CE 023: FLUID MECHANICS
MODULE 2
PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARC DANIEL LAURINA
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Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this topic, the student will
be able to:
• Have a working knowledge of the basic
properties of fluids
OBJECTIVES • Calculate the capillary rise (or drop) in tubes due
to the surface tension effect
• Explain effects of fluid compressibility
• Have a working knowledge of viscosity and the
consequences of the frictional effects it causes in
fluid flow
01 Introduction
02 Properties Involving Mass and Weight
03 Surface Tension and Capillarity
04 Compressibility of Fluids
05 Viscosity
A drop forms when liquid is forced out of a small tube. The
shape of the drop is determined by a balance of pressure,
gravity, and surface tension forces.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Introduction
• Property: Any characteristic of a
system.
• Some familiar properties are pressure P,
temperature T, volume V, and mass m.
• Properties are considered to be either
intensive or extensive.
• Intensive properties: They do not
depend on the amount of matter,
such as temperature, pressure, and
density.
• Extensive properties: Those whose
values depend on the amount of matter
in a sample.
• Specific properties: Extensive
properties per unit mass.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
A. Properties Involving Mass and Weight
1. Mass Density/ Unit Mass
2. Unit Weight/ Specific Weight
3. Specific Gravity/ Relative Mass
4. Specific Volume
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
A.1. Mass Density/ Unit Mass
1. for Liquid and Solid • In liquids, velocity changes from point to
𝒎 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝝆 = 𝑽 = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 point in a flow at any given instant of time.
2. for Gas • In gases, density is strongly influenced by
both pressure and temperature.
dry air/common gas ideal gas
𝑷 𝑷𝒏
𝝆 = 𝑹𝑻 𝝆 = 𝑹𝑻 Units:
Where: SI : 𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
P = absolute pressure Metric : 𝑔 𝑐𝑚3
R = gas constant; RAIR = 287.058 J/kg-K English : 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 𝑓𝑡 3
RAIR =1716 ft -lb/slug –R
n = number of moles
1 slug = 14.594 kg = 32.2 lbm
T = absolute temperature
°𝑲 = °𝑪 + 𝟐𝟕𝟑 1 kg = 2.205 lbm
°𝑹 = °𝑭 + 𝟒𝟔𝟎
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
A.2. Unit Weight/ Specific Weight
𝑾 𝒎𝒈
𝜸= = 𝜸 = 𝝆𝒈
𝑽 𝑽
Units:
SI : 𝑁 𝑚3 𝑜𝑟 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3
Metric : 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑚3
English : 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
g = 9.81 𝒎 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐
g = 32.2 𝒇𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
A.3. Specific Gravity/ Relative Mass
• SG is used for liquids, not commonly used for gases
𝜸𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝝆𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝝆𝒈𝒂𝒔
𝑺𝑮 = = 𝑺𝑮 =
𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓
For water @ 4°𝑪
𝟑 𝒈 𝒈
𝝆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈 𝒎 = 𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈𝒔 𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝒎𝒍
𝜸 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑵 𝒎𝟑 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝒍𝒃 𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑺𝑮 = 𝟏
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
A.3. Specific Gravity/ Relative Mass
Specific Gravity of Common Fluid
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
A.4. Specific Volume
Volume (V) per unit mass (m)
𝑽 𝟏
𝑽𝒔 = =
𝒎 𝝆
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
14
Example 1
A 0.25 m diameter cylindrical tank that is 0.5 m long weighs 55 kg and
is filled with a liquid having a specific weight of 3.12 kN/m^3.
Determine:
a) density
b) weight of liquid and
c) specific gravity
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Example 1 (Solution)
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Example 2
Air at a gage pressure of 100 psi and a temperature of 100°𝐹. Assume
standard atmospheric pressure.
Determine the
a. mass density in slugs/ft^3 Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture
Video_Module 2_Example 2
b. specific weight in lb/ ft^3
c. specific volume ft^3/slugs
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Example 3: CE Board May 2003
An amount of carbon tetrachloride having a mass of 500 kg and a
volume of 0.315 m3 is placed in a container. What is the weight, mass
density and unit weight of carbon tetrachloride?
Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture
Video_Fluid Mechanics Part 1_16:04 – 20:04
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Example 4: CE Board Nov 2015
What is the unit weight of dry air at standard temperature and
pressure?
Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture
Video_Fluid Mechanics Part 1_20:20 – 25:20
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
B. Surface Tension and Capillarity
• Surface tension and capillarity are both properties related to the behavior of
fluids, specifically liquids, at interfaces and in small spaces.
