Experiment : >

-
An operation which can
produce some well-defined outcome is known
as an
experiment .

chance which is
Random Experiment :
The outcome
of
each trial depends on ,

beyond our control ,

and as such can not be predicted with
certainity .

all posible outcomes in

Sample Space : The set
of random experiment is
die
a

Rolling
. It is denoted by
a
:
E
called
sample space a S
G1
63 .

S =
, ,
5
2 3 4, ,
,

Each element
of sample space is called
sample point a a &

Event 63
Every subset sample space is called 42 5,
:->
event
of a E =
an . ,
,

die
Ex .
=
In a
single throw
of
a

prime no

E =
42 ,
3
, 53
event F odd
) The
getting
no
of
F =
41 ,
3
,
53
Event
Impossible :>
-

o CS
die
getting throw
Ex in
T of
.
no . a a

Sure Event-> SIS

lie
Less them I in
a vo r
f
a

getting
Ess a no.

Simple
singleelement of sample i
Evrit-Aneventcontainingonly
the
per

not which contains than

event which simple
more one
is
CompoundEvent : An or

sample point
-
. Ex .

elements -

Mitually Exchuine Events: - Two

A
events E ,& E2 a re
said to be
mutually exchimne

if E
, REz =
0

If
E
,
nE#q ,
then E
, & E
,
are called compatible events
Less then
die 41 03
E+
getting a no. 5

throwing
In S 2 3 4 5 ,
Ex 1)
: a =
, , , , ,

41 ,
2 3
, 43
63
,

42
getting
even no . 4,
E than
E
getting
= ,
a no more
,

odd 41 3 53 43 4 , 33
getting
-
an no .
, , 5

Ez = ,
,

: E
,
Ezfo
nEz 0
compatible
· E =

, " F &E are

, ,

exclusive
: E & E
mutually X
.

a re
, ,
 Mutually Exhaustive exciti
-
st E E Es
,
,
--
En be subsets of a
sample space
events
a
Then the mitral
Swesay EE En a
form
-

Cents Two events

·

F
,
UEzUEsU .....

said
VEn
to
=
S e
beEh345S ↑
!

Independent : EF2 a m
the
does not
depend
*
occur rence
occurrence
of
one
upon
P(E NEz)
,
= P(E) XP(Ez)
and
Events - In random experiment lits be the sample
Complementary space
a
,
-

& *

let E be event Then ECS

41)
an .

Now E' or EorECS E =

-
=F
~

is called complement of E

E-> occurses = 42 ,
3
,
4 , , 63
5

E'- > does not .

occur

in throw die
getting
En E- of
.
even no. a a

E'- odd
getting
with to sample space
Probability event I S
.
:
probability of any reference

PCE) =

no on
offavourable
set

(oxP(E)X)
probablity of
the to

-
ProbabilityPCAV
.
head
tossed once
getting
event
1) A coin is .
Find the
probability of
a

head

and Bsee
<1)
getting
E
E a
n(E) 1
=
=

event
S =
(H T) ,
n(S) = 2

6 not A

=
P(A') =
1 -

P(A)
P(E) =
t
tomed Find the probabilitya
Thocor are
once .

a t least head
gelling
-
I
(

head
(3)
getting
no

head I tail
getting
I I
()

S =
[HH ,
HT, TH
,
TT3 n(s) =
E
(3) Ey =
[TT3 u(Es) =
1

()EHMS
nE
P(Ez) =
t
(9) Ea
=
SHT Th3
(2) E =
SUT ,
TH
, HHS nEL) = S ,

P(Ez) = P(Ea) =
z =
t
 SeLH)
unbiased coins tossed What is
3) Three are once . the 3)
probability of getting
1) [HH43

auwhena
E
,
=
n(E , ) =

P(E) = Y

a n(E2) 3
2) E G4HT THUS
=
=
HTH
, ,

P(E2) =
3/8

Meet
3)
Ez =
SUTT ,
TUT, TTHY

P(Ez) =
3/8
4) En =

P(Ea) =
7/8
5) E5 =
GHHT ,
THH
,
HTH ,
HHH3

probability of obtaining - a total of 8

P(E5) =
5=
6) Two dice are thrown simultaneously Find the probability getting
()
.

