Jos Rizal

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This article is about the Philippine national hero. For other uses, see Jos Rizal (disambiguation).

Jos Rizal

Born

June 19, 1861[1] Calamba, Laguna, Spanish East Indies, Spanish Empire[1]

Died

December 30, 1896 (aged 35)[2] Bagumbayan, Manila, Spanish East Indies, Spanish Empire[2]

Cause of death

execution by firing squad

Monuments

Rizal Park, Manila Calamba City, Laguna

Nationality

Filipino

Alma mater

Ateneo Municipal de Manila,University of Santo Tomas,Universidad Central de Madrid,University of Paris, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg

Organization

La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina

Religion

Roman Catholicism

Spouse

Josephine Bracken (1896)

Children

Francsco Rizal y Bracken (who died after birth)

Signature

Jos Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda [4] (June 19, 1861 December 30, 1896), was a Filipino polymath, patriot and the most prominent advocate for reform in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. He is regarded as the foremost Filipino patriot and is listed as one of the national heroes of the Philippines by the National Heroes Committee.[5] His execution day in 1896, now known as Rizal Day, is a national holiday in the Philippines. Rizal was born to a rich family in Calamba, Laguna and was the seventh of eleven children. He attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, earning a Bachelor of Arts, and enrolled in medicine at the University of Santo Tomas. He continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid in Madrid, Spain, earning the degree of Licentiate in Medicine. He also attended the University of Paris and earned a second doctorate at theUniversity of Heidelberg. Rizal was a polyglot, conversant in twenty-two languages.[6][7][8][9] He was a prolific poet, essayist, diarist, correspondent, and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and El filibusterismo.[10] These social commentaries on Spanish rule formed the nucleus of literature that inspired peaceful reformists and armed revolutionaries alike.

As a political figure, Jos Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan[11] led byAndrs Bonifacio, which would start the Philippine Revolution against Spain, leading to the foundation of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. He was a proponent of achieving Philippine self-government peacefully through institutional reform rather than through violent revolution, although he would support "violent means" as a last resort.[12] Rizal believed that the only justification for national liberation and self-government is the restoration of the dignity of the people, saying "Why independence, if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?"[13] The general consensus among Rizal scholars is that his execution by the Spanish government ignited the Philippine Revolution.
Contents
[hide]

1 The family of Jos Rizal 2 Education 3 Early relationships and ventures 4 Writings of Rizal 5 Persecution 6 Exile in Dapitan

6.1 Josephine Bracken

7 Last days

7.1 Arrest and trial

8 Execution 9 Aftermath

o o o o

9.1 Retraction controversy 9.2 "Mi ltimo adis" 9.3 Josephine Rizal 9.4 Polavieja and Blanco

10 Criticism 11 Legacy 12 Historical commemoration 13 Other works 14 Rizal in popular culture

o o o

14.1 Adaptation of his works 14.2 Biographic films 14.3 Others

15 Ancestry 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links

[edit]The

family of Jos Rizal

Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado (18181897)

He was born to Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado (18181897)[14] and Teodora Alonzo Realonda de Quintos,[15] who were both prosperous farmers that were granted lease of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans. Rizal was the seventh child of their eleven children namely: Saturina (Neneng) (18501913), Paciano (18511930), Narcisa (Sisa) (18521939), Lucia (18571919), Mara (Biang) (1859 1945), Jos Protacio (18611896), Concepcin (Concha) (18621865), Josefa (Panggoy) (18651945), Trinidad (18681951) and Soledad (Choleng) (18701929). Rizal was a 5th-generation patrilineal descendant of Domingo Lam-co traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: K Ynn; Peh-e-j: Kho G-lm, a Chinese immigrant entrepreneur who sailed to the Philippines from Jinjiang, Quanzhou in the mid-17th century.[16] Lam-co married Inez de la Rosa, a Sangley of Luzon.

Teodora Alonzo y Quintos, mother of Dr. Jos Rizal

Jos Rizal also had Spanish and Japanese ancestors. His grandfather and father of Teodora was a half Spaniard engineer named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo.[17] His maternal great-great-grandfather was Eugenio Ursua, a descendant of Japanese settlers. In 1849, then Governor-General of the Philippines Narciso Clavera, issued a Decree by which native Filipino and immigrant families were to adopt Spanish surnames from a list of Spanish family names. Although the Chino Mestizos were allowed to hold on to their Chinese surnames, Lam-co changed his surname to the Spanish "Mercado" (market), possibly to indicate their Chinese merchant roots. Jos's father Francisco[14] adopted the surname "Rizal" (originally Ricial,[18] the green of young growth or green fields), which was suggested to him by a provincial governor, or as Jos had described him, "a friend of the family". However, the name change caused confusion in the business affairs of Francisco, most of which were begun under the old name. After a few years, he settled on the name "Rizal Mercado" as a compromise, but usually just used the original surname "Mercado". Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, Jos dropped the last three names that make up his full name, on the advice of his brother, Paciano Rizal, and the Rizal Mercado family, thus rendering his name as "Jos Protasio Rizal". Of this, Rizal writes: "My family never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], but now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate child!" [19] This was to enable him to travel freely and disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links with native priests who were sentenced to death as subversives. From early childhood, Jos andPaciano were already advancing unheard-of political ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities.[20][21] Despite the name change, Jos, as "Rizal" soon distinguished himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine societies.

Indeed, by 1891, the year he finished his El filibusterismo, this second surname had become so well known that, as he writes to another friend, "All my family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this family name...".[19]

[edit]Education

Jose Rizal as a student at the University of Santo Tomas.

Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Bian, Laguna before he was sent to Manila. As to his father's request, he took the entrance examination inColegio de San Juan de Letran and studied there for almost three months. The Dominican friars asked him to transfer to another school due to his radical and bold questions.[22] He then enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and graduated as one of the nine students in his class declared sobresaliente or outstanding. He continued his education at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's degree, and at the same time at the University of Santo Tomaswhere he did take up a preparatory course in law.[23] Upon learning that his mother was going blind, he decided to study medicine specializing in ophthalmology at the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery.

Rizal, 11 years old, a student at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila.

Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his brother Paciano, he traveled alone to Madrid, Spain in May 1882 and studied medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid where he earned the degree, Licentiate in Medicine. His education continued at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg where he earned a second doctorate. In Berlin he was inducted as a member of the Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of the famouspathologist Rudolf Virchow. Following custom, he delivered an address in German in April 1887 before the Anthropological Society on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language. He left Heidelberg a poem, "A las flores del Heidelberg," which was both an evocation and a prayer for the welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between East and West. At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned professor, Otto Becker. There he used the newly invented ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann von Helmholtz) to later operate on his own mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents: I spend half of the day in the study of German and the other half, in the diseases of the eye. Twice a week, I go to the bierbrauerie, or beerhall, to speak German with my student friends. He lived in a Karlstrae boarding house then moved to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Reverend Karl Ullmer and stayed with them in Wilhelmsfeld, where he wrote the last few chapters of "Noli Me Tangere"

The Hong Kong Government erected a plaque beside Dr. Jos Rizal's residence in Hong Kong

Rizal's multifacetedness was described by his German friend, Dr. Adolf Meyer, as "stupendous."[24][25] Documented studies show him to be a polymath with the ability to master various skills and subjects.[6][7][24] He was an ophthalmologist, sculptor, painter, educator, farmer, historian, playwright and journalist. Besides poetry and creative writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of expertise, in architecture, cartography, economics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, dramatics, martial arts, fencing and pistol shooting. He was also a Freemason, joining Acacia Lodge No. 9 during his time in Spain and becoming a Master Mason in 1884.