• Surface tension is the property of liquids that results from cohesive forces at
their surface, while capillarity is the phenomenon of liquids rising or falling in
narrow spaces due to the interplay of surface tension and adhesive force
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
B.1. Surface Tension
• Surface Tension: Surface tension is the property of a liquid
that causes its surface to behave like a stretched elastic
sheet.
• It's a result of the cohesive forces between the molecules
of the liquid. Molecules within the liquid are attracted to Some consequences of
each other, creating a tension at the surface. surface tension: (a) drops of
water beading up on a leaf,
(b) a water strider sitting
on top of the surface of
water, and (c) a color
schlieren image of the water
strider revealing how the
water surface dips down
where its feet contact the
water (it looks like two
insects but the second one is
Attractive forces acting on a liquid just a shadow).
molecule at the surface and deep
inside the liquid.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
B.1. Surface Tension
.This tension tries to minimize the surface area of the liquid
and gives rise to phenomena:
1. Formation of Droplets: Surface tension allows liquids to
form droplets since the least amount of surface area is
achieved when a liquid takes on a spherical shape. The free-body diagram of half a droplet
or air bubble and half a soap bubble.
2. Meniscus Formation: Surface tension is responsible for
the curvature of a liquid's surface at the edges of a
container. This curvature is evident when you observe the
curved surface of water in a glass or the meniscus in a
graduated cylinder.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
B.1. Surface Tension
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
B.1. Surface Tension
[Link]
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
B.1. Surface Tension
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑭 Pressure inside a droplet of liquid in air & air bubble in water
𝝈= =
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑳
𝝈𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 @ 𝟎℃ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝑵. 𝒎
𝟒𝝈
𝑷=
𝒅
Pressure inside a soap bubble
𝟖𝝈
𝑷=
𝒅
Where:
d = diameter of droplet in m
𝜎 = surface tension in N/m
P = gage pressure in Pa
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
B.1 Surface Tension
[Link]
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
28
Example 5
By how much does the pressure inside a 5-mm-diameter at bubble
in 15°𝐶 water exceeded the pressure in the surrounding water?
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Example 5 (Solution)
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
“Success is no accident. It is hard work,
perseverance, learning, studying, sacrifice
and most of all, love of what you are
going or learning to do.”
Edson Arantes do Nascimento – Pelé
31
B.2. Capillarity or Capillary Action
• Capillarity is a phenomenon related to fluids that describes their behavior in
narrow spaces or capillaries.
• It's caused by a combination of surface tension and adhesive forces between
the liquid and the container's material.
• Capillaries: Such narrow tubes or confined flow channels. The capillary effect
is partially responsible for the rise of water to the top of tall trees.
• Meniscus: The curved free surface of a liquid in a capillary tube.
The meniscus of colored water in a
4-mm-inner-diameter glass tube.
Note that the edge of the meniscus
meets the wall of the capillary tube 44
at a very small contact angle.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
B.2. Capillarity
• Capillarity can lead to the rise or fall of liquids within narrow
tubes or gaps. There are two main aspects of capillarity:
1. Capillary Rise: When the adhesive forces between the liquid
and the container's material are stronger than the cohesive
The capillary rise of water and the capillary fall of
forces within the liquid itself, capillary rise occurs. This leads to
mercury in a small- diameter glass tube.
the liquid climbing up the walls of a narrow tube against the
force of gravity. The extent of the rise depends on the diameter
of the tube and the properties of the liquid.
2. Capillary Fall: On the other hand, if the cohesive forces within
the liquid are stronger than the adhesive forces between the
liquid and the container's material, the liquid might be pulled
downward in a narrow tube, resulting in capillary fall
The forces acting on a liquid column that has
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina risen in a tube due to the capillary effect.
B.2. Capillarity
[Link]
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
B.2. Capillarity
[Link]
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES
by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
B.2. Capillarity
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
For Tubes:
𝟒𝝈 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒉=
𝜸𝒅
Where: h = capillary rise or depression in m
𝜃 = contact angle Capillary Rise Capillary Drop
Adhesion > Cohesion Adhesion < Cohesion
Wet Not Wet
SG @ most 1 SG @ least 1
SG < 1.0 SG > 1.0
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
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Example 6
Distilled water at 20°𝐶 stands in a glass tube of 6.0 mm diameter at
a height of 18.0 mm. What is the true static height and the total
force due to surface tension?
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Example 6 (Solution)
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
C. Compressibility of Fluids
• Compressibility refers to the ability of a
substance, in this case, fluids (liquids and
gases), to change in volume when
subjected to changes in pressure.