of
Y 41 63

i
1) S =
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,

-
S
4
on the other
die "
(vi) a multiple of 2 on one die and multiple o 3 ,

.
1
[>Se that the 6) 66
drawn at random. What is the probability o =
1
is :
number on the card drawn

and
(i) prime 5)
Lyn ] -
a no
S=

<(2 6) (3 5) (4 4)(5 3)(6 2)3 N/E) 5

=

E = ,
, , , ,

probability of getting
drawn at random . Find the
p(E) =

·
8

address
Cards

Total
*

9) From
drawn
the
a rd
a well-shuffled
at random
drawn
.

is
deck of

Find the
52 cards
,

probability
a card

that
is

characta a

(i)thereking.
(i) V +
red and
king
&

a
a

Total cards
pagcontains
a
12
10) A I face
ball is drap at

probabilitya
random . Find the
that
the ball drawn is ...
red
x52
I
And 1)52
2)26 + 2
=
126
=
8
%52 =3

Ibay 12 white =
2
I P(E)) =36
 4)
I If 30 is the probability that an event will happen ,
what

is the probability that it will not happen

.

Find the probability a

12)
talldicearethrown together &E0
.

=
E- > Sum of at most ( < b) 3)

ZeCCG n za

,
13) Two cards are drawn at random from a
pack of
?
32 cards .
What is the probability that both cards are aces

g waye
52 carde selected 52 cards
n(s) = no
from
=
.

geting
on
a

-I
A die is .
rolled Let I be the event "die showed" and
F be the event "die shows even no "
. Are E & F
mutually
exclusive ?

S =
41 ,
2 3
, ,
4
,
563
E =
44]
F =
42 ,
4 63,

EnF =
443 70

1
&F
are mutually
not &
ech
↑
a

exclusiveand
whichamutually
event
-

enhainse

exclusive but not exhaustive

4) Two events which are mutually
Three events which a re exclusive but not exhusistine
5) mutually
 Probability
·

Results

PET
on
: 2)

m
Et
Any
event
Es(P(E) =
0 .
65

4n(s)
doublet-Dos
= 36

Eit
getting
E2- total of 6 =
<(1 , 5) (2 3) (3 3)
, ,
(4 2) , (5
, , 133
n(Ez) = 5

E
, RE + (3 3)
,

n/E nEz) ,
=
1

For two events E & E2

P(E ,
02Ez) = P(E , VEz)
any
,

= PEPEET
- &

For
any
thre events E
,
E2 ,
Es =
P(E) + P(En) + P(Es) PlE , nEr)
P(E VELVEs)
- -
=

,
Sn(s) =
36

P(EzMEs) -

PlEgnE ) + ,
P(E nEznEs) doublet )=
,

getting (F
E - n
,

mitually
,

E ,& F two exchisine exchastine

Ip
a re
,
Est total of 10 E
, nEz (5 5)
=
,

events then
/P(E) + P(E2) = 1
< (4 , 6) , (5 5) , (6
, , 9) n(E2) = 3 UCERE) =1

event
Complement of
an
P(E and E2) ,
= P(E, E) =
P(FE)
(P(E) P(E)
=
1 -

compatible events
PER
two E, E
For
any
1 P(E , -

Ez) =
P(E)) -

P(E , REz)

=
1) If E , and Es are two events associated with a random
experiment
such that PLEz) 0 35 PLE , E2) 0 85 and PLE , and E2) 0 15
Or
,
= . = .

= .

find PCE , ) .

2) Two dice are tossed together . Find the

probability of getting
a doublet or a total 66 .