[edit]Early

relationships and ventures

See also: Leonor Rivera

Business Card shows Dr. Jos Rizal is an Ophthalmologist in Hong Kong

Rednaxela Terrace is where Dr. Jos Rizal lived during his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong (photo taken in 2011)

Jos Rizal's life is one of the most documented of the 19th century due to the vast and extensive records written by and about him.[26] Almost everything in his short life is recorded somewhere, being himself a regular diarist and prolific letter writer, much of the material having survived. His biographers, however, have faced difficulty in translating his writings because of Rizal's habit of switching from one language to another. They drew largely from his travel diaries with their insights of a young Asian encountering the West for the first time. They included his later trips, home and back again to Europe through Japan and the United States, and, finally, through his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong. During December 1891 to June 1892, Rizal lived with his family in Number 2 of Rednaxela Terrace, Mid-levels, Hong Kong Island. Rizal used 5 D'Aguilar Street, Central district, Hong Kong Island as his ophthalmologist clinic from 2 pm to 6 pm. This period of his education and his frenetic pursuit of life included his recorded affections. Historians write of Rizal's "dozen women", even if only nine were identified. They were Gertrude Becket of Chalcot Crescent (London), wealthy and high-minded Nelly Boustead of the English andIberian merchant family, last descendant of a noble Japanese family Seiko Usui (affectionately called O-Sei-san), his earlier friendship with Segunda Katigbak, Leonor Valenzuela, and eightyear romantic relationship with a distant cousin, Leonor Rivera. Shortly after he graduated from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now Ateneo de Manila University), Rizal (who was then 16 years old) and a friend, Mariano Katigbak, came to visit Rizal's maternal grandmother in Tondo, Manila. Mariano brought along his sister, Segunda Katigbak, a 14-year old Batanguea from Lipa, Batangas. It was the first time they met and Rizal described Segunda as "She was rather short, with eyes that were eloquent and ardent at times and languid at others, rosycheeked, with an enchanting and provocative smile that revealed very beautiful teeth, and the air of a sylph; her entire self diffused a mysterious charm. His grandmother's guests were mostly college students and they knew that Rizal had skills in painting. They

suggested that Rizal should make a portrait of Segunda. He complied reluctantly and made a pencil sketch of her. Unfortunately, Katigbak was engaged to Manuel Luz.[27]

A crayon sketch of Leonor Rivera drawn by Jos Rizal.

Leonor Rivera is thought to be the inspiration for the character of Maria Clara in Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.[28] Rivera and Rizal first met in Manila when Rivera was only 13 years old. When Rizal left for Europe on May 3, 1882, Rivera was 15 years of age. Their correspondence began when Rizal left a poem for Rivera saying farewell. Their letters to each other slowly became romantic. The correspondence between Rivera and Rizal kept Rizal focused on his studies in Europe. They employed codes in their letters because Riveras mother did not favor Rizal as a suitor for Rivera. A letter from Mariano Katigbak dated June 27, 1884 referred to Rivera as Rizals betrothed. Katigbak described Rivera as having been greatly affected by Rizals departure, frequently sick because of insomnia. When Rizal returned to the Philippines on August 5, 1887, Rivera was no longer living in Manila because she and her family had moved back to Dagupan, Pangasinan. Rizal wanted to meet Rivera and Rivera also wanted to see Rizal, but both were prohibited by their fathers. Rizal was forbidden by his father Francisco Mercado in order to avoid putting the Rivera family in danger because at the time Rizal was already labeled by the Spaniards as a filibustero or subversive[29] because of the contents of his novel Noli Me Tangere. Rizal wanted to marry Rivera while he was still in the Philippines because of Riveras uncomplaining fidelity. Rizal asked permission from his father one more time before his second departure from the Philippines. The meeting never happened. In 1888, Rizal stopped receiving letters from Rivera for a year, although Rizal kept sending letters to Rivera. The reason for Riveras year of silence was the connivance between Riveras mother and the Englishman named Henry Kipping, a railway engineer who fell in love with Rivera and was favored by Riveras mother.[29][30] The news of Leonor Rivera's marriage to Kipping devastated Rizal.

His European friends kept almost everything he gave them, including doodlings on pieces of paper. In the home of a Spanish liberal, Pedro Ortiga y Prez, he left an impression that was to be remembered by his daughter, Consuelo. In her diary, she wrote of a day Rizal spent there and regaled them with his wit, social graces, and sleight-of-hand tricks. In London, during his research on Morga's writings, he became a regular guest in the home of Dr. Reinhold Rost of the British Museum who referred to him as "a gem of a man."[26][31] The family of Karl Ullmer, pastor of Wilhelmsfeld, and the Blumentritts saved even buttonholes and napkins with sketches and notes. They were ultimately bequeathed to the Rizal family to form a treasure trove of memorabilia. In 1890, Rizal, 29, left Paris for Brussels as he was preparing for the publication of his annotations of Antonio de Morgas Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. There, he lived in the boarding house of the two Jacoby sisters, Catherina and Suzanna who had a niece also named Suzanna ("Thil"), 16. Historian Gregorio F. Zaide states that Rizal had his romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the petite niece of his landladies. Belgian Pros Slachmuylders, however, believed that Rizal had a romance with the niece, Suzanna Thil, in 1890. Rizal's Brussels' stay was short-lived, as he moved to Madrid, leaving the young Suzanna a box of chocolates. Suzanna replied in French: After your departure, I did not take the chocolate. The box is still intact as on the day of your parting. Dont delay too long writing us because I wear out the soles of my for running to the mailbox to see if there is a letter from you. There will never be any home in which you are so loved as in that in Brussels, so, you little bad boy, hurry up and come back (Oct. 1, 1890 letter). Slachmuylders group in 2007 unveiled a historical marker commemorating Rizals stay in Brussels in 1890.[32]

[edit]Writings

of Rizal

Rizal was a very prolific author from a young age. Among his earliest writings are El Consejo de los Dioses, A la juventud filipina, Canto del viajero, Canto de Mara Clara, Me piden versos, Por la educacin, Junto al Pasig, A Las Flores de Heidelberg, El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y Prision de Boadbil, Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educacion, La Entrada Triunfal de los reyes Catolice en Granada, Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua de Tagala, etc. On his early writings he frequently depicted renowned Spanish explorers, kings and generals, and pictured Education (the Philippines enjoyed a free public system of education established by the Spaniards) as "the breath of life instilling charming virtue". He had even written of one of his Spanish teachers as having brought "the light of the eternal splendor". While in Berlin, Rizal published an essay in French, Dimanche des Rameaux, mentioning the "entry [of Jesus into Jerusalem] decided the fate of the jealous priests, the Pharisees, of all those who believed themselves the only ones who had the right to speak in the name of God, of those who would not admit the truths said by others because they have not been said by them and alluded to those in authorities in colonial countries. This made the German police suspect that he was a French spy.

