Nationalism

The word nation acquired a sense of political community. The nation represented those who were
fighting against political absolutism, and for others, it connected those who spoke the same
language and shared the same culture.

Civic or liberal nationalism

• The basis of nation is the individuals’ voluntary

decision to form part of the nation.
• 1688 Glorious Revolution in England
• French Enlightenment
• American independence

Ethnic or conservative nationalism

• Nations are formed by groups of people with shared

characteristics such as language and culture.
• The nation existed on a level beyond a person’s
decision to it or not.
• German Romanticism
• Johann Gottlieb Fichte
 - constitutions that guaranteed citizens’ rights and liberties.
- constitutional monarchy as the form of government.
- the separation of powers, executive (monarch- government) legislative
Principles (parliament) and judicial (courts.)
- popular sovereignty: limited male (property ownership.)
- individual liberties (association, expression, press, religion.)
LIBERALISM
- the nation-state based on common links (culture, history, language)
- Clear territorial boundaries.
- Popular sovereignty.
Principles - Freedom choose its own form of government.

NATIONALIM
- Universal manhood suffrage. All men should have the right to vote.
Principles - Republic: they considered hereditary monarchy to be incompatible with
democracy.
Democracy
 1820
Countries Causes Ideology Consequences

Spain Against the despostic Liberalism -Fernando swears the

rule of Fernando VII constitution
1820 -Three years ruling as a Liberal
King
-The Holly Alliance sends the
100.000 sons of San Luis.
Back to the absolutist

Portugal , Piamonte and Against absolutism Liberalism Liberal regimes are stablish
Napoles The Holly Alliance sends troops
to solve the revolts

Greece Weakness of the Nationalism Greece gains the independence

Ottoman Empire
National feeling
Support of Russia and
Austria
 1830
Countries Causes Ideology Consequences

France Against the despotic Liberalism The Bourbons are replaced by Luis Felipe de
1830 rule of Carlos X Orleans.
A constitution was established

Belgium Wanted independence Nationalism These two countries had many differences,
from Holland. particularly in language and religion.

Belgium gains its independence in 1830.

Leopold I was crowned king. Constitutional
monarchy

Poland Against Russia Nationalism Poland was given to Russia in the Congress of
Vienna.

A revolution tries to obtain their

independence, it was oppressed .
Liberty leading the people by Eugène DelacroixThis painting commemorates the
July Revolution of 1830 in France, in which the French Bourbon monarch
Charles X was overthrown. The painting is full of symbolism. The goddess of
liberty is represented by a woman, leading her people forward over the bodies of
the fallen. Liberty is holding the tricolour flag, the flag of the French Revolution.
In the other hand she is holding a musket, symbolising the armed fight for
freedom. Her right breast is uncovered, symbolising sustenance for the poor and
needy, who were considered to be the children of the nation.
 1848
Countries Causes Ideology Consequences
France French population Liberalism The II French Republic is
demanded a more Democracy proclaimed (1848-52). Luis
democratic system. Napoleon Bonaparte was
elected as their first president.
In 1852 he does a coup to
proclaim himself emperor.
Starting the II French Empire
(1852-1870)
Austria Workers and Liberalism Metternich resigns as
students revolt Chancellor of Austria. The
against the absolute emperor Fernando abdicates
regime of Austria and Francisco José is elected as
new emperor (16 ).

German Riots in Berlin, Nationalism The parliament, Frankfurt, offers

confederation Colonia and the crown of a unified Germany
Frankfurt to Prusia.
Frederick William IV refused the
offering. The parliament would
be dissolve through force
 The political revolutions of the
19th C.
No acceptance of the Restoration. Based on ism’s and democracy