• It is an important property that
characterizes how much a substance's Fluids, like solids, compress when
the applied pressure is increased
volume decreases or increases in from P1 to P2.
response to changes in pressure while
keeping its temperature constant.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
C.1. Bulk Modulus or Volume Modulus of Elasticity 𝑬𝒃 or K
• It is a material property characterizing the
compressibility of a fluid. The applied 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 −∆𝑷
𝑬𝒃 = =
𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏 ∆𝑽
pressure reduces the volume of a material, 𝑽𝒐
which returns to its original volume when
Where:
the pressure is removed ∆𝑉 = change in volume
𝑉𝑜 = original volume
∆𝑃 = change in pressure
∆𝑉
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑒, 𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
C.1. Bulk Modulus
[Link]
ts/1qPdv6fIIco
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES
by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
C.2. Compressibility, 𝜷
• It is the property of fluid to change its density. Also, it is the ability of molecules
in a fluid to be compacted or compressed (made denser)
− ∆𝑽 𝑽 𝟏
𝒐
𝜷= =
∆𝑷 𝑬𝒃
Where:
∆𝑉 = change in volume
𝑉𝑜 = original volume
∆𝑃 = change in pressure
∆𝑉
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑒, 𝑑𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Example 7
Water in a hydraulic press, initially at 20 psia, is subjected to a pressure of 170
psia at 68°𝐹. Determine the percentage decrease in volume if the average bulk
modulus of elasticity is 3,650 psi.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Example 7 (Solution)
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Example 8
At a depth of 9 km in the ocean, the pressure is 90 MPa. Assume a specific
weight at the surface of 11 kN/m^3 and the average bulk modulus of elasticity of
2.34 GPa for that pressure range.
a) compute the change in specific volume between the surface and 9 km depth
b) compute the specific volume at 9 km depth
c) compute the specific weight at 9 km in kN.m^3.
Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture
Video_Module 2_Example 8
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Compressibility of Fluids
[Link]
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Compressibility of Liquids
• Liquids are considered to be nearly incompressible compared to
gases. This is because the particles in liquids are much closer
together, and they already have relatively strong intermolecular
forces that prevent them from being easily compressed. When you
apply pressure to a liquid, its volume changes very little.
• However, while liquids are not as compressible as gases, they do
exhibit some degree of compressibility. The change in volume for a
liquid due to pressure is generally much smaller than the change in
volume for a gas under the same pressure change.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Compressibility of Liquids: Water Hammer
Water hammer:
• Water hammering is a pressure surge
caused by a rapid change in flow velocity in
the pipeline.
• This phenomenon is referred to as "water
hammering" because the pressure surges
are frequently accompanied by a noise that
sounds as if the pipeline were being
pounded with a hammer.
• It is related to the compressibility of water
in that water is relatively incompressible,
meaning it cannot be easily compressed.
When a valve is closed suddenly, the water
in the pipe cannot stop flowing immediately,
and the resulting pressure wave can cause
damage to pipes and fittings, as well as
making a loud noise. FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Water Hammer
[Link]
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Water Hammer
[Link]
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Compressibility of Gas
• Gases are highly compressible because the Gas Laws
particles in a gas are widely spaced and have Notes: Pressure and Temperature must be Absolute
weak intermolecular forces. 1. Boyle’s Law: T = constant (Isothemal)
• When you increase the pressure on a gas, its 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
volume decreases significantly. This
relationship is described by the gas law 2. Charles’ Law: P = constant (Isobaric)
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
equations, such as Boyle's law (pressure and 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐
volume relationship), Charles's law
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law: V = constant (Isometric)
(temperature and volume relationship), and the 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
combined gas law. 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐
4. Combined Gas Law
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
C.3. Speed of Sound or Pressure Disturbance (Celerity)
The velocity or celerity at which small disturbances propagate in a fluid is
called the speed of sound (acoustical or sonic velocity).
𝑬𝒃
𝒄= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝒄= 𝒌𝑹𝑻 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝝆
Where:
c = speed of sound, m/s, ft/s
𝐸𝑏 = Bulk Modulus
𝜌 = density
K = specific heat ratio, kAIR = 1.4 Vapor cloud around an F/A-18F
R = gas constant; RAIR = 287.058 J/kg.K Super Hornet as it flies near the
RAIR =1716 ft -lb/slug –R speed of sound.
T = absolute temperature
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
C.3. Speed of Sound or Pressure Disturbance (Celerity)
The speed of sound
changes with temperature
and varies with the fluid.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
C.3. Speed of Sound or Pressure Disturbance (Celerity)
Mach number, Ma
• is the ratio of air speed to the local speed of sound.
• The Mach number depends on the speed of sound, which
depends on the state of the fluid.
