DP Mathematics: analysis and approaches HL
Syllabus overview
This book covers the whole syllabus for the DP Mathematics: analysis and approaches HL course.
Here is an overview of the syllabus content covered in each chapter.
1 From patterns to generalizations: sequences, series
and proofs
Syllabus
Syllabus content
reference
Arithmetic sequences and series.
Use of the formulae for the th term and the sum of the first terms of the
sequence.
SL1.2* Use of sigma notation for sums of arithmetic sequences.
Applications.
Analysis, interpretation and prediction where a model is not perfectly
arithmetic in real life.
Geometric sequences and series.
Use of the formulae for the th term and the sum of the first terms of the
sequence.
SL1.3*
Use of sigma notation for sums of geometric sequences.
Applications.
Financial applications of geometric sequences and series: compound interest
SL1.4* and annual depreciation.
Simple deductive proof, numerical and algebraic; how to lay out a left-hand
side to right-hand side (LHS to RHS) proof.
SL1.6
The symbols and notation for equality and identity.
SL1.8 Sum of infinite convergent geometric sequences.
SL1.9 The binomial theorem: expansion of , ∈ ℕ.
Counting principles, including permutations and combinations.
AHL1.10 Extension of the binomial theorem to fractional and negative indices, ie
, ∈ ℚ).
Proof by mathematical induction.
AHL1.15 Proof by contradiction.
Use of a counterexample to show that a statement is not always true.
*Shows content that is common to both the Mathematics: analysis and approaches and the
Mathematics: applications and interpretation courses.
© Oxford University Press 2019 1
Syllabus overview
2 Representing relationships: functions
Syllabus
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Concept of a function, domain, range and graph. Function notation, for
example , , . The concept of a function as a mathematical model.
Informal concept that an inverse function reverses or undoes the effect of a
SL2.2* function.
Inverse function as a reflection in the line , and the notation .
The graph of a function; its equation .
Creating a sketch from information given or a context, including transferring
SL2.3* a graph from screen to paper.
Using technology to graph functions including their sums and differences.
Linear correlation of bivariate data.
Pearson’s product−moment correlation coefficient, .
Scatter diagrams; lines of best fit, by eye, passing through the mean point.
SL2.4* Equation of the regression line of on .
Use of the equation of the regression line for prediction purposes.
Interpret the meaning of the parameters, and , in a linear regression
.
Composite functions.
SL2.5
Identity function. Finding the inverse function .
The quadratic function : its graph, -intercept 0, . Axis of
symmetry.
SL2.6
The form , intercepts ( , 0) and ( , 0). The form
, vertex ( , ).
Solution of quadratic equations and inequalities. The quadratic formula.
SL2.7 The discriminant Δ = and the nature of the roots, that is, two distinct
real roots, two equal real roots, no real roots.
The reciprocal function , ≠ 0: its graph and self-inverse nature.
SL2.8 Rational functions of the form and their graphs.
Equations of vertical and horizontal asymptotes.
Solving equations, both graphically and analytically.
Use of technology to solve a variety of equations, including those where
SL2.10 there is no appropriate analytic approach.
Applications of graphing skills and solving equations that relate to real-life
situations.
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Syllabus overview
Transformations of graphs. Translations: ; .
Reflections (in both axes): ; .
Vertical stretch with scale factor : .
SL2.11
Horizontal stretch with scale factor : .
Composite transformations.
AHL1.11 Partial fractions.
Polynomial functions, their graphs and equations; zeros, roots and factors.
AHL2.12 The factor and remainder theorems.
Sum and product of the roots of polynomial equations.
Rational functions of the form:
AHL2.13
and
Odd and even functions.
AHL2.14 Finding the inverse function, , including domain restriction.
Self-inverse functions.
AHL2.15 Solutions of ≥ , both graphically and analytically.
The graphs of the functions and , , ,
.
AHL2.16
Solution of modulus equations and inequalities.
*Shows content that is common to both the Mathematics: analysis and approaches and the
Mathematics: applications and interpretation courses.
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Syllabus overview
3 Expanding the number system: complex numbers
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reference
The quadratic function : its graph, -intercept 0, . Axis of
symmetry.
SL2.6
The form , -intercepts ( , 0) and ( , 0). The form
, vertex ( , ).
