܿܽݎ݈ܽ݁݊݅ݐܿ݊݅ݐݏ‬.
௙(௫)
ܵ‫ܫܫܫ݌݁ݐ‬:- Set the original fraction ݁‫ݐ݋ݐ݈ܽݑݍ‬ℎ݁‫ݐ݈݈݂ܽ݋ ݉ݑݏ‬ℎ݁‫݁ݏ‬
௚(௫)
‫ݏ݊݋݅ݐܿܽݎ݂݈ܽ݅ݐݎܽ݌‬. ‫ݐݎ݈ܽ݁ܥ‬ℎ݁‫݀݊ܽݏ݊݋݅ݐܿܽݎ݂݂݋݊݋݅ݐܽݑݍ݁݃݊݅ݐ݈ݑݏ݁ݎ‬
ܽ‫ݐ݁݃݊ܽݎݎ‬ℎ݁‫ݔ݂݋ݏݎ݁ݓ݋݌݃݊݅ݏܽ݁ݎܿ݁݀݊݅ݏ ݉ݑݏ‬.
ܵ‫ܸܫ݌݁ݐ‬:- Equate the coefficients of corresponding powers of x and solve the
resulting equations for the undetermined coefficients.
‫ݔܧ‬8: −‫ݐ݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ‬ℎ݂݁‫ݏ݈ܽݎ݃݁ݐ݊݅݃݊݅ݓ݋݈݈݋‬:
2‫ ݔ‬+ 5 sin ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
1)න ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬4)න ଶ
‫ ݔ‬−9 cos ‫ ݔ‬− 5 cos ‫ ݔ‬+ 4
‫ݔ‬ 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬+ 2
2)න ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬5)න ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3 (‫ ݔ‬− 1)ଶ(‫ ݔ‬− 2)
‫ݔ‬ଷ − ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 4‫ݔ‬ଶ
3)න ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬6)න ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
(‫ ݔ‬+ 1)(‫ ݔ‬− 1)ଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3

(Integration) 13
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

ܵ‫݈݋‬:
ଶ௫ାହ ଶ௫ାହ
1) ∫ ௫మିଽ ݀‫( ∫ = ݔ‬௫ିଷ)(௫ାଷ) ݀‫ݔ‬
2‫ ݔ‬+ 5 ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܤ‬
= + ⇒ 2‫ ݔ‬+ 5 = ‫ ݔ(ܣ‬+ 3) + ‫ ݔ(ܤ‬− 3)
(‫ ݔ‬− 3)(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ‫ ݔ‬− 3 ‫ ݔ‬+ 3
11
ܽ‫ = ݔݐ‬3 ⇒ 6‫ = ܣ‬6 + 5 ⇒ ‫= ܣ‬
6
1
ܽ‫ = ݔݐ‬−3 ⇒ −6‫ = ܤ‬−6 + 5 ⇒ ‫= ܤ‬
6
ଵଵ ଵ
2‫ ݔ‬+ 5 11
න ଶ ݀‫ = ݔ‬න ቌ ଺ + ଺ ቍ ݀‫= ݔ‬ ln(‫ ݔ‬− 3) + ܿ
‫ ݔ‬−9 ‫ݔ‬− 3 ‫ݔ‬+ 3 6
௫యି௫ ௫(௫ିଵ)(௫ାଵ) ௫మା௫
2) ∫ (௫మାଵ)(௫ିଵ)మ ݀‫( ∫ = ݔ‬௫మାଵ)(௫ିଵ)మ ݀‫( ∫ = ݔ‬௫మାଵ)(௫ିଵ) ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔܣ‬+ ‫ܤ‬ ‫ܥ‬
= + ⇒ ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬
(‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1)(‫ ݔ‬− 1) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1 ‫ ݔ‬− 1
= (‫ ݔܣ‬+ ‫ ݔ()ܤ‬− 1) + ܿ(‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1)
‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ܣ( = ݔ‬+ ‫ݔ)ܥ‬ଶ + (−‫ ܣ‬+ ‫ ݔ)ܤ‬+ (−‫ ܤ‬+ ‫)ܥ‬
‫ ܣ‬+ ‫ = ܥ‬1 ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ (1)