*
3) In a

neither
single
a
throw of two dice , find the
doublet nor a total to 10
probability
will appear.
that
see
Anamumbectrandomfromamong
a
an. u(E ) ,
=
166

Binawmuffin
t = n =

1 = 166

divisible 5 =45 5003

Et by ,
10 . . . . . ,

S
huffled n(Ez) = 100
495 = 15 + (n -

1)15
E 1Ez (15 30 45. . . . . 4953

met E
=

a
, ,
,
n =
33
 I Two falle are drawn at random with replacement
5n(S
↑
space n(E) 1
bose to black balls & a se
containing
=
a

from a

Est
King /E2) 4

probability
=

balls Find the

- . .

E nEz 1
sed
=

,
(1) both a re

P(EVEr)
is black second is red
( first
() them is black and other is sed
of
one

5) n(s) = no .

of ways of drawing
I cards n(s) =
12
P(F) =

s
=

52
both red und
getting
E -> a re
,

n(E , ) =
2
Ezt
getting
both
kings
n(E2) =

4
both red
E
, MEz =

getting Kings
n(E , 1E2) =
2

=
P(EVE)

-
52c

·
=
 S

eg21) A- throws die

Greports b

El = six actually occurr -

-

our
doesnt
Ezix

P(AIEi) In
=

p(EIA) =
-X-
() (*)
- +

Axiomatic Approach to
Probability -

Let S =3 W
,, Wa Wa
, ,
. - .

Wh] be the sample space associated to a random experiment.

The
probability P is a real valued
function whose domain is a
power pet of
S and
.

range
is
intersal the axioms hold
Tit
the
if following
↑

50 17,

1 of
all subsit
0xP(Wi)X) all WiES
for
.

.
2 P(s)
P(w ),
=

+
1

P(wz) + P(wz) +... + P(wn) =

/
P(A) =

42 41 23 42 33
41
,

,
2
,
,

333
, ,
41,33

is
3 For event ACS PCA) EPCWS the number PCMC
any
=
.

, ,

WRCA
called the
probability elementary event WK
↑

of

E
3 H
=

·
2 S =

EHHHH , HHHT
,
HA TH , HHTT
,
3
HTHH HTHT,
,
2 =
8
ATTH , HTTT
24
,

S
= 16
 # Micellaneous Exercise (14).
CReber NCERTTB pg 310).

* cisifor ateau e

nac
.
2

.SE2
3 , 2 s

cisEgen, Feelingn
T

4. not getting prize

us
1- p(getting prize)
(i)
=1-oc
(i)
I
S

Moon
on

cili)reas

under
section s
PCE)= /-p(same
=C 3-

(5) :
6. Sample space
n(s) b

:AT
=

Enveloped
:

Lates
Eng proper
letter in proper
envelope

P(E) =
4/6
213
=

%
 PASOST
.
7

P(A1B) = 0 35
.

P(B)-PLAUB) (Ili) PLANBI) PLA)-P(AnB)

(i) P(AUB)
=
=
P(A) +

#
0 35
0 34 + 0 69
.
-
= .
.

=
1 23
.
-
0 35.

0 88
=

/
.

PCAB
PCA'nB') = 35
(ii)
= OSH
-

=
0 .

12/ a
(iv) PLBnAl)
= PCB-PCAB
=
0 34, .

of male gender or above 35 of

picking person years .
age
8. Es a

n(E) =
4

n(s) = 5

P(E)
=
4/51.
5
9. 4 digit no . 5000 divisible by ,

digits ; 0 1 3 5 7 , , , ,

=
(ii)

3
n(s)
2/1000place 510]
=
2 x 5 x 5x5 =
250

(but 5000 is not 5000)

1x4X3x2
= 24

:. 250-1 = 249
24
36
=
12 +
n(E) =

=9
P(E)
 I
#
1) E =
45]
F =
(2 ,
5, 6)
Ent =
45]
·: Ent + 0
exclusive
.
: E&F a re not
melually
(i) A =
41 ,
2
,
3
,
5
,
5
,
53 Sure event 1) AUB =
41 ,
2
,
3
,
4 ,
5
, 63
(11) B =