Solution of quadratic equations and inequalities. The quadratic formula.
SL2.7 The discriminant Δ = b2 − 4ac and the nature of the roots, that is, two
distinct real roots, two equal real roots, no real roots.
2
Complex numbers: the number i, where i = − 1. Cartesian form ;
the terms real part, imaginary part, conjugate, modulus and argument.
AHL1.12
The complex plane.
Complex conjugate roots of quadratic and polynomial equations with real
coefficients.
AHL1.14 De Moivre’s theorem and its extension to rational exponents.
Powers and roots of complex numbers.
Solutions of systems of linear equations (a maximum of three equations in
AHL1.16 three unknowns), including cases where there is a unique solution, an
infinite number of solutions or no solution.
Polynomial functions, their graphs and equations; zeros, roots and factors.
AHL2.12 The factor and remainder theorems.
Sum and product of the roots of polynomial equations.
*Shows content that is common to both the Mathematics: analysis and approaches and the
Mathematics: applications and interpretation courses.
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Syllabus overview
4 Measuring change: differentiation
Syllabus
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Different forms of the equation of a straight line. Gradient; intercepts.
SL2.1* Lines with gradients, and
Parallel lines = . Perpendicular lines × = − 1.
Introduction to the concept of a limit.
SL5.1*
Derivative interpreted as gradient function and as rate of change.
Increasing and decreasing functions.
SL5.2*
Graphical interpretation of >0, , < 0.
Derivative of , ∈ℤ
SL5.3* The derivative of functions of the form . . . where all
exponents are integers.
SL5.4* Tangents and normals at a given point, and their equations.
Derivative of ( ∈ ℚ), sin , cos , and ln . Differentiation of a sum and a
multiple of these functions.
SL5.6
The chain rule for composite functions. The product and quotient rules.
The second derivative.
SL5.7 Graphical behaviour of functions, including the relationship between the
graphs of , and .
Local maximum and minimum points. Testing for maximum and minimum.
SL5.8 Optimization.
Points of inflexion with zero and non-zero gradients.
Kinematic problems involving displacement , velocity , acceleration and
SL5.9 total distance travelled.
Informal understanding of continuity and differentiability of a function at a
point.
Understanding of limits (convergence and divergence).
AHL5.12
Definition of derivative from first principles
Higher derivatives.
Implicit differentiation.
AHL5.14 Related rates of change.
Optimisation problems.
*Shows content that is common to both the Mathematics: analysis and approaches and the
Mathematics: applications and interpretation courses.
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Syllabus overview
5 Analysing data and quantifying randomness: statistics
and probability
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Concepts of population, sample, random sample, discrete and continuous
data.
Reliability of data sources and bias in sampling.
SL4.1*
Interpretation of outliers.
Sampling techniques and their effectiveness.
Presentation of data (discrete and continuous): frequency distributions
(tables).
Histograms.
SL4.2*
Cumulative frequency; cumulative frequency graphs; use to find median,
quartiles, percentiles, range and interquartile range (IQR).
Production and understanding of box and whisker diagrams.
Measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode).
Estimation of mean from grouped data.
Modal class.
SL4.3* Measures of dispersion (interquartile range, standard deviation and
variance).
Effect of constant changes on the original data.
Quartiles of discrete data.
Linear correlation of bivariate data.
Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, .
Scatter diagrams; lines of best fit, by eye, passing through the mean point.
SL4.4* Equation of the regression line of on .
Use of the equation of the regression line for prediction purposes.
Interpret the meaning of the parameters, and , in a linear regression
.
Equation of the regression line of on .
SL4.10
Use of the equation for prediction purposes.
*Shows content that is common to both the Mathematics: analysis and approaches and the
Mathematics: applications and interpretation courses.
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Syllabus overview
6 Relationships in space: geometry and trigonometry
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reference
The distance between two points in three- dimensional space, and their
midpoint.
Volume and surface area of three-dimensional solids
SL3.1* including right-pyramid, right cone, sphere, hemisphere and combinations
of these solids.
The size of an angle between two intersecting lines or between a line and a
plane.
Use of sine, cosine and tangent ratios to find the sides and angles of right-
angled triangles.
The sine rule: .
SL3.2* The cosine rule: ;
Area of a triangle as .