The content of Rizal's writings changed considerably in his two most famous novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These writings angered both the Spanish colonial elite and many educated Filipinos due to their insulting symbolism. They are critical of Spanish friars and the power of the Church. Rizal's friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austria-Hungary born professor and historian wrote that the novel's characters were drawn from real life and that every episode can be repeated on any day in the Philippines.[33] Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith. This did not dissuade him however from writing the preface of El filibusterismo after he had translatedNoli me Tangere into German. Noli was published in Berlin (1887) and Fili in Ghent (1891) with funds borrowed largely from Rizal's friends. As Blumentritt had warned, these led to Rizal's prosecution as the inciter of revolution and eventually, to a military trial and execution. The intended consequence of teaching the natives where they stood brought about an adverse reaction, as the Philippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter.

Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: Left to Right: Rizal, del Pilar, and Ponce (c.1890)

As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, he contributed essays, allegories, poems, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona (in this case Rizal used a pen name, Dimasalang). The core of his writings centers on liberal and progressive ideas of individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people. He shared the same sentiments with members of the movement: that the Philippines is battling, in Rizal's own words, "a double-faced Goliath"--corrupt friars and bad government. His commentaries reiterate the following agenda:[34]

That the Philippines be a province of Spain Representation in the Cortes

Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars--Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans--in parishes and remote sitios

Freedom of assembly and speech Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)

The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms even if they were more openly endorsed by Spanish intellectuals like Morayta,Unamuno, Pi y Margall, and others.

[edit]Persecution
Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina. The league advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was disbanded by the governor. At that time, he had already been declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities because of the publication of his novel. Wenceslao Retana, a political commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal by writing an insulting article in "La Epoca", a newspaper in Madrid, in which he insinuated that the family and friends of Rizal were ejected from their lands in Calamba for not having paid their due rents. Upon reading the article, Rizal sent immediately a representative to challenge Retana to a duel. Retana published a public apology and later became one of Rizal's biggest admirers, writing Rizal's most important biography.[35] The painful memories of his mother's treatment (when he was ten) at the hands of the civil authorities explain his reaction to Retana. The incident stemmed from an accusation that Rizal's mother, Teodora, tried to poison the wife of a cousin when she claimed she only intervened to help. With the approval of the Church prelates, and without a hearing, she was ordered to prison in Santa Cruz in 1871. She was made to walk the ten miles (16 km) from Calamba. She was released after two-and-a-half years of appeals to the highest court.[6] In 1887 Rizal wrote a petition on behalf of the tenants of Calamba, and later that year led them to speak out against the friars' attempts to raise rent. They initiated a litigation which resulted in the Dominicans evicting them from their homes, including the Rizal family. General Valeriano Weyler had the buildings on the farm torn down.

[edit]Exile

in Dapitan

Bust of Padre Guerrico in clay, by Rizal

Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was deported to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga, a peninsula of Mindanao.[36] There he built a school, a hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in farming and horticulture.[citation needed] Abaca, then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted in the thousands, was a memorial.[citation needed] The boys' school, which taught in Spanish, and included English as a foreign language (considered a prescient if unusual option then) was conceived by Rizal and antedatedGordonstoun with its aims of inculcating resourcefulness and self sufficiency in young men.[citation needed] They would later enjoy successful lives as farmers and honest government officials.[citation needed] One, a Muslim, became a datu, and another, Jos Aseniero, who was with Rizal throughout the life of the school, became Governor ofZamboanga.[citation needed] In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Fray Snchez, his former professor, who failed in his mission. The task was resumed by Fray Pastells, a prominent member of the Order. In a letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to the ecumenism familiar to us today.[37] "We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt his when I am convinced of mine. Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt God is to doubt one's own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; and then what is life for? Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the sense of knowing nothing. I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to him; before theologians' and philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable being I find myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: 'It could be; but the God that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra!...I believe in (revelation); but not in revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess. Examining them impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human 'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they were written... No, let us not make God in our image, poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and sublime our intelligence may be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an instant is extinguished, and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean of light. I believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in that voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the being from whom it proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us from the moment we are born until we die. What books can better reveal to us the goodness of God, his love, his providence, his eternity, his glory, his wisdom? 'The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork'." [38]

Rizal's pencil sketch of Blumentritt

His best friend, professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European friends and fellow-scientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal. Those four years of his exile coincided with the development of the Philippine Revolution from inception and to its final breakout, which, from the viewpoint of the court which was to try him, suggested his complicity in it.[26] He condemned the uprising, although all the members of the Katipunan had made him their honorary president and had used his name as a cry for war, unity, and liberty. [39]

Josephine Bracken was Rizal'scommon-law wife whom he reportedly married shortly before before his execution

[edit]Josephine

Bracken

Further information: Josephine Bracken In February 1895, Rizal, 33, became acquainted with an Irish woman from Hong Kong named Josephine Bracken when she accompanied her blind adoptive father, George Taufer, to have his eye checked by Rizal.[40] After frequent visits, Rizal and Bracken soon fell in love with each other and later applied for marriage, but because of his bad reputation from his own writings and political stance, the local priest Father Obach, only

agreed to the hold the ceremony if Rizal could get a permission from the Bishop ofCebu. He was unable to obtain an ecclesiastical marriage because he would not return to Catholicism. [3] After accompanying his father to Manila on his return to Hong Kong and before heading back to Dapitan to live with Rizal, she introduced herself to members of his family in Manila. His mother suggested a civil marriage who believed it as a lesser sacrament, and would be less sinful to Rizal's conscience than making any sort of political retraction in order to gain permission from the Bishop.[41] He, nonetheless, considered Josephine to be his wife and the couple lived together in Barangay Talisay in Dapitan. The couple had a child who was born prematurely, Francsco Rizal y Bracken, who died after only a few hours.[42]

[edit]Last

days

See also: Philippine Revolution By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret society, had become a full-blown revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising which eventually led to the Declaration of Independence and the inauguration the earliest constitutional republic in Asia. To dissociate himself from the rebellion, Rizal volunteered his services as a doctor in Cuba and was given leave by the Governor-General, Ramn Blanco, to serve in Cuba to minister to victims ofyellow fever. Rizal had predicted that the USA was going to be a "troublesome rival" if his prophecy that the "Great American Republic, whose interests lie in the Pacific, will someday dream of possessing the Philippines" will ever come true. During his only visit to the United States in 1888, Rizal described the USA: I visited the largest cities of America with their big buildings, electric lights, and magnificent conceptions. Undoubtedly America is a great country, but it still has many defects. There is no real civil liberty." He was quarantined in San Francisco's pier as a result of the Chinese Exclusion Act and witnessed the inequality experienced by African Americans and people of color.[43] Rizal knew, that if ever the Philippines came under American rule racism would be a major concern. It was likewise important that for the revolution to succeed there must be a foreign ally that will provide the revolution (which he considered as a last resort) arms, food, ammunition and diplomacy. It is widely accepted by scholars that even prior to Rizal's banishment to Dapitan, he was already regarded by Filipinos as a national hero. Jos Rizal was elected honorary president by the Katipunan without his knowledge and his name would be used by the revolutionaries in their battlecry.