0 Impossible 2) AnB =
p =
53
compound
3BU,
(11) 2 =
43 63 ,

(v) D =
4 1 2
, ,
33 79

5) DE 0
Simple
=

(v) E =
463
[VI) F =
<3 ,
4
,
5
, 63 companie 6) A -
c =
41 ,
2
,
4 ,
53
1) D -

E =
(1 ,
2
, 33
,

EET

S
S
((3)(3)(5
3)
=

((6 )(6 2) , ,
. . . .
-
(66)

n(s) =
36

4) M]
[
S = 211) A & C

(11) B & D

A =
<HHH3
B =
GUHT HTH THUS , ,

c = LTTT)
D =
<UHU ,
HHT , NTH, HTTY
0 0 and =
0
0 * AlB Bec =

(i)
=

Anc =
, ,

: . A&C a re ME , A &B ,
B& C ,
C & D
 Kil

.
5 Three coins a re tossed Describe
·

exclusive and extractive

1) Two events which a re
mutually
↑

in
e which
Three as not mitually eshan
exchesive but not exhactive
events which are
mitually
·

3) Two
exclusive but not exhaustive
57 Three events which a re
unitually
(T44]
5) A =

S =

\UYY HY HTT MM 3
,

BETHA,

1) art withI us
E1F =

/ 3) E =
444T)
S4UH TTTS

4=
F =
,

-
EUF =
<HMH ,
UHT
, TTT3 S

=T
E
, 1EzdEz =

0 ENF =
0 = E & F a re

, EUF +S
E
,
UEzUEz =

(HTTHHUTH
5) Two dice a re thrown. The events A B &
,
C a re as
follows :

die
A
getting an even no On the
first .

Sh
: .

- odd . . . . . .

:...
B
the number the due

getting
on

: run of
1

G
=

S G
B =

S,
=
1) True & False (Reper & 6)
.

exclusive
1) A & B a re
unitually
and exhamitive
) A & B
mutually exclusive

3) A = B'
exchisive
4) A &
C a re
mutually
&Baremutuallyexchin. exhaustive
 14 .

1) Which
following
of
not be valid
the
assignment can

of sample space
outcomes
of probabilities for
S =
<W ,,
We
,
Wa Wa Wa ,
, ,
W
,,
W
, 3

Anigment W Wa Wa Wa by wo Wy
0 0 01 0 05 0 03 0 01 0 2 0 6
(9)
.

1
.
.
. . . .

(b) Y7 1 Y7 Y7 Y Y

0 3 0 4 0 .

5 0 6 0 .

7
0
.

2
.
.

1
.

(4) 0 .

0 4 -

0 .

2 0 .
1 0 .

3
3
.

0 2 0 .

0 1
.

(d)
.
-

(2) 1/14 2/193/1441195/19419 15/19

(a)% Each probability <1 Sum

1 + 0 01 + 0 05 + 0 .
03
0
. .

+ + 0 + 0 6 1
valid
0 .
01 .
2 - = .
0

(b)

( not valid as sum #I

-Ve
(d) not valid as P(w , ) =

(e) not valid P(W > /

2 .

Acointossed
wic what
is
,
is the
probabilita
S =
G44 ,
UT
,
TH ,
T +3 ,
n(s) =
4

u(A) 3
T3
=

A =
SHT ,
TH , T ,

P(N) =

4=
I A die is thrown ,
find the
probability 3 .
S =
41 ,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
, 53
following
of
events :
1) A =
42 ,
3
,
53

2) A
prime no will
apear
P(A)
= =
5 =
to will
2) A no
greater than or
equal 3

2) B =
43 ,
4 ,
5
,
63
apear will
3) A no .
Len than or
equal to one
P(B) =
5 =
2
apear 3) c =
413

thanI willoperate
-

A no more par .
S .
A card selected from
is a
pack o f PD = 1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
53
carde
=
:
52
P(E)
these in the
How
many pointselements
a re
a) -
.
4
sample .
space a)n(s) 52
=

b) Calculate the probability that the card b) E = Card drawn is an ac

of space
space n(E) 1
&
=

is an ace
of
PET
that the card
C) calculate the
probability

·Manambandonin one (ii) 26/52 =

Y2

a 5
i a

dis are tored Sin theprobabilita

both .

