Water Supply Engineering

ENV 330

Course Instructor:
[Link] Khanal
Lecturer
Pokhara University
School of Engineering

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 Unit III: Quantity of Water (5 hrs)

3.1 Water demand: domestic, livestock, commercial, industrial,

municipal, fire-fighting, losses and wastage as per National
Guideline
3.2 Per-capita demand and affecting factors
3.3 Variation in water demand: seasonal, monthly, daily and
hourly variations
3.4 Methods of population forecasting: arithmetic increase,
geometrical increase, incremental increase, graphical,
master plan and logistic methods

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 Chapter 3 Quantity of Water

3.1 INTRODUCTION
• Before designing any w/s project, it is required to:
a) Determine per capita demand/rate of demand
b) Fixation of design period and
c) Population forecast up to the end of the design period
Per Capita Demand of Water
• It is the average quantity of water required by a person in a
day. The unit is lpcd (liters per capita per day).
• The unit of total water demand is liters/day.
• Per capita demand
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (𝑄)
(q)= 𝑙𝑝𝑐𝑑
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑃)∗365
• Water demand (lit/day)= Per Capita demand (lpcd) x Population
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3.2 DEMAND AND THEIR TYPES

a) Domestic demand:
demand of water for home use including
drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, and
house sanitation.
depends upon the habit, social status,
climatic condition, living standard etc.
 As per IS: 1172-1993, this demand is 135
and 200 lpcd for small and large towns
respectively in India (Table 3.1).

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• Developed country = 250-350 lpcd due to the use of air
coolers, air conditioners, indoor gardening, aware of health
and sanitation, etc.
• WHO standard for domestic demand
• min 45 lpcd for rural and
• 100–160 lpcd for urban areas
• For design practice in Nepal,
• rural area with public tap (no private connection)=25 to
45 lpcd (generally 45 lpcd).
• Semi urban (public and private connection with out
sanitation) =65 lpcd and
• for urban (public and private connection with
• sanitation) area =100 to 135 lpcd (generally 112 lpcd).

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b. Livestock Demand:
• For domestic animals and livestock (birds)
• considered in rural water supply but in Nepal considered in
urban areas.
• Livestock demand should not be greater than 20% of
domestic demand.
• livestock demand is presented in table 3.2.

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c. Commercial and Institutional demand:
• demand for office building, stores, hotels, schools,
hospitals, theaters, clubs etc.
• For commercial and institutional purpose, 45 lpcd
can be taken.
• Commercial and Institutional Demand as per Nepalese
condition is shown in table 3.3

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d. Industrial Demand:
• considered in urban areas.
• no relationship between industrial demand
and population.
• depends upon the type of the industry 20 – 25
% of the total demand

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e. Demand for public places or municipal
demand:
• includes washing and sprinkling on road,
cleaning sewers, watering public parks gardens
etc.
• 20 – 25 % of the total demand is taken as this
demand.
• Public parks 1.4 l/m2/day, street washing 1-1.5
l/m2/day, sewer cleaning 4.5 l/m2/day, garden and
sports ground 3.5 l/m2/d

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f. Fire Demand:
• water used for firefighting
• Fire hydrants of 15 – 20 cm diameter are provided on water
mains 100 – 150 m apart
• fire demand is not considered in both rural and urban areas
of Nepal.
• Different formulas
• it cannot be directly used for Nepalese condition.
• Generally, it should not be more than 1lpcd.

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Hence,
Total demand (T) = demand from (a + b + c + d + e + f + g)
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Per Capita Demand or rate of demand:
• total annual average daily consumption

Q = Total quantity of water required (T) for a area for a

year in liters and
P = Population of a town (found after forecasting) at the
end of the design period

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3.3 FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND
• Size and type of community:
• Living standard of people:
• Climatic condition:
• Quality of water:
• Pressure in the supply:
• Sanitation system:
• Metering:
• System of supply:
• Water rates:

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3.3 FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND
• Age of the community:
• Lawn (grassy ground) sprinkling:
• Availability of local sources:
• Education and awareness of the people:
• Urban versus rural:
• Public versus private tap stand:
• Affluent (wealthy) versus subsistence (survival):
• Habits of people:
• Distance to tap stand:

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3.3 FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND
•Other socio-economic factors:
Public versus private tap stand:
Urban versus rural:
Habits of people:
Distance to tap stand:
Affluent (wealthy) versus subsistence (survival)

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3.4 VARIATION IN THE DEMAND
• Fluctuation of water demand with respect to time
• The water consumption varies from day to day, season to season and hour to hour.