[edit]Arrest

and trial

Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba, imprisoned in Barcelona, and sent back to Manila to stand trial. He was implicated in the revolution through his association with members of the Katipunan. During the entire passage, he was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do so. While imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he issued amanifesto disavowing the current revolution in its present state and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national identity were

prerequisites to freedom; he was to be tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy. Rizal was convicted on all three charges and sentenced to death. Blanco, who was sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out of office, and the friars, led by then Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda, had 'intercalated' Camilo de Polavieja in his stead, as the new Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines after pressuring Queen-Regent Maria Cristina of Spain, thus sealing Rizal's fate.

[edit]Execution

A photographic record of Rizal's execution in what was thenBagumbayan.

Moments before his execution by a squad of Filipino soldiers of the Spanish Army, a backup force of regular Spanish Army troops stood ready to shoot the executioners should they fail to obey orders.[44] The Spanish Army Surgeon General requested to take his pulse: it was normal. Aware of this the Sergeant commanding the backup force hushed his men to silence when they began raising "vivas" with the highly partisan crowd of Peninsular and Mestizo Spaniards. His last words were those of Jesus Christ: "consummatum est",--it is finished.[7][45][46] He was secretly buried in Pac Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave. His sister Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with guards posted at the gate. Assuming this could be the most likely spot, there never having any ground burials, she made a gift to the caretaker to mark the site "RPJ", Rizal's initials in reverse.

Jose Rizal's original grave at Paco Park in Manila. Slightly renovated and date repainted in English

His undated poem, Mi ltimo adis believed to be written on the day before his execution, was hidden in an alcohol stove, which was later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions, including the final letters and his last bequests. During their visit to Rizal reminded his sisters in English, "There is something inside it," referring to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras which was to be returned after his execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. This instruction was followed by another, "Look in my shoes," in which another item was secreted. Exhumation of his remains in August 1898, under American rule, revealed he had been uncoffined, his burial not on sanctified ground granted the 'confessed' faithful, and whatever was in his shoes had disintegrated.[6] In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be treated...Love them greatly in memory of me...December 30, 1896."[26] In his final letter, to Blumentritt Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of rebellion. I am going to die with a tranquil conscience.[26] Indeed, Rizal is perhaps the first revolutionary whose death is attributed entirely to his work as a writer; and through dissent and civil disobedience enabled him to successfully destroy Spain's moral ascendancy to rule. He also bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan to his 'best and dearest friend.' When Blumentritt received it in his hometown Litomice (Leitmeritz) he broke down and wept.

[edit]Aftermath [edit]Retraction

controversy

Several historians report that Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through a document which stated: "I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and conduct have been contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic Church."[47] However, there are doubts of its authenticity given that there is no certificate of Rizal's Catholic marriage to Josephine Bracken.[48] Anti-retractionists also point to "Adis": "I go where...faith does not kill,"[49] which they believe refers to the Catholic religion.[citation needed] Also there is an allegation that the retraction document was a forgery.[50]After analyzing 6 major documents of Rizal, Ricardo Pascual concluded that the retraction document, said to have been discovered in 1935, was not in Rizal's handwriting. Senator Rafael Palma, a former President of the University of the Philippines and a prominent Mason, argued that a retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's character and mature beliefs. [51] He called the retraction story a "pious fraud."[52] Others who deny the retraction are Frank Laubach,[7] a Protestant minister; Austin Coates,[30] a British writer; and Ricardo Manapat, director of the National Archives.[53] On the other side are prominent Philippine historians such as Nick Joaquin,[54] Nicolas Zafra of UP[55] Leon Maria Guerrero III,[56] Gregorio Zaide,[57] Guillermo Gmez Rivera, Ambeth Ocampo,[53]John Schumacher,[58] Antonio Molina,[59] Paul Dumol[60] and Austin Craig.[6] They take the retraction document as authentic, having been judged as such by a foremost expert on the writings of Rizal, Teodoro Kalaw (a 33rd degree Mason) and "handwriting experts...known and recognized in our courts of justice," H. Otley Beyer and Dr. Jos I. Del Rosario, both of UP.[55] Historians also refer to 11 eyewitnesses when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a Catholic prayer book, and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude who saw him kiss the crucifix before his execution. A great grand nephew of Rizal, Fr. Marciano Guzman, cites that Rizal's 4 confessions were certified by 5 eyewitnesses, 10 qualified witnesses, 7 newspapers, and 12 historians and writers including Aglipayan bishops, Masons and anti-clericals.[61] One witness was the head of the Spanish Supreme Court at the time of his notarized declaration and was highly esteemed by Rizal for his integrity.[62] One of his last letters to his family gave instructions for his burial: "Place a stone and a cross over it."[63] Because of what he sees as the strength these direct evidence have in the light of the historical method, in contrast with merely circumstantial evidence, UP professor emeritus of history Nicolas Zafra called the retraction "a plain unadorned fact of history."[55] Guzmn attributes the denial of retraction to "the blatant disbelief and stubbornness" of some Masons.[61] Supporters see in the retraction Rizal's "moral courage...to recognize his mistakes,"[57][64] his reversion to the "true faith," and thus his "unfading glory,"[62] and a return to the "ideals of his fathers" which "did not diminish his stature as a great patriot; on the contrary, it increased that stature to greatness."[65] On the other hand, senator Jose Diokno stated: "Surely whether Rizal died as a Catholic or an apostate adds or detracts nothing from his greatness as a Filipino... Catholic or Mason, Rizal is still Rizal: the hero who courted death 'to prove to those who deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our duty and our beliefs'."[66]

[edit]"Mi

ltimo adis"

Main article: Mi ltimo adis The poem is more aptly titled, "Adis, Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved Fatherland"), by virtue of logic and literary tradition, the words coming from the first line of the poem itself. It first appeared in print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in 1897, when a copy of the poem and an accompanying photograph came to J. P. Braga who decided to publish it in a monthly journal he edited. There was a delay when Braga, who greatly admired Rizal, wanted a good job of the photograph and sent it to be engraved in London, a process taking well over two months. It finally appeared under 'Mi ltimo pensamiento,' a title he supplied and by which it was known for a few years. Thus, when the Jesuit Balaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to Josephine was appearing in Barcelona, no word of the poem's existence reached him in time to revise what he had written. His account was too elaborate that Rizal would have had no time to write "Adis." Six years after his death, when the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being debated in the United States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an English translation of Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what clime or what skies has tyranny claimed a nobler victim?"[67] Subsequently, the US Congress passed the bill into law which is now known as the Philippine Organic Act of 1902. This was a major breakthrough for a US Congress that had yet to grant equal rights to African Americans guaranteed to them in the US Constitutionand the Chinese Exclusion Act was still in effect. It created the Philippine legislature, appointed two Filipino delegates to the US Congress, extended the US Bill of Rights to Filipinos, and laid the foundation for an autonomous government. The colony was on its way to independence.[68] The Americans, however, would not sign the bill into law until 1916 and did not recognize Philippine Independence until the Treaty of Manila in 1946fifty years after Rizal's [Link] same poem which has inspired liberty-loving peoples across the region and beyond was recited (in its Bahasa Indonesia translation by Rosihan Anwar) by Indonesian soldiers of independence before going into battle.[69]

[edit]Josephine

Rizal

Josephine, whom Rizal addressed as his wife on his last day,[70] promptly joined the revolutionary forces in Cavite province, making her way through thicket and mud, and helped operate a reloading jig for Mauser cartridges at the arsenal at Imus. The short-lived arsenal under the Revolutionary General Pantalen Garca had been reloading spent cartridges again and again and the reloading jig was in continuous use, but Imus was under threat of recapture that the operation had to move, with Josephine, to Maragondon, the mountain redoubt in Cavite. She witnessed theTejeros Convention prior to returning to Manila and was summoned by the Governor-General, but owing to her stepfather's American citizenship she could not be forcibly deported. She left voluntarily returning to Hong Kong. She later married another Filipino, Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Tabacalera firm in the Philippines. She died of tubercolosis in Hong Kong in March 15, 1902 and was buried at the Happy Valley Cemetery.[71] She was immortalized by Rizal in the last stanza of Mi Ultimo Adios: "Farewell, sweet stranger, my friend, my joy...".

