48 Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension

Problems
See the Preface for an explanation of the icons used in this problems set. 7. A person takes a trip, driving with a constant speed of 89.5
For additional assessment items for this section, go to T km/h, except for a 22.0-min rest stop. If the person’s aver-
age speed is 77.8 km/h, (a) how much time is spent on the
Section 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed trip and (b) how far does the person travel?

1. The speed of a nerve impulse in the human body is about

Section 2.5 Acceleration
100 m/s. If you accidentally stub your toe in the dark, estimate
the time it takes the nerve impulse to travel to your brain. 8. A child rolls a marble on a bent track that is 100 cm long as
shown in Figure P2.8. We use x to represent the position of
2. A particle moves according to the equation x 5 10t 2, where x
the marble along the track. On the horizontal sections from
V is in meters and t is in seconds. (a) Find the average velocity
x 5 0 to x 5 20 cm and from x 5 40 cm to x 5 60 cm, the
for the time interval from 2.00 s to 3.00 s. (b) Find the aver-
marble rolls with constant speed. On the sloping sections,
age velocity for the time interval from 2.00 to 2.10 s.
the marble’s speed changes steadily. At the places where
3. The position of a pinewood derby car was observed at vari- the slope changes, the marble stays on the track and does
ous times; the results are summarized in the following table. not undergo any sudden changes in speed. The child gives
Find the average velocity of the car for (a) the first second, the marble some initial speed at x 5 0 and t 5 0 and then
(b) the last 3 s, and (c) the entire period of observation. watches it roll to x 5 90 cm, where it turns around, eventually
returning to x 5 0 with the same speed with which the child
t (s) 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 released it. Prepare graphs of x versus t, vx versus t, and ax ver-
x (m) 0 2.3 9.2 20.7 36.8 57.5 sus t, vertically aligned with their time axes identical, to show
the motion of the marble. You will not be able to place num-
bers other than zero on the horizontal axis or on the velocity
Section 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
or acceleration axes, but show the correct graph shapes.
4. An athlete leaves one end of a pool of length L at t 5 0
and arrives at the other end at time t 1. She swims back and 100 cm
arrives at the starting position at time t 2. If she is swimming S
v
initially in the positive x direction, determine her aver- 20 cm
age velocities symbolically in (a) the first half of the swim,
(b) the second half of the swim, and (c) the round trip. 0
(d) What is her average speed for the round trip?
5. A position–time graph for a particle moving along the 40 cm 60 cm
x axis is shown in Figure P2.5. (a) Find the average velocity
in the time interval t 5 1.50 s to t 5 4.00 s. (b) Determine Figure P2.8
the instantaneous velocity at t 5 2.00 s by measuring the
slope of the tangent line shown in the graph. (c) At what
9. Figure P2.9 shows a graph of vx versus t for the motion of
value of t is the velocity zero?
a motorcyclist as he starts from rest and moves along the
road in a straight line. (a) Find the average acceleration for
x (m)
the time interval t 5 0 to t 5 6.00 s. (b) Estimate the time
12
at which the acceleration has its greatest positive value and
10 the value of the acceleration at that instant. (c) When is
8 the acceleration zero? (d) Estimate the maximum negative
6 value of the acceleration and the time at which it occurs.
4
2 vx (m/s)
10
t (s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
6
Figure P2.5 4
2
Section 2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity t (s)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
6. A car travels along a straight line at a constant speed of
60.0 mi/h for a distance d and then another distance d in Figure P2.9
the same direction at another constant speed. The average
velocity for the entire trip is 30.0 mi/h. (a) What is the con- 10. (a) Use the data in Problem 3 to construct a smooth graph
stant speed with which the car moved during the second dis- of position versus time. (b) By constructing tangents to
tance d ? (b) What If? Suppose the second distance d were the x(t) curve, find the instantaneous velocity of the car at
traveled in the opposite direction; you forgot something and several instants. (c) Plot the instantaneous velocity versus
had to return home at the same constant speed as found in time and, from this information, determine the average
part (a). What is the average velocity for this trip? (c) What is acceleration of the car. (d) What was the initial velocity of
the average speed for this new trip? the car?
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 Problems 49