−‫ ܣ‬+ ‫ = ܤ‬1 ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ (2)ቑ ⇒ ‫ = ܣ‬0, ‫ = ܤ‬1, ‫=ܥ‬1
−‫ ܤ‬+ ‫ = ܥ‬0 ⋯ ⋯ (3)
‫ݔ‬ଷ − ‫ݔ‬ 1 1
න ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬ = න ൬ + ൰݀‫ݔ‬
(‫ ݔ‬+ 1)(‫ ݔ‬− 1)ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1 ‫ ݔ‬− 1
= tanିଵ ‫ ݔ‬+ ln(‫ ݔ‬− 1) + ܿ
3) ݈݁‫ = ݕݐ‬cos ‫ = ݕ݀ ⇒ݔ‬− sin ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
sin ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬
න = − න = − න
cos ଶ ‫ ݔ‬− 5 cos ‫ ݔ‬+ 4 ‫ݕ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݕ‬+ 4 (‫ ݕ‬− 4)(‫ ݕ‬− 1)
݀‫ݕ‬ ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܤ‬
= + ⇒ 1 = ‫ ݕ(ܣ‬− 1) + ‫ ݕ(ܤ‬− 4)
(‫ ݕ‬− 4)(‫ ݕ‬− 1) ‫ ݕ‬− 4 ‫ ݕ‬− 1
1 1
ܽ‫ = ݕݐ‬4 ⇒ ‫ = ݕݐܽ݀݊ܽ = ܣ‬1 ⇒ ‫ = ܤ‬−
3 3
ଵ ଵ
sin ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬ −
ଷ ଷ
න ଶ
= −න ቌ + ቍ ݀‫ݕ‬
cos ‫ ݔ‬− 5 cos ‫ ݔ‬+ 4 ‫ݕ‬− 4 ‫ݕ‬− 1

(Integration) 14
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

1 1
= − ln(‫ ݕ‬− 4) + ln(‫ ݕ‬− 1) + ܿ
3 3
1 1
= − ln(cos ‫ ݔ‬− 4) + ln(cos ‫ ݔ‬− 1) + ܿ
3 3
2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬+ 2 ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܤ‬ ‫ܥ‬
5) = + +
(‫ ݔ‬− 1)ଶ(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ‫ ݔ‬− 1 (‫ ݔ‬− 1)ଶ ‫ ݔ‬− 2

2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬+ 2 = ‫ ݔ(ܣ‬− 1)(‫ ݔ‬− 2) + ‫ ݔ(ܤ‬− 2) + ‫ ݔ(ܥ‬− 1)ଶ

‫ ܣ‬+ ‫ = ܥ‬2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (1)

−3‫ ܣ‬+ ‫ ܤ‬− 2‫ = ܥ‬−3 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (2)ቑ ⇒ ‫ = ܣ‬−2, ‫ = ܤ‬−1, ‫=ܥ‬4
2‫ ܣ‬− 2‫ ܤ‬+ ‫ = ܥ‬2 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)

2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬+ 2 −2 1 4
න ݀‫ݔ‬ = න ൬ + + ൰݀‫ݔ‬
(‫ ݔ‬− 1)ଶ(‫ ݔ‬− 2) ‫ ݔ‬− 1 (‫ ݔ‬− 1)ଶ ‫ ݔ‬− 2
ଵ
= −2 ln(‫ ݔ‬− 1) + + 4 ln(‫ ݔ‬− 2) + ܿ‫ݔ‬
௫ିଵ

௫యାସ௫మ ଷ௫
6) = ‫ ݔ‬− (௫ାଷ)(௫ାଵ) ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3‫ݔ‬ଷ + 4‫ݔ‬ଶ
௫మାସ௫ାଷ

∓‫ݔ‬ଷ ∓ 4‫ݔ‬ଶ ∓ 3‫ݔ‬

−3‫ݔ‬
3‫ݔ‬ ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܤ‬
= + ⇒ 3‫ ݔ(ܣ = ݔ‬+ 1) + ‫ ݔ(ܤ‬+ 3)
(‫ ݔ‬+ 3)(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ‫ ݔ‬+ 3 ‫ ݔ‬+ 1
9 3
ܽ‫ = ݔݐ‬−3 ⇒ ‫ = ݔݐܽ݀݊ܽ = ܣ‬−1 ⇒ ‫ = ܤ‬−
2 2
ଷ ଶ
‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ݔ‬ 9/2 3/2
න ଶ ݀‫ = ݔ‬න ൬‫ ݔ‬− + ൰݀‫ݔ‬
‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3 ‫ݔ‬+ 3 ‫ݔ‬+ 1
‫ݔ‬ଶ 9 3
= − ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) − ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) + ܿ
2 2 2