[edit]Polavieja

and Blanco

Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen after his return to Spain. While visiting Girona, in Catalonia, circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and the charge that Polavieja was responsible for the loss of the Philippines to Spain.[72] Ramon Blanco later presented his sash and sword to the Rizal family as an apology.[citation needed]

[edit]Criticism

A photo engraving of the execution of Filipino Insurgents at Bagumbayan (now Luneta)

Attempts to debunk legends surrounding Rizal, and the tug of war between free thinker and Catholic, have kept his legacy controversial. In one recorded fall from grace he succumbed to the temptation of a 'lady of the camellias.' The writer, Maximo Viola, a friend of Rizal's, was alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel, La dame aux camelias, about a man who fell in love with a courtesan. While the affair was on record, there was no account in Viola's letter whether it was more than one-night and if it was more a business transaction than an amorous affair.[73] Others present him as a man of contradictions. Miguel de Unamuno in "Rizal: the Tagalog Hamlet", said of him, "a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair."[74] His critics assert this character flaw is translated into his two novels where he opposes violence in Noli and appears to advocate it in Fili, contrasting Ibarra's idealism to Simoun's cynicism. His defenders insist this ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is struck down in the sequel's final chapters, reaffirming the author's resolute stance, Pure and spotless must the victim be if the sacrifice is to be acceptable.[75] In El Filibusterismo, Rizal had Father Florentino say: "...our liberty will (not) be secured at the sword's point...we must secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. And when a people reaches that height God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shattered, tyranny will crumble like a house of cards and liberty will shine out like the first dawn."[75] Rizal's attitude to the Philippine Revolution is also debated, not only based on his own writings,

but also due to the varying eyewitness accounts of Pio Valenzuela, a doctor who in 1895 had consulted Rizal in Dapitan on behalf of Bonifacio and the Katipunan. Upon the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in 1896, Valenzuela surrendered to the Spanish authorities and testified in military court that Rizal had strongly condemned an armed struggle for independence when Valenzuela asked for his support. Rizal had even refused him entry to his house. Bonifacio, in turn, had openly denounced him as a coward for his refusal.[76] But years later, Valenzuela testified that Rizal had been favorable to an uprising as long as the Filipinos were well-prepared, and well-supplied with arms. Rizal had suggested that the Katipunanget wealthy and influential Filipino members of society on their side, or at least ensure they would stay neutral. Rizal had even suggested his friend Antonio Luna to lead the revolutionary forces since he had studied military science. [77] In the event that the Katipunan was discovered prematurely, they should fight rather than allow themselves to be killed. Valenzuela said to historianTeodoro Agoncillo that he had lied to the Spanish military authorities about Rizal's true stance toward a revolution in an attempt to exculpate him.[78] Before his execution, Rizal wrote a proclamation denouncing the revolution. But as noted by historian Floro Quibuyen, his final poem Mi ultimo adios contains a stanza which equates his coming execution and the rebels then dying in battle as fundamentally the same, as both are dying for their country.[79] The confusion over Rizal's real stance on the Philippine Revolution leads to the sometimes bitter question of his ranking as the nation's premier hero. Teodoro Agoncillo opines that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, is not "the leader of its liberation forces". He gives the opinion that Andres Bonifacio not replace Rizal as national hero, like some have suggested, but that be honored alongside him. [80] Renato Constantino writes Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino hero during the American colonial period of the Philippines after Aguinaldo lost the Philippine-American War. The United States promoted Rizal, who represented peaceful political advocacy (in fact, repudiation of violent means in general) instead of more radical figures whose ideas could inspire resistance against American rule. Rizal was selected over Bonifacio who was viewed "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was considered "unregenerate."[81] Constantino's analysis has been criticised for its polemicism and inaccuracies. [82] The historian Rafael Palma, contends that the revolution of Bonifacio is a consequence wrought by the writings of Rizal and that although the Bonifacio's revolver produced an immediate outcome, the pen of Rizal generated a more lasting achievement.[83] Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, Rizal, along with Bonifacio, remains admired and revered for his role in Philippine history. Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated. Their appreciation should be better left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough.[84]

Some writers have noted that, despite his Chinese ancestry, Rizal's writings show an anti-Sinicism almost bordering on anti-Chinese racism.[85][86] Commenting on the scene in the El filibusterismo where a Chinese vendor is bullied by students (Chapter 14), Benedict Anderson notes that "[o]ne cannot miss the strong whiff of racism."

[edit]Legacy
Rizal's advocacy of liberty through peaceful means rather than by violent revolution makes him Asia's first modern non-violent proponent of freedom. Forerunner of Gandhi and contemporary ofTagore and Sun Yat Sen, all four created a new climate of thought throughout Asia, leading to the attrition of colonialism. Rizal was active when the power of other European nations was growing in Asia, mostly motivated by trade, some for the purpose of bringing Western forms of government and education to Asian peoples. Coinciding with the appearance of those other leaders, Rizal from an early age had been enunciating in poems, tracts and plays, ideas all his own of modern nationhood as a practical possibility in Asia. In the Noli he stated that if European civilization had nothing better to offer, colonialism in Asia was doomed.[87] Such was recognized by Gandhi who regarded him as a forerunner in the cause of freedom. Jawaharlal Nehru, in his prison letters to his daughter Indira, acknowledged Rizal's significant contributions in the Asian freedom movement. These leaders regarded these contributions as keystones and acknowledged Rizal's role in the movement as foundation layer. Rizal, through his reading of Morga and other western historians, knew of the genial image of Spain's early relations with his people.[88] In his writings, he showed the disparity between the early colonialists and those of his day, with the latter's injustices giving rise to Gomburza and the Philippine Revolution of 1896. The English biographer, Austin Coates, and writer, Benedict Anderson, believe that Rizal gave the Philippine revolution a genuinely national character; and that Rizal's patriotism and his standing as one of Asia's first intellectuals have inspired others of the importance of a national identity to nation-building.[30][89] Several titles were bestowed on him: "the First Filipino", "Greatest Man of the Brown Race," among others. The Order of the Knights of Rizal, a civic and patriotic organization, boasts of dozens of chapters all over the globe [7] [8]. There are some remote-area religious sects who claim him as a sublimation of Christ.