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 Variation in Demand of Water
a) Seasonal variation:
Maximum Seasonal Demand = Seasonal Peak Factor * Annual average
demand
[Seasonal Peak Factor = 1.3 in India and 1 in Nepal]
b) Daily variation:
Maximum Daily Demand = Daily Peak Factor * Annual average demand
[Daily Peak Factor = 1.8 in India and 1 in Nepal (but 1.1 in Melamchi)]
c) Hourly variation:
Maximum Hourly Demand -= Hourly Peak Factor * Annual average demand.
[Hourly Peak Factor = 1.4 in India and 2 to 4 (generally 3) in Nepal)]

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 Peak Factor
• Peak factor is the factor which is used to match the maximum
demand as per fluctuation of daily water demand as well as
seasonal from average.
• It is the ratio of maximum demand to that of average annual
demand of water.
• Maximum demand = Peak factor * Annual average demand
• Peak factor = Seasonal peak factor * Daily Peak Factor * Hourly
Peak factor.
• For continuous system: Peak factor of 2 – 4 is adopted.
• For intermittent System: Peak factor 4 – 6 is adopted.

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3.5 Base and Design Period
• Base Period:
• Base period is the period required for survey, design and
construction of water supply system. Usually, base period of
two to three years is adopted.
• Design Period:
• Design period is defined as the future period for which a
provision is made while planning and designing the water
supply programs. Usually, 15 to 20 years is adopted as design
period.

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Selection basis of design period:
• Fund available:
• Anticipated expansion rate of the town:
• Rate of interest of loan:
• Life of the pipes and constructional materials:
• Economic Development of the area
• Anticipated expansion rate of the town:
If r ≥ 2, design period is 15 years
If r < 2, design period is 20 years
(r=growth rate of population)

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3.6 POPULATION FORCAST
• The process of determining the population of city or
town for design year is known as population forecasting.
• The population needs to be known for the design and
construction of water supply system. So, population
forecasting needs to be done
Factors Affecting Population Growth:
Economic factors:
Development Program:
Social facilities:
Communication and information:
Tourism:
Community Life:
Unforeseen factors:
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Methods of Population Forecasting
1. Arithmetical increase method:
This method is based on assumption that the population is
increased at a constant rate.
Population after ‘n’ decades is
Pn=Po+nC
Where,
Pn= Population after ‘n’ decades
Po=Last known population
C=Average (arithmetic mean) of increase in population

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2. Geometrical increase method:
• This method is based on the assumption that the percentage
increase in population from decade to decade is constant.
• Population after ‘n’ decade is given by,

• where,
• Pn=Population after ‘n’decades
• Po=Last known population
• r=average percentage increase in population

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3. Incremental Increase Method:
• This method is improvement over two methods arithmetic and
geometrical increase method.
• Population after ‘n’ decades is

Where,
Pn=Population after ‘n’decades
Po = No. of present (last known) population
n = No. of decades
c = Average (arithmetic mean) of increase in population
i = Average incremental increase
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4. Decreasing rate of growth or changing rate of increase Method:

I0 = % increase in population in last known year (%/ time unit)

d = Average decrease in % increment (%/ time unit)

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 Assignment:

1. Following is the population data of a city, available

from the census record. Determine the population of
the city in 2021 by:
Year 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991

Population 12000 16500 26800 41500 57500 68000 74100

(P)

i. Arithmetic Increase Method

ii. Geometric Increase Method
iii. Incremental Increase Method
[PU2021]

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2. The survey data collected for a water supply scheme in a
village of Nepal is given below:
Survey Year – 2013,Base Year – 3 years ,Design Period – 20
years ,Population –500,Number of cows – 20,Number of goats
– 560 ,Number of chickens – 2200 ,Annual population growth
rate – 1% ,Number of health posts – 1 ,Number of day scholars
in school – 125 ,Number of boarders in school – 20 ,Number of
tea shops – 2 ,VDC Office – 1 .Calculate Design Year Total
Water Demand. Neglect the demand for fire fighting.
3. A survey was conducted in year 2027A.D at newly established
Palungtar municipality of Gorkha district of Nepal. Following
data were collected during the survey: Population: 5150;
Number of buffaloes: 350; Number of goats with 10 farms:
1500; Number of students in 2 high schools: 1400 (day
scholars) and 120 (Boarders); Number of pigs: 570; Number of
chickens: 5200; There are 4 health posts, 5 tea stall, 5 offices
including one municipality office. Calculate total water demand
considering fire demand and losses. Assume annual population
growth rate as 1.65%.. [PU 2016]
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