11. A particle starts from rest ax (m/s2) the single value of an object’s constant acceleration is like
V and accelerates as shown 2 knowing a whole list of values for its velocity.”
in Figure P2.11. Determine 1 16. In Example 2.7, we investigated a jet landing on an aircraft
(a) the particle’s speed at t T carrier. In a later maneuver, the jet comes in for a landing
5 10.0 s and at t 5 20.0 s, 0 t (s)
5 10 15 20 on solid ground with a speed of 100 m/s, and its acceleration
and (b) the distance trav- 1
can have a maximum magnitude of 5.00 m/s2 as it comes to
eled in the first 20.0 s. 2 rest. (a) From the instant the jet touches the runway, what
Section 2.6 Motion Diagrams 3 is the minimum time interval needed before it can come to
rest? (b) Can this jet land at a small tropical island airport
12. Draw motion diagrams for where the runway is 0.800 km long? (c) Explain your answer.
Figure P2.11
(a) an object moving to the
right at constant speed, (b) an object moving to the right 17. An object moving with uniform acceleration has a velocity
T of 12.0 cm/s in the positive x direction when its x coordinate
and speeding up at a constant rate, (c) an object moving
to the right and slowing down at a constant rate, (d) an is 3.00 cm. If its x coordinate 2.00 s later is 25.00 cm, what
object moving to the left and speeding up at a constant rate, is its acceleration?
and (e) an object moving to the left and slowing down at a 18. Solve Example 2.8 by a graphical method. On the same
constant rate. (f) How would your drawings change if the graph, plot position versus time for the car and the trooper.
changes in speed were not uniform, that is, if the speed were From the intersection of the two curves, read the time at
not changing at a constant rate? which the trooper overtakes the car.
13. Each of the strobe photographs (a), (b), and (c) in Figure P2.13 19. A glider of length , moves through a stationary photogate
was taken of a single disk moving toward the right, which we on an air track. A photogate (Fig. P2.19) is a device that mea-
take as the positive direction. Within each photograph the time sures the time interval Dtd during which the glider blocks
interval between images is constant. For each photograph, pre- a beam of infrared light passing across the photogate. The
pare graphs of x versus t, vx versus t, and ax versus t, vertically ratio vd 5 ,/Dtd is the average velocity of the glider over this
aligned with their time axes identical, to show the motion of part of its motion. Suppose the glider moves with constant
the disk. You will not be able to place numbers other than zero acceleration. (a) Argue for or against the idea that vd is equal
on the axes, but show the correct shapes for the graph lines. to the instantaneous velocity of the glider when it is halfway
through the photogate in space. (b) Argue for or against
the idea that vd is equal to the instantaneous velocity of the
glider when it is halfway through the photogate in time.

a
© Cengage

Figure P2.19 Problems 19 and 21.

20. Why is the following situation impossible? Starting from rest,

Charles D. Winters

a charging rhinoceros moves 50.0 m in a straight line in

10.0 s. Her acceleration is constant during the entire motion,
c and her final speed is 8.00 m/s.
21. A glider of length 12.4 cm moves on an air track with con-
Figure P2.13
stant acceleration (Fig P2.19). A time interval of 0.628 s
elapses between the moment when its front end passes a
Section 2.7 Analysis Model: Particle fixed point Ⓐ along the track and the moment when its
Under Constant Acceleration back end passes this point. Next, a time interval of 1.39 s
14. An electron in a cathode-ray tube accelerates uniformly elapses between the moment when the back end of the
from 2.00 3 104 m/s to 6.00 3 106 m/s over 1.50 cm. glider passes the point Ⓐ and the moment when the front
(a) In what time interval does the electron travel this 1.50 cm? end of the glider passes a second point Ⓑ farther down the
(b) What is its acceleration? track. After that, an additional 0.431 s elapses until the back
end of the glider passes point Ⓑ. (a) Find the average speed
15. A parcel of air moving in a straight tube with a constant
of the glider as it passes point Ⓐ. (b) Find the acceleration
acceleration of 24.00 m/s2 has a velocity of 13.0 m/s at
of the glider. (c) Explain how you can compute the accelera-
10:05:00 a.m. (a) What is its velocity at 10:05:01 a.m.?
tion without knowing the distance between points Ⓐ and Ⓑ.
(b) At 10:05:04 a.m.? (c) At 10:04:59 a.m.? (d) Describe the
shape of a graph of velocity versus time for this parcel of air. 22. In the particle under constant acceleration model, we
(e) Argue for or against the following statement: “Knowing identify the variables and parameters vxi , vxf , ax , t, and
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
50 Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension

xf 2 xi. Of the equations in the model, Equations 2.13–2.17, 28. A ball is thrown upward from the ground with an initial
the first does not involve xf 2 xi , the second and third do T speed of 25 m/s; at the same instant, another ball is dropped
not contain ax , the fourth omits vxf , and the last leaves out from a building 15 m high. After how long will the balls be
t. So, to complete the set, there should be an equation not at the same height above the ground?
involving vxi . Derive it from the others.
29. A student throws a set of keys vertically upward to her soror-
23. At t 5 0, one toy car is set rolling on a straight track with T ity sister, who is in a window 4.00 m above. The second
initial position 15.0 cm, initial velocity 23.50 cm/s, and con- student catches the keys 1.50 s later. (a) With what initial
stant acceleration 2.40 cm/s2. At the same moment, another velocity were the keys thrown? (b) What was the velocity of
toy car is set rolling on an adjacent track with initial posi- the keys just before they were caught?
tion 10.0 cm, initial velocity 15.50 cm/s, and constant accel-
30. At time t 5 0, a student throws a set of keys vertically upward
eration zero. (a) At what time, if any, do the two cars have
to her sorority sister, who is in a window at distance h above.
equal speeds? (b) What are their speeds at that time? (c) At
The second student catches the keys at time t. (a) With what
what time(s), if any, do the cars pass each other? (d) What
initial velocity were the keys thrown? (b) What was the veloc-
are their locations at that time? (e) Explain the difference
ity of the keys just before they were caught?
between question (a) and question (c) as clearly as possible.
31. You have been hired by the prosecuting attorney as an expert
24. You are observing the poles along the side of the road as
CR witness in a robbery case. The defendant is accused of steal-
CR described in the opening storyline of the chapter. You have
ing an expensive and massive diamond ring in its box from
already stopped and measured the distance between adjacent
a jewelry store. A witness to the alleged crime testified that
poles as 40.0 m. You are now driving again and have activated
she saw the defendant run from the store, stop next to an
your smartphone stopwatch. You start the stopwatch at t 5 0
apartment building, and throw the box straight upward to
as you pass pole #1. At pole #2, the stopwatch reads 10.0 s.
an accomplice leaning out a fourth-floor window. When cap-
At pole #3, the stop­watch reads 25.0 s. Your friend tells you
tured, the defendant did not have the stolen box with him
that he was pressing the brake and slowing down the car uni-
and claimed innocence. When the witness testified in court
formly during the entire time interval from pole #1 to pole
about the defendant’s throwing of the box to an accomplice,
#3. (a) What was the acceleration of the car between poles #1
the defending attorney argued that it would be impossible to
and #3? (b) What was the velocity of the car at pole #1? (c) If
throw the box upward that high to reach the window in ques-
the motion of the car continues as described, what is the
tion. The bottom of the window is 19.0 m above the sidewalk.
number of the last pole passed before the car comes to rest?
You have set up a demonstration in which the defendant was
Section 2.8 Freely Falling Objects asked by the judge to throw a baseball horizontally as fast as
he could and a radar device was used to determine that he
Note: In all problems in this section, ignore the effects of air can throw the ball at 20 m/s. (a) What testimony can you pro-
resistance. vide about the ability of the defendant to throw the box to the
window in question? (b) What argument might the defense
25. Why is the following situation attorney make about the process used to develop your expert
impossible? Emily challenges testimony? What might be your counter argument? Ignore
David to catch a $1 bill any effects of air resistance on the box.
as follows. She holds the
bill vertically as shown in Section 2.9 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
Figure P2.25, with the cen-
32. A student drives a moped vx (m/s)
ter of the bill between but
along a straight road 8
© Cengage