• If Ma < 1.0 the aircraft is flying at subsonic speeds,
whereas for Ma > 1.0 it is flying at supersonic speeds.
The Mach number can be different
at different temperatures even if
the flight speed is the same.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Speed of Sound
[Link]
ts/GE8t46GYcYU
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES
by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
58
Example 9
A jet aircraft flies at a speed of 807 ft/s at an altitude of 35,000 ft, where the
temperature is -66°𝐹 and the specific heat ratio is k is 1.4. Determine the ratio of
the speed of the aircraft, V, to that of the speed of sound, c, at the specified
altitude.
Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture
Video_Module 2_Example 9
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
D.1. Viscosity/ Absolute Viscosity/ Dynamic Viscosity
• Viscosity, μ. (mu), is the fluid property that characterizes resistance
to flow.
• Viscosity is also referred to as absolute viscosity and dynamic
viscosity.
• Viscous effects influence energy loss, drag force, flow separation,
and other parameters of interest.
• Drag force: The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow
direction. The magnitude of this force depends, in part, on
A fluid moving relative to a body
viscosity. We can easily move through air, which has very low exerts a drag force on the body,
viscosity. partly because of friction
caused by viscosity.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Viscosity
• Viscosity is defined mathematically as the ratio of shear stress to the rate of shear strain at a point.
𝜏 ∝𝑈
𝜏 ∝ 1/𝑦
𝑈 𝑈
𝜏=𝑘∙𝑦 = 𝜇∙𝑦
𝐹 𝑈
=𝜇∙𝑦
𝐴
𝝉 𝑭
𝝁= = 𝑨
𝒅𝑼 𝒅𝑼
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 Where:
𝑙𝑏∙𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒∙𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜇= , 𝑐𝑚2 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 , 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑓𝑡 2
Newton’s Law of Viscosity 𝜏 = shear stress (lb/ft2. Pa)
y = distance between plates (ft, m)
U = velocity (ft/s, m/s)
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Newtonian Fluid
• Fluids for which the shear stress is directly
proportional to the rate of strain are called
Newtonian fluids.
• Crude oil has a higher resistance to shear than
does water.
• Crude oil will pour more slowly than water from
an identical beaker held at the same angle.
• This relative slowness of the oil implies a low
“speed” or rate of strain.
Steeper slope means that the fluid is more viscous.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Non-Newtonian Fluid
• If real fluid does not obeys the
Newton's law of viscosity then it is
called Non-Newtonian fluid.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Newtonian Fluid vs. Non-Newtonian Fluid
[Link] FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Type of Non-Newtonian Fluids
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Non-Newtonian Fluids FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
[Link] [Link]
D.2. Kinematic Viscosity
• Kinematic viscosity, v (nu), is a property that combines the viscous and the mass characteristics of a fluid.
• It is defined mathematically as the ratio of viscosity to density:
𝜇
• The reason that kinematic viscosity is defined as a property is that the ratio 𝜌 occursfrequently in
equations
𝝁
𝝂=
𝝆
Where:
𝜈 = 𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒), 𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜌 = density
𝜇 = absolute or dynamic viscosity
𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒆∙𝒔𝒆𝒄
1 poise = 𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟐 = 0.1 Pa-sec
1 dyne = 10^-5 N
1 Stoke = 1 cm2/sec
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Viscosity Varies with Temperature
The viscosity of liquids decreases
and the viscosity of gases
increases with temperature.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
70
Example 10
A piston is moving through a cylinder at a speed of 19 ft/s, as shown in the figure. The
film of oil separating the pistons from the cylinder has a viscosity of 0.020 lb-s/ft^2.
What is the force required to maintain this motion?
Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture
Video_Module 2_Example 10
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
Example 11
A 50-cm 3 30-cm 3 20-cm block weighing 150 N is to be
moved at a constant velocity of 0.80 m/s on an inclined
surface with a friction coefficient of 0.27.
a. Determine the force F that needs to be applied in
the horizontal direction.
b. If a 0.40-mm-thick oil film with a dynamic viscosity Watch: 🎥 Recorded Lecture
of 0.012 Pa?s is applied between the block and Video_Module 2_Example 11
inclined surface, determine the percent reduction
in the required force.
FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
REFERENCES
Cengel and Cimbala. (2014) Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications 3rd Edition
Crowe, et al. (2009) Engineering Fluid Mechanics 9th Edition
Hibbeler, R.C. (2015) Fluid Mechanics
Munson, [Link]. (2009) Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
Naylor D., Online Fluid Mechanics
White, F. M. (2016) Fluid Mechanics 8th Edition
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FLUID MECHANICS’ LECTURES by Engr. Marc Daniel Laurina
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