[edit]Historical

commemoration

The Rizal Monument now stands near the place where he fell at the Luneta in Bagumbayan, which is now called Rizal Park, a national park in Manila. The monument, which also contains his remains, was designed by the Swiss Richard Kissling of the William Tell sculpture in Altdorf, Switzerland.[90] The monument carries the inscription "I want to show to those who deprive people the right to love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves for our duties and convictions, death does not matter if one dies for those one loves for his country and for others dear to him."[26]

Although his field of action lay in politics, Rizal's real interests lay in the arts and sciences, in literature and in his profession as an ophthalmologist. Shortly after his death, the Anthropological Society of Berlin met to honor him with a reading of a German translation of his farewell poem and Dr. Rudolf Virchow delivering the eulogy.[91]

The Taft Commission in June 1901 approved Act 137 renaming the District of Morong into the Province of Rizal. Today, the wide acceptance of Rizal is evidenced by the countless towns, streets, and numerous parks in the Philippines named in his honor.

Rizal Shrine in Calamba City, theancestral house and birthplace of Jose Rizal, is now a museum housing Rizal memorabilia.

Rizal on the obverse side of a 1970Philippine peso coin

The Rizal Park at the Bulacan State University

Tribute to Rizal at Cavenagh Bridge in Singapore

Republic Act 1425 was passed in 1956 by the Philippine legislature requiring all high school and college curricula a course in the study of his life, works and writings.

Monuments erected in his honor can be found in Madrid;[92] Tokyo; Wilhelmsfeld, Germany; Jinjiang, Fujian, China;[93] Chicago;[94] Cherry Hill Township, New Jersey; Honolulu;[95] San Diego;[96] Mexico City, Mexico;[97] Lima, Peru;[98] Litomerice, Czech Republic[citation needed]; Toronto, Ontario[citation needed];and Montreal, Quebec, Canada[citation needed].

The USS Rizal (DD-174) was a Wickes-class destroyer named after Rizal by the United States Navy and launched on September 21, 1918.

The Rizal Park in the city of Seattle in Washington state was dedicated to Rizal.[99] A two-sided marker bearing a painting of Rizal by Fabian de la Rosa on one side and a bronze bust relief of him by Philippine artist Guillermo Tolentino stands at the Asian Civilisations Museum Green marking his visits to Singapore in 1882, 1887, 1891 and 1896.[100]

A Rizal bronze bust was erected at La Molina district, Lima, Peru, designed by Czech sculptor Hanstroff, mounted atop a pedestal base with four inaugural plaque markers with the following inscription on one: Dr. Jos P. Rizal, Hroe Nacional de Filipinas, Nacionalista, Reformador Political, Escritor, Lingistica y Poeta, 18611896.[101][102][103]

The USS Rizal (DD-174) launched in 1918

The statue of Rizal at the Rizal Park in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany

The National Historical Institute Logo for the 150th Birth Anniversary of Jose Rizal

A plaque marks the Heidelberg building where he trained with Professor Becker while in Wilhemsfeld. There is a small Rizal Park in that city where a bronze statue of Rizal stands. The street where he lived was also renamed after him. A sandstone fountain in Pastor Ullmers house garden where Rizal lived in Wilhelmsfeld, was given to the Philippine government and is now located at Rizal Park in Manila.[104]

Throughout 2011, the National Historical Institute and other institutions organized several activities commemorating the 150th birth anniversary of Rizal, which took place on June 19 of that year.

[edit]Other

works

The Triumph of Science over Death

Rizal also tried his hand at painting and sculpture. His most famous sculptural work was "The Triumph of Science over Death", a clay sculpture of a naked young woman with overflowing hair, standing on a skull while bearing a torch held high. The woman symbolized the ignorance of humankind during the Dark Ages, while the torch she bore symbolized the enlightenment science brings over the whole world. He sent the sculpture as a gift to his dear friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, together with another one named "The Triumph of Death over Life". The woman is shown trampling the skull, a symbol of death, to signify the victory the humankind achieved by conquering the bane of death through their scientific advancements. The original sculpture is now displayed at the Rizal Shrine Museum at Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. A large replica, made of concrete, stands in front of Fernando Caldern Hall, the building which houses the College of Medicine of the University of the Philippines Manila along Pedro Gil Street in Ermita, Manila.

[edit]Rizal

in popular culture
of his works

[edit]Adaptation

The cinematic depiction of Rizal's literary works won two film industry awards more than a century after his birth. In the 10th FAMAS Awards, he was honored in the Best Story category for Gerardo de Len's adaptation

of his book Noli me Tangere. The recognition was repeated the following year with his movie version of El Filibusterismo, making him the only person to win back-to-back FAMAS Awards posthumously.[citation needed] Both novels were translated into opera by the composer-librettist Felipe Padilla de Len: Noli me tangere in 1957 and El filibusterismo in 1970; and his 1939 overture, Mariang Makiling, was inspired by Rizal's tale of the same name.[105]

[edit]Biographic

films

Several films were produced narrating Rizal's life. The most successful was Jose Rizal, produced by GMA Films and released in 1998. Cesar Montano played the title role..[citation needed] A year before it was shown another movie was made portraying his life while in exile in the island of Dapitan. Titled Rizal sa Dapitan produced by Viva Films it stars Albert Martnez as Rizal and Amanda Page as Josephine Bracken. The film was the top grosser of the 1997 Manila Film Festival and won the best actor and actress trophies..[citation needed] Another film that tackled particularly on the heroism of Rizal was the 2000 film Bayaning 3rd World, directed by Mike de Leon and starring Joel Torre as Jos Rizal.

[edit]Others
Rizal also appeared in the 1999 video game Medal of Honor as a secret character in multiplayer, alongside other historical figures such as William Shakespeare and Winston Churchill. He can be unlocked by completing the single-player mode, or through cheat codes.[106][107]

[edit]Ancestry
[show]

Part of Jos Rizal's ancestry

[edit]See

also

Jose Rizal University Jos Rizal's Global Fellowship Makamisa Rednaxela Terrace on Chinese Wikipedia () Rizal Shrine

Rizal Technological University Rizal Without the Overcoat

[edit]Notes
a b a b a b

1. 2. 3. 4.

^ ^ ^

Valdez, Valdez & Et Al 2007, p. 59. Valdez, Valdez & Et Al 2007, p. 7. Fadul 2008, p.21.

^ Jos Rizal; Jos Rizal National Centennial Commission (1961) (in Spanish). El filibusterismo. Linkgua digital. pp. 9. ISBN 978-84-9953-093-2.

5.

^ "Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures". Reference and Research Bureau Legislative Research Service, House of Congress. Retrieved 8 September 2009.

6.

a b c d e

Austin Craig, Lineage, Life and Labors of Rizal(Manila: Philippine Education Co., 1913). He was

conversant in Spanish, French, Latin, Greek, German, Portuguese, Italian, English, Dutch, and Japanese. Rizal also made translations from Arabic, Swedish, Russian, Chinese, Greek, Hebrew, and Sanskrit. He translated the poetry ofSchiller into his native Tagalog. In addition he had at least some knowledge of Malay, Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Subanun. Project Gutenberg].) Retrieved January 10, 2007. 7. 8. ^
a b c d

Frank Laubach, Rizal: Man and Martyr (Manila: Community Publishers, 1936)

^ Rizal's annotations of Morga's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas (1609), which he copied word for word from theBritish Museum and had published, called attention to an antiquated book, a testimony to the welladvanced civilization in the Philippines during pre-Spanish era. In his essay "The Indolence of the Filipino" Rizal stated that three centuries of Spanish rule did not do much for the advancement of his countryman; in fact there was a 'retrogression', and the Spanish colonialists have transformed him into a 'half-way brute.' The absence of moral stimulus, the lack of material inducement, the demoralization--'the indio should not be separated from his carabao', the endless wars, the lack of a national sentiment, the Chinese piracyall these factors, according to Rizal, helped the colonial rulers succeed in placing the indio 'on a level with the beast'. (Read English translation by Charles Derbyshire at Project Gutenberg.) Retrieved January 10. 2007.