not touching David’s index

as described by the
finger and thumb. Without 4
velocity–time graph in
­
warning, Emily releases the
Figure P2.32. Sketch this t (s)
bill. David catches the bill Figure P2.25 graph in the middle of 0 2 4 6 8 10
without moving his hand
a sheet of graph paper. 4
downward. David’s reaction time is equal to the average
(a) Directly above your
human reaction time. 8
graph, sketch a graph of
26. An attacker at the base of a castle wall 3.65 m high throws a the position versus time, Figure P2.32
rock straight up with speed 7.40 m/s from a height of 1.55 m aligning the time coor-
above the ground. (a) Will the rock reach the top of the dinates of the two graphs. (b) Sketch a graph of the accel-
wall? (b) If so, what is its speed at the top? If not, what initial eration versus time directly below the velocity–time graph,
speed must it have to reach the top? (c) Find the change in again aligning the time coordinates. On each graph, show
speed of a rock thrown straight down from the top of the the numerical values of x and ax for all points of inflec-
wall at an initial speed of 7.40 m/s and moving between the tion. (c) What is the acceleration at t 5 6.00 s? (d) Find
same two points. (d) Does the change in speed of the down- the position (relative to the starting point) at t 5 6.00 s.
ward-moving rock agree with the magnitude of the speed (e) What is the moped’s final position at t 5 9.00 s?
change of the rock moving upward between the same eleva-
33. Automotive engineers refer to the time rate of change of accel-
tions? (e) Explain physically why it does or does not agree.
eration as the “ jerk.” Assume an object moves in one dimen-
27. The height of a helicopter above the ground is given by sion such that its jerk J is constant. (a) Determine expressions
h 5 3.00t 3, where h is in meters and t is in seconds. At for its acceleration ax(t), velocity vx(t), and position x(t), given
t 5 2.00 s, the helicopter releases a small mailbag. How long that its initial acceleration, velocity, and position are axi , vxi ,
after its release does the mailbag reach the ground? and xi , respectively. (b) Show that ax 2 5 axi 2 1 2J(vx 2 vxi ).

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Problems 51

Additional Problems relative to v. Is v B always smaller y

than v, larger than v, or the same
34. In Figure 2.11b, the area under the velocity–time graph
as v, or does it have some other
and between the vertical axis and time t (vertical dashed B x
relationship?
line) represents the displacement. As shown, this area con-
L
sists of a rectangle and a triangle. (a) Compute their areas. 41. Lisa rushes down onto a subway y S
v
(b) Explain how the sum of the two areas compares with the platform to find her train already u
expression on the right-hand side of Equation 2.16. departing. She stops and watches A
the cars go by. Each car is 8.60 m O x
35. The froghopper Philaenus spumarius is supposedly the best
long. The first moves past her in
jumper in the animal kingdom. To start a jump, this insect Figure P2.40
1.50 s and the second in 1.10 s.
can accelerate at 4.00 km/s2 over a distance of 2.00 mm as it
Find the constant acceleration of
straightens its specially adapted “ jumping legs.” Assume the
the train.
acceleration is constant. (a) Find the upward velocity with
which the insect takes off. (b) In what time interval does it Challenge Problems
reach this velocity? (c) How high would the insect jump if
air resistance were negligible? The actual height it reaches is 42. Two thin rods are fastened to 
about 70 cm, so air resistance must be a noticeable force on the inside of a circular ring as
the leaping froghopper. shown in Figure P2.42. One
rod of length D is vertical, and
36. A woman is reported to have fallen 144 ft from the 17th the other of length L makes an
floor of a building, landing on a metal ventilator box that angle u with the horizontal. The D
she crushed to a depth of 18.0 in. She suffered only minor two rods and the ring lie in a
injuries. Ignoring air resistance, calculate (a) the speed of