Applications of right and non-right angled trigonometry, including
Pythagoras’ theorem.
SL3.3* Angles of elevation and depression.
Construction of labelled diagrams from written statements.
SL3.4 The circle: radian measure of angles; length of an arc; area of a sector.
SL3.5 Definition of as .
Exact values of trigonometric ratios of 0, , , ,
SL3.6 and their multiples.
Extension of the sine rule to the ambiguous case.
The circular functions sin , cos , and tan ; amplitude, their periodic
nature, and their graphs
Composite functions of the form
SL3.7 .
Transformations.
Real-life contexts.
Solving trigonometric equations in a finite interval, both graphically and
analytically.
SL3.8 Equations leading to quadratic equations in
sin , cos , or tan .
AHL3.9 Definition of the reciprocal trigonometric ratios , and .
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Syllabus overview
Pythagorean identities:
The inverse functions ,
, ; their domains and ranges; their graphs.
Compound angle identities.
AHL3.10
Double angle identity for tan.
Relationships between trigonometric functions and the symmetry properties
AHL3.11 of their graphs.
*Shows content that is common to both the Mathematics: analysis and approaches and the
Mathematics: applications and interpretation courses.
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Syllabus overview
7 Generalizing relationships: exponents, logarithms and
integration
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Laws of exponents with integer exponents.
SL1.5* Introduction to logarithms with base 10 and e.
Numerical evaluation of logarithms using technology.
Laws of exponents with rational exponents.
Laws of logarithms.
SL1.7
.
Change of base of a logarithm.
Solving exponential equations, including using logarithms.
Exponential functions and their graphs:
.
SL2.9
Logarithmic functions and their graphs:
Solving equations, both graphically and analytically.
Use of technology to solve a variety of equations, including those where
SL2.10 there is no appropriate analytic approach.
Applications of graphing skills and solving equations that relate to real-life
situations.
Definite integrals, including analytical approach.
Areas of a region enclosed by a curve and the -axis, where
SL2.11 can be positive or negative, without the use of technology.
Areas between curves.
Derivative of ∈ ℚ), sin , cos , and ln . Differentiation of a sum and a
multiple of these functions.
SL5.6
The chain rule for composite functions. The product and quotient rules.
Introduction to integration as anti-differentiation of functions of the form
+..., where ∈ ℤ, ≠ −1
SL5.5* Anti-differentiation with a boundary condition to determine the constant
term.
Definite integrals using technology. Areas between a curve and the
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Syllabus overview
-axis, where .
Indefinite integral of ( ∈ ℚ), sin , cos , and .
The composites of any of these with the linear function .
SL5.10 Integration by inspection (reverse chain rule) or by substitution for
expressions of the form:
∫ ( ) .
Definite integrals, including analytical approach.
Areas of a region enclosed by a curve and the -axis, where can
SL5.11 be positive or negative, without the use of technology.
Areas between curves.
Derivatives of tan , sec , cosec , cot , , , arcsin , arccos ,
arctan .
Indefinite integrals of the derivatives of any of the above functions.
AHL5.15
The composites of any of these with a linear function.
Use of partial fractions to rearrange the integrand.
Integration by substitution.
AHL5.16 Integration by parts.
Repeated integration by parts.
*Shows content that is common to both the Mathematics: analysis and approaches and the
Mathematics: applications and interpretation courses.
© Oxford University Press 2019 10
Syllabus overview
8 Modelling change: more calculus
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Kinematic problems involving displacement , velocity , acceleration and
SL5.9 total distance travelled.
Definite integrals, including analytical approach.
Areas of a region enclosed by a curve and the -axis, where
SL5.11 can be positive or negative, without the use of technology.
Areas between curves.
The evaluation of limits of the form and using l’Hôpital’s
rule.
AHL5.13
Repeated use of l’Hôpital’s rule.
Area of the region enclosed by a curve and the -axis in a given interval.
AHL5.17
Volumes of revolution about the -axis or -axis.
First order differential equations.
Numerical solution of using Euler’s method.
AHL5.18 Variables separable.
Homogeneous differential equation using the substitution .
Solution of , using the integrating factor.
Maclaurin series to obtain expansions for , sin , cos , ln(1 + ), ,
∈ ℚ.
AHL5.19 Use of simple substitution, products, integration and differentiation to obtain
other series.