Rational functions of sin x and cos x, and other trigonometric

integrals:
௫ ଶ
We assume that ‫ = ݖ‬tan ‫ݐ‬ℎ݁݊‫ = ݔ‬2 tanିଵ ‫= ݔ݀݀݊ܽݖ‬ ݀‫ݖ‬
ଶ ଵା௭మ

௫ ଵାୡ୭ୱ௫ ௫ ଶ
Since cos ଶ = ⇒ cos ‫ = ݔ‬2 cos ଶ − 1 = −1
ଶ ଶ ଶ ୱୣୡమ ௫/ଶ

(Integration) 15
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

2 2 1 − ‫ݖ‬ଶ
= ௫ −1= ଶ − 1 ⇒ cos ‫= ݔ‬
tanଶ + 1 ‫ ݖ‬+1 1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ
ଶ
ೣ
௫ ௫ ଶୱ୧୬ ௫ ௫ ଵ ௫ ଵ
Since sin ‫ = ݔ‬2 sin cos = ೣ
మ
cos ଶ = 2 tan ೣ = 2 tan ೣ
ଶ ଶ ୡ୭ୱ ଶ ଶ ୱୣୡమ ଶ ୲ୟ୬మ
మ మ మ

2‫ݖ‬
∴ sin ‫= ݔ‬
1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ
‫ݔܧ‬9: ‫݁ݐܽݑ݈ܽݒܧ‬:
݀‫ݔ‬ 3݀‫ݔ‬
1)න 4)න
1 + sin ‫ ݔ‬+ cos ‫ݔ‬ 2 + 4 sin ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬
2)න 5)න sec ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
sin ‫ ݔ‬+ tan ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ cos ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
3)න 6)න
2 + sin ‫ݔ‬ 1 − cos ‫ݔ‬
ܵ‫݈݋‬:
ଶ
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݖ‬ ݀‫ݖ‬
ଵା௭మ
1)න =න మ = න
1 + sin ‫ ݔ‬+ cos ‫ݔ‬ 1+
ଶ௭
+
ଵି௭ 1+‫ݖ‬
మ మ ଵା௭ ଵା௭

‫ݔ‬
= ln|1 + ‫ |ݖ‬+ ܿ = ln ቚ1 + tan ቚ+ ܿ
2
ଶ
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݖ‬ 1 1
ଵା௭మ
2)න =න ଶ௭ ଶ௭ = න ൬ − ‫ݖ‬൰݀‫ݖ‬
sin ‫ ݔ‬+ tan ‫ݔ‬ + 2 ‫ݖ‬
ଵା௭మ ଵି௭మ

1 ‫ݖ‬ଶ 1 ‫ ݔ‬1 ‫ݔ‬

= ቈln ‫ݖ‬− ቉+ ܿ = ൤ln tan − tanଶ ൨+ ܿ
2 2 2 2 2 2
ଶ
݀‫ݔ‬ మ
݀‫ݖ‬ ݀‫ݖ‬ ݀‫ݖ‬
3)න = න ଵା௭ ଶ௭ = න ଶ =න
2 + sin ‫ݔ‬ 2+ ‫ ݖ‬+ ‫ݖ‬+ 1 ଵ ଶ ଷ
ଵା௭ మ ቀ‫ݖ‬+ ቁ +
ଶ ସ

1 √3 √3
݈݁‫ݖݐ‬+ = tan ߠ⇒ ݀‫= ݖ‬ sec ଶ ߠ ݀ߠ
2 2 2

(Integration) 16
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

√ଷ
݀‫ݔ‬ sec ଶ ߠ ݀ߠ 2 2
ଶ
න =න ଷ ଷ = න ݀ߠ = ߠ+ ܿ
2 + sin ‫ݔ‬ tanଶ ߠ + √3 √3
ସ ସ
௫
2 2‫ݖ‬+ 1 2 2 tan + 1
ଶ
= tanିଵ ൬ ൰+ ܿ = tanିଵ ൭ ൱+ܿ
√3 √3 √3 √3
ଶ
3݀‫ݔ‬ 3 ݀‫ݔ‬ 3 ݀‫ݖ‬
௭మାଵ
4)න = න = න
2 + 4 sin ‫ ݔ‬2 1 + 2 sin ‫ ݔ‬2 1 + 2 ଶ௭
మ ௭ ାଵ