54,5) S
(i) 3 (ii) 12 n(s) =
12

fam menSi u
women
a
There
↓
. are -

1) A =
Sum is 3 =
(11 233
, ,
n(A) = 1

committee atstan
rand
·elected fora
andA
e

12 4(6 833 n(B) 1

=
=
,
,

coin is lossed time

.
7 A
pair pour
-

P(B) =
+2
win Rs 1 each head and
a
person for
.

.
6
· Total

Repeatedlaiththe
10

low e
=

From the &

- P(w) -
=

probability amount of money

here a S
S

Youcan STAT&
is I heads
3/8

rad ,
hah
ne
amounts

(vi)

(vi)

taltile
3 tails

exactly
48
two tail 30 -4 T

vis no P(9Rs) =
[un443 P(GRD) =
/16

GHUTHYTH TnsIs
↑ (1 5 Re)
>
.
-

P(-IR) >
-

SUUIT HTTH NTHT , THTH ,

, ,
 TTHH THUT3

↑
probabilityof wit
pisthe
,

.
9

% %
a
P( -

1r) = =

-not Al 1 -

Y =
%

letterchoratrandomind of
10
A a P3
C- 5) - SUTTT TTTH THTT
.
.

, ,

93 TTHT]
probability (ii) a consonant 4 ( -
3 .

5) =
4/6
7/ 13

"lotteryapersonchoa
-

PGGTS
a ,

and
y
-

these six no's match with the six not

aladyfibythelotteommitte 2

& - - =
following probabilities
12 . Check the a re P(A) =

, P(notA) =
1 /

consistently defined ⑲
-

(i) P(A) =
0 . 5
,
p(B) = 0 7
.

, P(AB) = 0 .
64[Anx") n(s) =

20c
wining
[P(B A ->
(ii) P(A) = 0 . 5
,
P(B) =
0 5 .

,
P(AUB) = 0 .
8

to
13 . Till in the blanks

P(A) P(B) PANB) P (AUB) P

(i) 3 45 Y15 15
.....

i
Far the
G

3505O Weknowthat
(ii) 0 .
·

(iii) 0 .
5

(i) There P(A) =

0 . 5
P(B) = 0 .
7
,
P(A1B) = 0 .

6 7 P(B)
,

14
Given P(A) E P(B) E : Find P (A02B)
consistently
=

not
=
.
,

Stence P(1) <

P/B)
-
a re
excheseve events
S& B
m rally
·

are

if defined .

ECF events such that P(E) =

P(AUB) 8
If
a re 4
.
15
P(A) 0 5 P(B) =
0 =
0 .

(ii)
= . .

,
,

P(F) =
& & P(EandF) =
t , find 0 .
87P(A) & PlB)

Hence P(A) & P(B)

consistently defined
or and not
are

P (not E
Events E & F such that or not F)
HAVB) P(A)
16 . are
= 0 25.
(i & = + P(B) -

P(A1B)
,

State whether EPF

mutually exclusive

·
a re .

17

.A and Baretheevent suchthat 0.

ste
class
termuistudy both Math & Bir.
If
·

the class
,
student [111)
=>

0 .
7
P(B)

= 0 .
=

5
0 5

+
0

.
.
6

0 .
-

35
0 35 + 0
.

P(A1B)
.
25

statand
=> P(A1B) =
0 .

5 + 0 .
35 -
0 .

thewill se
&

or = 0 15
.
that
 PM-%
1
( P(A) =
z , P(B) =

5
/10 exchiave
mitually
-

..