Maclaurin series developed from differential equations.
*Shows content that is common to both the Mathematics: analysis and approaches and the
Mathematics: applications and interpretation courses.
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Syllabus overview
9 Modelling 3D space: vectors
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Concept of a vector; position vectors; displacement vectors.
Representation of vectors using directed line segments.
Base vectors i, j, k.
Components of a vector: ( ) .
Algebraic and geometric approaches to the following:
AHL3.12 the sum and difference of two vectors the zero vector 0, the vector
multiplication by a scalar, , parallel vectors
magnitude of a vector, ; unit vectors,
position vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
displacement vector: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
Proof of geometrical properties using vectors.
The definition of the scalar product of two vectors.
AHL3.13 The angle between two vectors.
Perpendicular vectors; parallel vectors.
Vector equation of a line in two and three dimensions:
AHL3.14 The angle between two lines.
Simple applications to kinematics.
Coincident, parallel, intersecting and skew lines, distinguishing between
these cases.
AHL3.15
Points of intersection.
The definition of the vector product of two vectors.
AHL3.16 Properties of the vector product.
Geometric interpretation of
Vector equations of a plane:
, where and are non-parallel vectors within the plane.
AHL3.17 , where is a normal to the plane and is the position vector of a
point on the plane.
Cartesian equation of a plane .
Intersections of: a line with a plane; two planes; three planes.
AHL3.18
Angle between: a line and a plane; two planes.
*Shows content that is common to both the Mathematics: analysis and approaches and the
Mathematics: applications and interpretation courses.
© Oxford University Press 2019 12
Syllabus overview
10 Equivalent systems of representations: more complex
numbers
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Complex numbers: the number i, where i2 = − 1.
Cartesian form ; the terms real part, imaginary part, conjugate,
AHL1.12 modulus and argument.
The complex plane.
Modulus–argument (polar) form: .
Euler form:
AHL1.13
Sums, products and quotients in Cartesian, polar or Euler forms and their
geometric interpretation.
Complex conjugate roots of quadratic and polynomial equations with real
coefficients.
AHL1.14 De Moivre’s theorem and its extension to rational exponents.
Powers and roots of complex numbers.
*Shows content that is common to both the Mathematics: analysis and approaches and the
Mathematics: applications and interpretation courses.
© Oxford University Press 2019 13
Syllabus overview
11 Valid comparisons and informed decisions:
probability distributions
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reference
Presentation of data (discrete and continuous): frequency distributions
(tables).
Histograms.
SL4.2*
Cumulative frequency; cumulative frequency graphs; use to find median,
quartiles, percentiles, range and interquartile range (IQR).
Production and understanding of box and whisker diagrams.
Concepts of trial, outcome, equally likely outcomes, relative frequency,
sample space (U) and event.
The probability of an event A is .
SL4.5*
The complementary events A and A′ (not A).
Expected number of occurrences.
Use of Venn diagrams, tree diagrams, sample space diagrams and tables of
outcomes to calculate probabilities.
Combined events: .
SL4.6* Mutually exclusive events:
Conditional probability:
Independent events: .
Concept of discrete random variables and their probability distributions.
SL4.7*
Expected value (mean), for discrete data. Applications.
Binomial distribution.
SL4.8*
Mean and variance of the binomial distribution.
The normal distribution and curve. Properties of the normal distribution.
Diagrammatic representation.
SL4.9* Normal probability calculations.
Inverse normal calculations
Formal definition and use of the formulae:
for conditional probabilities, and
SL4.11
for independent events.
Standardization of normal variables ( -values).
SL4.12 Inverse normal calculations where mean and standard deviation are
unknown.
AHL4.13 Use of Bayes’ theorem for a maximum of three events.
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Variance of a discrete random variable.
Continuous random variables and their probability density functions.
Mode and median of continuous random variables.
AHL4.14
Mean, variance and standard deviation of both discrete and continuous
random variables.
The effect of linear transformations of .
Counting principles, including permutations and combinations.
AHL1.10 Extension of the binomial theorem to fractional and
negative indices, ie , ∈ ℚ.
*Shows content that is common to both the Mathematics: analysis and approaches and the
Mathematics: applications and interpretation courses.
© Oxford University Press 2019 15