݀‫ݖ‬ ݀‫ݖ‬ ݀‫ݖ‬

= 3න = 3 න =න
‫ݖ‬ଶ + 4‫ݖ‬+ 1 (‫ݖ‬+ 2)ଶ − 3 ௭ାଶ ଶ
ቀ ቁ −1
√ଷ

‫ݖ‬+ 2
݈݁‫ݐ‬ sec ߠ⇒ ݀‫√ = ݖ‬3 sec ߠ tan ߠ݀ߠ
√3

3݀‫ݔ‬ √3 sec ߠ tan ߠ݀ߠ sec ߠ

න =න = √3 න ݀ߠ
2 + 4 sin ‫ݔ‬ sec ଶ ߠ − 1 tan ߠ
௫
‫ݖ‬+ 2 √3 tan + 2 + √3
ଶ
= √3 ln ቤ + ቤ+ ܿ = −√3 ln อ ௫ ௫ อ+ ܿ
√‫ݖ‬ଶ + 4‫ݖ‬+ 1 √‫ݖ‬ଶ + 4‫ݖ‬+ 1 tanଶ + 4 tan + 1
ଶ ଶ

1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ 2 1
5)න sec ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬න ݀‫ݖ‬ = 2 න ݀‫ݖ‬
1 − ‫ݖ‬ଶ 1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ (1 − ‫()ݖ‬1 + ‫)ݖ‬
1 ‫ܣ‬ ‫ܤ‬
= + ⇒ ‫(ܣ‬1 + ‫ )ݖ‬+ ‫(ܤ‬1 − ‫ = )ݖ‬1
(1 − ‫()ݖ‬1 + ‫ )ݖ‬1 − ‫ ݖ‬1 + ‫ݖ‬
1 1
ܽ‫ = ݖݐ‬1 ⇒ ‫ = ݖݐܽ݀݊ܽ = ܣ‬−1 ⇒ ‫= ܤ‬
2 2
1/2 1/2
න sec ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬2 න ൬ + ൰݀‫ = ݖ‬− ln(1 − ‫ )ݖ‬+ ln(1 + ‫ )ݖ‬+ ܿ
1−‫ ݖ‬1+‫ݖ‬
‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ 1 + tan ‫ݔ‬/2
= ln ቀ1 + tan ቁ− ln ቀ1 − tan ቁ+ ܿ = ln ฬ ฬ+ ܿ
2 2 1 − tan ‫ݔ‬/2

‫ݔ‬ 1 − cos ‫ݔ‬

‫ ݃݊݅ݐݑݐ݅ݏܾݑݏݕܤ‬tan = ඨ ݅݉ ‫ݏ݈݁݅݌‬
2 1 + cos ‫ݔ‬

(Integration) 17
 Mathematic I Prepared by Dr. Sahar abdul Hadi

න sec ‫ = ݔ݀ݔ‬ln | sec ‫ ݔ‬+ tan ‫ |ݔ‬+ ܿ

ଵି௭మ
cos ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬ ଵା௭మ 2 1 − ‫ݖ‬ଶ
6)න =න ଵି௭మ 1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ
݀‫ = ݖ‬න ݀‫ݖ‬
1 − cos ‫ݔ‬ 1− (1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ)‫ݖ‬ଶ
మ ଵା௭

1 − ‫ݖ‬ଶ ‫ݖܥ ܤ ܣ‬+ ‫ܦ‬

= + + ⇒
(1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ)‫ݖ‬ଶ ‫ݖ ݖ‬ଶ 1 + ‫ݖ‬ଶ

‫ݖܣ‬+ ‫ݖܣ‬ଷ + ‫ ܤ‬+ ‫ݖܤ‬ଶ + ‫ݖܥ‬ଷ + ‫ݖܦ‬ଶ = 1 − ‫ݖ‬ଶ

‫ ܣ‬+ ‫ = ܥ‬0 ⋯ ⋯ (1)

‫ ܤ‬+ ‫ = ܦ‬−1 ⋯ (2) ൢ ⇒ ‫ = ܣ‬0, ‫ = ܤ‬1, ‫ = ܥ‬0, ‫ = ܦ‬−2
‫ = ܣ‬0 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (3)
‫ = ܤ‬1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ (4)
cos ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬ 1 2 1
න = න ൬ ଶ− ଶ ൰݀‫ = ݖ‬− − 2 tanିଵ ‫ݖ‬+ ܿ
1 − cos ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݖ‬ ‫ ݖ‬+1 ‫ݖ‬
1 ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
=− ௫− 2 + ܿ = − cot − ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
tan 2 2
ଶ

(Integration) 18