P (M 1 B) 10 % =
10/100

ps
=

·
=
↑ (Moni)

( P(EarF) =
PYEUFli

·
1 In entrance test that
graded
an is

chosen

student
-

out
T

passing =
1 -

G
=

on
·
-PCFandE
=> P(E1F) = 0 .
75 70
t

exclusive
not
mutually
.

0 55.
Hence EIF a re

The
probatlitythatchichtpath0.
·o
(i) (not 1)

=
.

final
Hindi neither is 0 1 the
probability
-

If
. .

paring

S
wh
the
Eng exam is 0T 5

teamz
·

,
of paring
.

is the
probability of passing
P(E(H) = 0 5
.

=PNB) =PS I

standarda 0 74
= .

" P(B)
=>
=
0 .
65

pleas
Thestudent a (ii) 4 (nots and noti) =

1- PM
B- A
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on
but not 1)
=

2111) P(B
=

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In (B not A)
 Miscellaneous
.
1 A box contains 10 red marbles ,
20 blue
marble and so
green
marble .
5 marbles are E Red Total = 60

drawn
from
the box what is the
probability
green- 3
,

that marbles
drawing so
=

of
no
one will be
is all will be the (li
a st
i)

=
?
green
(i)
I-no
green 2015 P(getting
all
blue)

cardamamelpatcha
(ii)
not
.

+ 10 -

green-co 1- (not green

and
at least one
marble-1-
facereach withno
e
three

face
once ,

I no
of ways of leaving a carde
from
52

hitema
52
=

and no waye o a b
his
132X +,
probability getting prize if you
of not buy
P(A)
a

online
5. Out

a re
of
100

. If
formed
students ,

you
two
I
sections of
your friend
40260

a re
*overo prisa
priya

medi
among
that

car
you
both exte the differentaction
as

· an

a
And theprobatil
-

artly onletter
proper envelope
5As
.

two eventsench that PA

A
and B a re
=
05
(i)
40 + (bothenter
a te
P(B) =
0 .

69 and P(A1B) = 0 35.

.
.
Find

(i) P(AUB)

, ↑ (both enter
same="
(ii) PC
different section) = 1
-o
 Fromtheemployee ofa

↑
·
.
8
a compan
~

the
the committee the
in
managing of
E
, E Es
company. Particulare of five persons

So
fa l o u s a m a
a

in
P(correct place)
Age years 12 41
M -
30

3 is i
a
F

41
-

M -

A
person
is selected at random from this * P(AUB) =
P(A) + P(B) -

P(A1)
What is the
group
to act as
spokesperson
a .

A - male = 3
will be either
-

that the spokesperson

-

probability B-> over 35

-

2
years
=

mals or over 35
years ? male
years
over 35
AlB- =
1

1 If
s-
.

digit
numbers
greaterthe
than 5000
-

a re
randomly formed from digits P(AuB) =
=+ z -

5
andI
is what the
probability of
&

a no divisible by 5 when =
5
forming
digits repeated is
are ?
zi) the
not allowed ? &
the repeatition of digits
-

(ii)

(ii) with
has
starting
7
suitcase
5 or

. numberlotwith
10

The
a

digi
a a

What
digits
with no
repeats .
requence
the to t
·
1x4X3X2
of your
probability of a
person getting
the
right # + T
to the suitcase .? #
requence open

Nor
·

& (i) No .

greater than 5000 can be

formed
starting
either with 5 or 7

E orD
S
1 x 5x5x5 1x5X5X5

125 + 125
#

autwine P(B) =
+ 5 =

Let is divisible by 10p=

E 5
-
Total
no

of ways
·

no ·
=

10 or l
1 X 5X5X/ 1 X 5 X5X1 = 25
Ma(x/
** y =
So so

# = 25
&*** =
25
P(A) =

55050
100- 1

#Clune Play
=