9.

^ In his essay, "Reflections of a Filipino," (La Solidaridad, c.1888), he wrote: "Man is multiplied by the number of languages he possesses and speaks.'

10. ^ His signature book Noli was one of the first novels in Asia written outside Japan and China and was one of the first novels of anti-colonial rebellion. Noli me Tangere, translated by Soledad Locsin (Manila: Ateneo de Manila, 1996) ISBN 971-569-188-9. Read Benedict Anderson's commentary:[1]. Retrieved January 10, 2007.

11. ^ Bonifacio was a member of La Liga Filipina. After Rizal's arrest and exile, it was disbanded and the group splintered into two factions; the more radical group formed into the Katipunan, the militant arm of the insurrection.[2]. Retrieved January 10, 2007. 12. ^ Trillana III, Dr. Pablo S.. "2 historical events led to birth of modern RP". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 11, 2007. 13. ^ Jose Rizal (2007). The Reign of Greed. Echo Library. pp. 231. ISBN 978-1-4068-3936-4. 14. ^
a b

National Historical Institute "...Angelo Ivan Mendoza added Rizal to the family surname..."(registration

required)

15. ^ National Historical Institute "...Francisco Engracio Mercado added Rizal to the family surname..."(registration required) 16. ^ Rizal's rags-to-riches ancestor from South China. Retrieved February 18, 2007. 17. ^ F. Zaide, Gregorio (1957). Jos Rizal: life, works, and writings. Villanueva. pp. 5. 18. ^ Diccionario de la lengua espaola Vigsima segunda edicin 19. ^
a b

Vicente L. Rafael On Rizal's El Filibusterismo, University of Washington, Dep. of History

20. ^ When Jos was baptized, the record showed his parents as Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Realonda. Jos Rizals Lineage 21. ^ At age 8 (in 1869) he was reputed to have written the poemSa aking mga Kabata and had for its theme the love of one's native language Jose Rizal: A Biographical Sketch by Teofilo H. Monttemayor, Jose Rizal University, 2004, Retrieved January 10, 2007. 22. ^ de Tangle, Edith Perez. "Don Daniel Maramba".Philippine folio. Philippine folio. Retrieved 2005. 23. ^ Parco de Castro, M.E.G.. "Jose Rizal: A birthday wish list". The Varsitarian. Retrieved June 27, 2011. 24. ^
a b

The Many-Sided Personality. Jose Rizal University. Retrieved January 10, 2007.

25. ^ Adolf Bernard Meyer (18401911) was a German ornithologist and anthropologist, and author of the bookPhilippinen-typen (Dresden, 1888) 26. ^
a b c d e f

Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes, 1400 letters to and from Rizal, edited by Teodoro Kalaw (Manila:

Bureau of Printing,193038) 27. ^ Zaide, Gregorio (1957). Rizal's Life, Works and Writings. Manila, Philippines: Villanueva Book Store. pp. 4344. 28. ^ Martinez-Clemente, Jo (June 20, 2011) Keeping up with legacy of Rizals true love Inquirer Central Luzon at [Link]. Accessed December 3, 2011. 29. ^ 30. ^
a b

Leonor Rivera, Jose Rizal University, [Link] Coates, Austin. "Leonor Rivera", Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr, Oxford University Press

a b c

(Hong Kong), pages 5254, 60, 84, 124, 134136, 143, 169, 185188, and 258.

31. ^ Dr. Reinhold Rost was the head of the India Office at the British Museum and a renowned 19th century philologist. 32. ^ [Link], Rizals affair with 'la petite Suzanne' 33. ^ Harry Sichrovsky (1987). Ferdinand Blumentritt: an Austrian life for the Philippines : the story of Jos Rizal's closest friend and companion. p. 39. ISBN 978-971-13-6024-5. 34. ^ In his letter "Manifesto to Certain Filipinos" (Manila, 1896), he states: Reforms, if they are to bear fruit, must come from above; for reforms that come from below are upheavals both violent and transitory.(Epistolario Rizalino, op cit) 35. ^ Wenceslao Retana Vida y Escritos del Jos Rizal (Madrid: Libreria General de Victoriano Suarez, 1907). According to Laubach it was Retana more than any other who 'saved Rizal for posterity' (Laubach, [Link]., p. 383) 36. ^ "Appendix II: Decree Banishing Rizal. Governor-General Eulogio Despujol, Manila, July 7, 1892." In Miscellaneous Correspondence of Dr. Jose Rizal / translated by Encarnacion Alzona. (Manila: National Historical Institute.) 37. ^ Raul J. Bonoan, S.J., The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence(Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1996) 38. ^ Epistolario Rizalino: 4 volumes, 1400 letters to and from Rizal, edited by Teodoro Kalaw (Manila: Bureau of Printing,193038) 39. ^ [Link]. "Kultong Rizalismo (sanaysay ni Jon E. Royeca)". [Link]. Retrieved December 30, 2009. 40. ^ Fadul 2008, p. 17. 41. ^ Craig 1914, p.215 42. ^ Fadul 2008, p. 38. 43. ^ Rodel Rodis (June 15, 2011). "Dr. Jose Rizalthe first Filipino TNT in America?". Global Nation. Retrieved June 19, 2011. 44. ^ Russell, Charles Edward; Rodriguez, Eulogio Balan (1923). The hero of the Filipinos: the story of Jos Rizal, poet, patriot and martyr. The Century co.. p. 308. 45. ^ Austin Coates, Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr(London: Oxford University Press, 1968) ISBN 019-581519-X 46. ^ Rizal's trial was regarded a travesty even by prominent Spaniards of his day. Soon after his execution, the philosopher Miguel de Unamuno in an impassioned utterance recognized Rizal as a "Spaniard", "...profoundly and intimately Spanish, far more Spanish than those wretched menforgive them, Lord, for they knew not what they didthose wretched men, who over his still warm body hurled like an insult heavenward that blasphemous cry, 'Viva Espana!'"Miguel de Unamuno, epilogue to Wenceslao

Retana's Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jose [Link] after Rizal had revived and became a Super Saiyan 5 and saved the universe (Retana, op. cit.) 47. ^ Me retracto de todo corazon de cuanto en mis palabras, escritos, impresos y conducta ha habido contrario mi cualidad de hijo de la Iglesia Catlica: Jesus Cavanna,Rizal's Unfading Glory: A Documentary History of the Conversion of Dr. Jose Rizal (Manila: 1983) 48. ^ Ricardo Roque Pascual, Jose Rizal Beyond the Grave(Manila: P. Ayuda & Co., 1962) 49. ^ Mi Ultimo Adios, stanza 13 50. ^ Ildefonso T. Runes and Mameto R. Buenafe, The Forgery of the Rizal Retraction and Josephines Autobiography (Manila: BR Book Col, 1962) 51. ^ "Rizal's Retraction: A Note on the Debate, Silliman Journal (Vol. 12, No. 2, April, May, June 1965), pages 168183".Life and Writings of Jose Rizal. Retrieved September 9, 2009. 52. ^ Rafael Palma, Pride of the Malay Race (New York: Prentice Hall, 1949) 53. ^
a b

Ambeth Ocampo (2008). Rizal Without the Overcoat. Anvil Publishing.