vertical plane. Two small beads L
the woman just before she collided with the ventilator and are free to slide without friction u
(b) her average acceleration while in contact with the box. along the rods. (a) If the two
(c) Modeling her acceleration as constant, calculate the 
beads are released from rest
time interval it took to crush the box. simultaneously from the posi- Figure P2.42
37. At t 5 0, one athlete in a race running on a long, straight tions shown, use your intuition
track with a constant speed v1 is a distance d1 behind a sec- and guess which bead reaches the bottom first. (b) Find an
ond athlete running with a constant speed v 2. (a) Under expression for the time interval required for the red bead to
what circumstances is the first athlete able to overtake the fall from point Ⓐ to point Ⓒ in terms of g and D. (c) Find an
second athlete? (b) Find the time t at which the first athlete expression for the time interval required for the blue bead
overtakes the second athlete, in terms of d1, v1, and v 2. (c) to slide from point Ⓑ to point Ⓒ in terms of g, L, and u.
At what minimum distance d 2 from the leading athlete must (d) Show that the two time intervals found in parts (b) and
the finish line be located so that the trailing athlete can at (c) are equal. Hint: What is the angle between the chords of
least tie for first place? Express d 2 in terms of d1, v1, and v 2 by the circle Ⓐ Ⓑ and Ⓑ Ⓒ? (e) Do these results surprise you?
using the result of part (b). Was your intuitive guess in part (a) correct? This problem
was inspired by an article by Thomas B. Greenslade, Jr.,
38. Why is the following situation impossible? A freight train is lum- “Galileo’s Paradox,” Phys. Teach. 46, 294 (May 2008).
bering along at a constant speed of 16.0 m/s. Behind the
freight train on the same track is a passenger train traveling 43. In a women’s 100-m race, accelerating uniformly, Laura
in the same direction at 40.0 m/s. When the front of the pas- takes 2.00 s and Healan 3.00 s to attain their maximum
senger train is 58.5 m from the back of the freight train, the speeds, which they each maintain for the rest of the race.
engineer on the passenger train recognizes the danger and They cross the finish line simultaneously, both setting a
hits the brakes of his train, causing the train to move with world record of 10.4 s. (a) What is the acceleration of each
acceleration 23.00 m/s2. Because of the engineer’s action, sprinter? (b) What are their respective maximum speeds?
the trains do not collide. (c) Which sprinter is ahead at the 6.00-s mark, and by how
much? (d) What is the maximum distance by which Healan
39. Hannah tests her new sports car by racing with Sam, an is behind Laura, and at what time does that occur?
experienced racer. Both start from rest, but Hannah
T leaves the starting line 1.00 s after Sam does. Sam moves 44. Review. You are sitting in your car at rest at a traffic light
with a constant acceleration of 3.50 m/s2, while Hannah with a bicyclist at rest next to you in the adjoining bicy-
maintains an acceleration of 4.90 m/s2. Find (a) the time at cle lane. As soon as the traffic light turns green, your car
which Hannah overtakes Sam, (b) the distance she travels speeds up from rest to 50.0 mi/h with constant acceleration
before she catches him, and (c) the speeds of both cars at the 9.00 mi/h/s and thereafter moves with a constant speed of
instant Hannah overtakes Sam. 50.0 mi/h. At the same time, the cyclist speeds up from
rest to 20.0 mi/h with constant acceleration 13.0 mi/h/s
40. Two objects, A and B, are connected by hinges to a rigid and thereafter moves with a constant speed of 20.0 mi/h.
rod that has a length L. The objects slide along perpendic- (a) For what time interval after the light turned green is
ular guide rails as shown in Figure P2.40. Assume object A the bicycle ahead of your car? (b) What is the maximum
slides to the left with a constant speed v. (a) Find the veloc- distance by which the bicycle leads your car during this
ity v B of object B as a function of the angle u. (b) Describe v B time interval?

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.