1820s 1830 1848

Spain and Portugal. Belgium. - Based on democratic principles:
- Liberal revolutions - Belgium wanted independence from Holland, the petite bourgeoisie and
workers wanted access to political
- Wanted Constitutional - Many differences, particularly in language and power
monarchies. religion: Belgians were Catholics and most Dutch
were Protestants - Failed everywhere except in
- Success in Portugal, failure in France
Spain - Liberal revolution in 1830: independence.
France
Greece - Leopold I of Saxe-Coburg became Belgium’s
constitutional monarch. - Universal manhood suffrage.
- Liberal-nationalist revolution:
independence from the France - Abdication of Louis Philippe in
Ottoman Empire. 1848,
- The Bourbons had returned to the throne. Louis XVIII
- Supported by other European (1814-1824), Charles X, (1824-1830) - The Second Republic was
countries: to weaken the established. Louis Napoleon
- Charles X suppressed liberties. People revolted. Bonaparte (Napoleon’s nephew)
Ottoman empire
- The assembly voted for a new king. Louis Philippe of president.
- Starts in 1821. Finishes in Orleans, (constitutional monarch from 1830 to
1829, (Treaty of Adrianopolis) - Emperor in 1852 (cup d'état) to
1848). 1870.
Resultado de imagen de imagenes de tipicas de italia

Unification of…..
tado de imagen de garibaldi y victor manuel ii

Resultado de imagen de garibaldi y victor manuel ii

Historical Map Commentary
1. Classify the map:
Title: If it does not have, we must put one on it.
Space and time represented = fact or event that the map represents (It should answer these three questions:
what, when and where).
Nature of the map: political, economic, military, social, demographic, religious, cultural (it could be two at the
same time).
2. Analyse and comment the map:
Explain the content. We must begin by describing the geographical limits of the represented surface, its
chronology and the different elements that we observe with the help of the colours, signs and symbols of the
legend. In short, as if we were "reading" the content of the map.
3. Commentary
This section is where we have to relate the information provided by the map and that we have broken down
and analysed in the previous point, with what we have studied or know about the historical period in
question. We will start by writing a short introduction presenting the document and the historical events that
are represented in it. Later we will have to relate the facts or elements of the map with the historical events
that explain and contextualize them.
Map of German Unification
 Prussia Leads German Unification
Prussia had several
advantages:
– Prussia had a large
German population
• Unlike the Austro-
Hungarian Empire
• Nationalism unified
Prussia and tore
Austria-Hungary
apart.
– Prussia’s army was the
most powerful in central
Europe.
 Bismarck Takes Control
• 1862 – Wilhelm I succeeded
Frederick William to the
throne.
• Liberal parliament refused
him money for reforms that
would double the strength
of his army.
– Major challenge to
Wilhelm’s authority.
Based on this information, do
you think Wilhelm was a
liberal or a conservative?
 Realpolitik
• Bismarck became a
master at realpolitik.
• Means “the politics of
unity”.
• Used to describe tough
power politics with no
room for idealism.
 “It is not by means of
speeches and majority
resolutions that the great
issues of the day will
be decided but by
blood and iron.”
Schleswig-Holstein
1ºPhase (1864)
1. 1864, Danish forces would
take over an area known
as Schleswig.
2. Prussians and Austrians
objected to the Danish
occupation of the
territory.
3. Would attack the Danish
forces and win the
territories of Schleswig
and Holstein from the
Danes.
Austro-Prussian War
2º Phase (1866)
1) War fought in 1866, also
known as the Seven
Weeks' War.
2) France and Russia were
convinced by Bismarck to
stay out of the war to
ease the defeat of Austria.
3) Austria would be defeated
easily and would cede
control of Holstein to the
Prussians. Battle of
Sadowa (1866)
North German Confederation
➢ Bismarck constructed the
North German
Confederation → union of
many northern German
states under the rule of
Prussia.
➢ Southern Germans did
not want to join for two
reasons:
➢ Religious difference
➢ Fear of French
intervention.
Franco-Prussian War
3ºPhase
➢ War started in July 1870.
➢ Southern German states
assisted the North
German Confederation.
➢ The Germans would
defeat a Napoleon III led
army. Battle of Sedan
(1870)
➢ Would take Napoleon III
prisoner and march on
Paris → in 1871, Paris
surrendered.
Formation of German Empire

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

Hall of Mirrors, Versailles January 18, 1871
The consequences of the Italian and German unification

Affected European international relations.

❑The German Empire became Europe’s dominant power.
❑The Austro-Hungarian Empire lost power and influence.
❑France’s defeat by Prussia led to the collapse of Napoleon III’s Second
Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic.
❑The Russian Empire decided to expand towards the Balkans (south-eastern
Europe) in order to gain access to the Mediterranean Sea.