54. ^ Joaquin, Nick, Rizal in Saga, Philippine National Centennial Commission, 1996:""It seems clear now that he did retract, that he went to confession, heard mass, received communion, and was married to Josephine, on the eve of his death". 55. ^
a b c

Nicolas Zafra (1961). Historicity of Rizal's Retraction. Bookmark.

56. ^ Guerrero, Len Maria III (1963). The First Filipino: A Biography of Jose Rizal. Manila: National Historical Institute of The Philippines:"That is a matter for handwriting experts, and the weight of expert opinion is in favor of authenticity. It is nonsense to say that the retraction does not prove Rizal's conversion; the language of the document is unmistakable." 57. ^
a b

Gregorio Zaide (2003). Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National

Hero. National Bookstore. 58. ^ The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Nationalism 59. ^ Antonio M Molina, Yo, Jos Rizal, Ediciones de Cultura Hispnica, Madrid, 1998 60. ^ Uncovering Controversial Facts about Jose Rizal ([Link]) 61. ^ 62. ^
a b a b

Marciano Guzman (1988). The Hard Facts About Rizal's Conversion. Sinagtala Publishers. Jesus Cavanna (1983). Rizal's Unfading Glory: A Documentary History of the Conversion of Dr. Jose

Rizal. 63. ^ Letters Between Rizal and his Family, #223 64. ^ Javier de Pedro (2005) Rizal Through a Glass Darkly, University of Asia and the Pacific; Evolution of Rizal's Religious Thought. The retraction, Javier de Pedro contends, is the end of a process which started with a personal crisis as Rizal finished the Fili.

65. ^ Joint Statement of the Catholic Hierarchy of the Philippines on the Book "The Pride of the Malay Race", January 6, 1950 66. ^ preface to The Great Debate: The Rizal Retraction, by Ricardo P. Garcia. Quezon City: R.P. Garcia Publishing Co., 1964 67. ^ Esteban de Ocampo, "Why is Rizal the Greatest Filipino Hero?" National Historical Institute. ISBN 971538-053-0 68. ^ Pacis, Vicente Albano. "RIZAL IN THE AMERICAN CONGRESS". The Philippines Free Press Online. Retrieved December 27, 1952. 69. ^ "Mi Ultimo Adios by Jose Rizal". Philippine American Literary House. 70. ^ Craig 1914, pg. 241 71. ^ Fadul 2008, pg. 18. 72. ^ Craig 1914, pp. 259-260 73. ^ Ambeth Ocampo, Rizal without the Overcoat (Manila: Anvil Publishing Co., 1990) ISBN 971-27-0043-7. Rizal's third novel 'rff'Makamisa was rescued from oblivion by Ocampo. See also [3] (Retrieved January 10, 2007), and [4] . Retrieved January 10, 2007. 74. ^ Miguel de Unamuno, "The Tagalog Hamlet" in Rizal: Contrary Essays, edited by D. Feria and P. Daroy (Manila: National Book Store, 1968). 75. ^
a b

Jose Rizal, El Filibusterismo (Ghent: 1891) chap.39, translated by Andrea Tablan and Salud Enriquez

(Manila: Marian Publishing House, 2001) ISBN 971-686-154-0. (online text at Project Gutenberg) 76. ^ Bonifacio later mobilized his men to attempt to liberate Rizal while in Ft. Santiago (Laubach, [Link]., chap. 15) 77. ^ Antonio Luna denounced the Katipunan, but became a general under Emilio Aguinaldo's First Republic and fought in the Philippine-American War. 78. ^ Agoncillo, The Revolt of the Masses 79. ^ Quibuyen, A Nation Aborted: Rizal, American Hegemony, And Philippine Nationalism 80. ^ Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (8th ed.), Quezon City: Garotech Publishing Inc.,ISBN 971-8711-06-6 81. ^ Constantino, Renato (1980) [1970], "Veneration without Understanding", Dissent and Counterconsciousness, Quezon City: Malaya Books, pp. 125145 . 82. ^ Couttie, Couttie. [5]. December 11, 2011. 83. ^ Rafael Palma, Pride of the Malay Race (New York: Prentice Hall, 1949) p. 367. 84. ^ National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Selection and Proclamation of National heroes and Law Honoring Filipino Historical Figures

85. ^ Anderson, Benedict R. O'G., Why Counting Counts: A Study of Forms of Consciousness and Problems of Language in Noli me tangere and El filibusterismo (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2008), pp. 4445. 86. ^ Tu Yiban (Ang, Alfonso O.), "Rizal's Chinese Overcoat" 87. ^ Also stated in his essay, "The Philippines: A Century Hence": The batteries are gradually becoming charged and if the prudence of the government does not provide an outlet for the currents that are accumulating, someday the sparks will be generated. (read etext at Project Gutenberg) 88. ^ Jose Rizal, "Indolence of the Filipino". Retrieved January 10, 2007. 89. ^ According to Anderson, Rizal is one of the best exemplars of nationalist thinking. Benedict Anderson, Under Three Flags: anarchism and the anti colonial imagination (London: Verso Publication, 2005) ISBN 1-84467-037-6. (See also[6]) 90. ^ Rizal himself translated Schiller's William Tell into Tagalog in 1886. Rizal in Berlin, Germany. Jose Rizal University. Retrieved January 10, 2007. 91. ^ Dr. Virchow's obituary on Rizal, 1897 92. ^ Monumento a Jos Rizal (Madrid) Retrieved January 10, 2007 93. ^ Article Index [Link]. [Link] (May 4, 2008). Retrieved on February 19, 2011. 94. ^ Sir Choy Arnaldo, KGOR. Paris in Springtime Knights and Damas blossom!, Rizal Bulletin, March 29, 2010 95. ^ Isle Filipinos honor Philippines hero Hawaii News Honolulu Star-Advertiser 96. ^ Dr. Rizal's story is a lesson to us all 97. ^ "El Monumento de Jose Rizal, Ciudad De Mexico". 98. ^ "Philippine president to open park in Lima during APEC Summit". [Link]. Retrieved December 30, 2009. 99. ^ Dr. Jose Rizal Park, Seattle Parks and Recreation Information 100. ^ "Feature: Rizal returns to Singapore" (Press release). Philippine Information Agency (PIA). June 20, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2008. 101. ^ " " (in (Japanese)). [Link]. Retrieved December 30, 2009. 102. ^ En route to APEC meet, First Gentleman rushed to hospital 103. ^ Peru erects monument for Jose Rizal, Michael Lim Ubac, Philippine Daily Inquirer, 11/22/2008 104. ^ Castillo, Rafael MD. (2008-06-20). "Dr. Jose Rizal in Heidelberg". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 105. ^ Mari Arquiza (1992). ":: Felipe De Leon ::". [Link]. Retrieved December 30, 2009. 106. ^ Medal of Honor 2 cheats for PS1 107. ^ Medal of Honor cheats for PS1